Bioimaging of cells and tissues using accelerator-based sources

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1 Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Electronic Supplementary Material Bioimaging of cells and tissues using accelerator-based sources Cyril Petibois, Mariangela Cestelli Guidi Main features of Free Electron Lasers (FELs) implemented around the world. FLASH Wavelength range of the fundamental nm (from fall 2007: 6.5 nm) Higher harmonics 3rd 4.6 nm, 5th 2.7 nm, (7th 1.9 nm) Average pulse energy up to 100 μj Peak pulse energy 170 μj Peak power 5 GW Average power 100 mw Pulse duration fs Spectral width 0.5-1% Peak brilliance [photons/(s mrad² mm² 0.1% BW)] DUKE FEL The Duke Free Electron Laser Laboratory operates a storage ring based free electron laser light source. This ultraviolet FEL installed on a 1.2 GeV storage ring provides tunable coherent radiation from 400 nm to 193 nm. Intense gamma rays are produced by internal backscattering. Active areas of research at DFELL include FEL physics, nuclear physics, materials science, and biological and biomedical sciences. Ring Circumference m (central orbit) Operating Energy GeV (with energy ramping) Injection Energy GeV Revolution Frequency MHz Energy Acceptance ± 6% Beam Current 115 ma (in 5 bunches) Single Bunch 12 ma Horizontal Emittance 17-19E-9 m*rad Vertical Emittance < 1E-9 m*rad Bunch Length < 50 ps Coherent Emission nm

2 VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY Laser Wavelengths 2.1 to 9.8 microns Mirror Bandwidths , , , Electron beam energy 25 to 45 MeV Electron macropulse length 8.0 microseconds Electron micropulse length <1 picosecond (approximately 0.7 ps) Electron bunch separation 10.5 cm, 351 ps RF power 12 to 30 MW RF pulse length 9.0 microseconds Klystron video pulse length 14 microseconds Repetition rate, up to 30 Hz FELIX Wavelength range: µm cm-1 Spectral width % Polarization (linear) > 99 % Micropulse duration (FWHM) optical cycles Micropulse energy 1 50 µj Micropulse power MW Micropulse repetition rate 25 or 1000 MHz Macropulse duration < 10 µs Duty cycle < 10 Hz The primary application of the facility is in the studies of the vibrational dynamics of molecules, liquids, and solids, but other applications requiring an intense source in the spectral range covered, such as photo-ablation of tissue, near-field microscopy or linear spectroscopy of small-sized samples, are equally appropiate. An overview of research areas can be found here.

3 Stanford Picosecond FEL Center (US) Mid-IR (STI) Far-IR (Firefly) Wavelength 3-15 microns microns Micropulse Width ps 2-10 ps Micropulse Repetition Rate 84.6 ns 84.6 ns Macropulse Width 5 ms 5 ms Macropulse Repetition Rate 20 Hz 20 Hz Micropulse Energy 2 microjoule 1 microjoule Average Power 2 W 1 W Spectral Bandwidth Transform-Limited Transform-Limited Gaussian Gaussian Spectral Stability 0.01 % rms 0.01 % rms Amplitude Stability < 2 % rms < 2 % rms Annual Operations 2000 hours CLIO (MID IR) Spectral range Max. average power Max. peak power Laser pulse length Minimum spectral width 3 to 150 microns (for different e- energies) 1 16ns/25Hz 100 MW in 1ps 0.5 to 6 ps (adjustable) 0.2 to 2 % (wavelength dependant)

4 Jefferson Lab FEL IR Branch UV Branch Wavelength range (microns) Bunch Length (FWHM psec) Laser power / pulse (microjoulesj) Laser power (kw) > 10 > 1 Repetition Rate (cw operation, MHz) Jefferson Lab FEL Electron Beam Parameters Energy (MeV) Charge per bunch (pc) Average current (ma) 10 5 Peak Current (A) Beam Power (kw) Energy Spread (%) 0.50% 0.13% Normalized emittance (mm-mrad) <30 <11 Induced energy spread (full) 10% 5% Jefferson Lab (Broadband) THz Beamline Parameters Wavelength Range (THz) Pulse Length (ps) Power / pulse (microjoules) 2 Repetition Rate 1 Hz - 75 MHz Total Power (watts) 150 FEL-SUT (Tokio) MIR-FEL Tunable wavelength region Spectral bandwidth Micro-pulse time width Micro-pulse repetition frequency Micro-pulse energy Micro-pulse peak power Macro-pulse time width Macro-pulse energy Macro-pulse repetition rate Maximum average power 5~16 μm ~0.5 % 2 ps 2856 MHz 8~25 μj 2~5 MW 1 μs ~150 mj Max. 10 pps ~1W (for 10pps operation)

5 UCSB The primary radiation source at the UCSB Center for Terahertz Science and Technology consists of two fully operational Free-Electron Lasers, the MM-FEL and the FIR-FEL, covering the range of 2.5 mm to 63 µm (4 to 160 cm-1 or 120 GHz to 4.75 THz). MMFEL WAVELENGTH RANGE: 2.5 mm -> 338 µm (0.12 -> 0.89 THz), (4 -> 30 cm-1) POWER: 1 -> 15 KW depending on wavelength and coupler PULSE LENGTH: 1 -> 6 µs FIR-FEL WAVELENGTH RANGE: 338 -> 63 µm (0.89 -> 4.76 THz),(30 -> 160 cm-1) POWER: 1 -> 6 KW depending on wavelength and coupler PULSE LENGTH: 1 -> 20 µs PULSE REPETITION RATE: 0 -> 7.5 Hz FELBE FEL (Germany) Wavelength range 4-22 μm undulator U μm undulator U100 Pulse energy μj depending on wavelength Pulse length ps depending on wavelength Repetition rate 13 MHz 3 modes: - cw - macropulsed > 100 μs, < 25 Hz - single-pulse switched to khz/hz

6 ENEA FEL (Italy) COMPACT MM-WAVE FEL DESIGN PARAMETERS Electron Energy (MeV) 2.3 Energy spread 1% I-peak (A) 4 Und. period (cm) 2.5 I-av (A) 0.2 N (num. of periods) 8 Micropulse duration (ps) 15 Undulator par. K 1 Macropulse duration (s) 4 Waveguide hor. gap (mm) Norm. emittance (cm rad) 0.02 Waveguide vert. gap (mm) 4.32 FIR FREE ELECTRON LASER DESIGN PARAMETERS Wavelength (m) Electron Energy (MeV) Peak Electron Current I (A) Average Current on Macro-Bunch (A) 0.45 A 0.45 A Micro-Bunch Duration (FWHM) 3.7 ps 3.7 ps Macro-Bunch Duration 2-7 s 2-7 s Electron Normalized Emittance 16 mm mrad 16 mm mrad Undulator Period u (cm) Number of Periods N Undulator Parameter K Waveguide horizontal gap a (cm) 3 3 Waveguide vertical gap b (cm) Waveguide length L (cm) Power macropulse (kw) 35 35

7 S-DALINAC (IR Darmstad) Laser Properties Wavelength 3-10 µm Pulse Length ~2 ps Pulse Energy 300 nj Small Signal Gain 3-5 % Pulse Peak Power 150 kw Average Power 3 W BFEL (Beijing) Wavelength Range 5-25μm Spectrum Width 0.5-2% Macro-pulse Width 2μs Micro-pulse Width 4ps Macro-pulse Energy 2-10mJ Micro-pulse Energy 0.4-2μJ Repetition Rate 3.125Hz Energy Fluctuation <5% Wavelength Stability 0.1% Lasing Time for Users