Status of the APEX Project at LBNL

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1 at LBNL Fernando Sannibale K. Baptiste, B. Bailey, D. Colomb, C. Cork, J. Corlett, S. De Santis, J. Feng, D. Filippetto, G.Huang, R. Kraft, S. Kwiatkowski, D. Li, M. Messerly, R. Muller, W. E. Norum, H. Padmore, C. Papadopoulos, G. Portmann, M. Prantill, J. Qiang, D. Quintas,, J. Staples, M. Stuart, T. Vecchione, W. Wan, R. Wells, M. Zolotorev, F. Zucca. Contributions: J. Byrd, D. Dowell, R. Falcone, E. Jongeward, A. Nassiri, R. Rimmer, T. M. Huang, S. Lidia, J. McKenzie, R. Ryne, V. Veshcherevich, S. Virostek, W. Waldron, L. Yang, Y. Yang, A. Zholents, Photocathode Meeting - SLAC, December 3, 2010

2 The LBNL FEL Scheme Injector Laser heater Array of 10 configurable FEL beamlines, up to 20 X-ray beamlines 100 khz CW pulse rate, capability of one FEL having MHz rate Independent control of wavelength, pulse duration, polarization Each FEL configured for experimental requirements; seeded, attosecond, ESASE, mode-locked, echo effect, etc CW superconducting linac Bunch 2.5 GeV compressor Beam transport and switching Low-emittance, MHz bunch rate photo-gun 1 nc 1 mm-mrad Laser systems, timing & synchronization Photocathode Meeting - SLAC, December 3, 2010

3 An R&D Program and Studies for the Critical Parts Beam manipulation and conditioning Beam distribution and individual beamline tuning Cathode/laser ~2.5 GeV CW superconducting linac FEL Physics, \Undulators Highbrightness, 1 MHz rep-rate electron gun Laser systems, timing & synchronization Most of such R&D areas are funded 3

4 Electron Source Requirements In a FEL the electron beam quality is defined at the gun/injector To achieve the LBNL FEL goals, the electron source should simultaneously allow for: repetition rates up to ~ 1 MHz charge per bunch from few tens of pc to ~ 1 nc, sub 10-7 (low charge) to 10-6 m normalized beam emittance, beam energy at the gun exit greater than ~ 500 kev (space charge), electric field at the cathode greater than ~ 10 MV/m (space charge limit), bunch length control from tens of fs to tens of ps for handling space charge effects, and for allowing the different modes of operation, compatibility with significant magnetic fields in the cathode and gun regions (mainly for emittance compensation) Torr operation vacuum pressure (high QE photo-cathodes), easy installation and conditioning of different kind of cathodes, high reliability compatible with the operation of a user facility. Such a source does not exist! Photocathode Meeting - SLAC, December 3,

5 The LBNL VHF RF Gun The Berkeley normal-conducting scheme satisfies all the LBNL FEL requirements simultaneously. J. Staples,, S. Virostek, CBP Tech Note 366, Oct K. Baptiste, et al, NIM A 599, 9 (2009) Frequency Operation mode Gap voltage Field at the cathode 187 MHz Based on mature and reliable normal-conducting RF and mechanical technologies. CW 750 kv MV/m Q Shunt impedance RF Power Stored energy Peak surface field 6.5 MW 87.5 kw 2.3 J 24.1 MV/m Peak wall power density 25.0 W/cm 2 Accelerating gap Diameter Total length 4 cm 69.4 cm 35.0 cm At the VHF frequency, the cavity structure is large enough to withstand the heat load and operate in CW mode at the required gradients. Also, the long l RF allows for large apertures and thus for high vacuum conductivity. 187 MHz compatible with both 1.3 and 1.5 GHz super-conducting linac technologies Free Photocathode Electron Laser Meeting Conference - SLAC, December - Liverpool 3, August 26,

6 The Gun Has Been Designed, The cavity design finalized 6

7 Underwent Construction, Most of the fabrication at the LBNL mechanical shop 7

8 Was Completed, and Partially Tested Successful low power RF test Successful vacuum leak test Torr pressure achieved with 1 (out of 20) NEG pump and no baking 8

9 Fundamental Question Does the cavity go through the door? Yes, it does!!! This was just virtuality, does it really do? Photocathode Meeting - SLAC, December 3,

10 On November 9, 2010 We Got the Answer From 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. From Bldg. 77 to the BTF ~ ¼ of mile in 8 hours Average speed ~ 164 feet/hour ~ 50 m/hour The cavity is installed in its final position and ready for further tests 10

11 The RF Power Source The 120 kw CW RF amplifier required to operate the VHF gun is being developed and manufactured by ETM Electromatic. RF power test under way at the factory. Expected delivery in December (large delay respect to original schedule) 11

12 Laser The first laser to be used with the VHF gun comes from a LLNL collaboration. Temporarily, the laser is at LBNL in BL laser hutch for commissioning and testing. When the test is completed it will be transferred in the BTF roof tent The nominal 1 W at 1064 nm has been achieved. Work in progress for achieving the required power at 532 nm and 266 nm 12

13 Other Activities Many Diagnostics systems under development: -Emittance meter system -Transverse deflecting cavity (Cornell-like) -BPM (SNS-like) -BPM Electronics (modified version of Mike Chin s FPGA scheme developed for the ALS transfer lines) - Current monitors - Low level RF (Doolittle boards) Control System (EPICS based developed as R&D for NGLS) Magnets 13

14 The VHF Gun Test Facility All the photo-injector system will be accommodated in the existing ALS Beam Test Facility (BTF) for full characterization. The BTF footprint is large enough to accommodate also the structures to accelerate the beam to few tens of MeV. 14

15 APEX Phase I In phase I, only the gun, the vacuum load lock system and a low energy beam diagnostics installed in the BTF Fully funded Perform cold and full power RF tests of the VHF cavity Demonstrate the system vacuum performance Test and characterize different possible cathodes. Characterize the electron beam at the gun energy (750 kv) at full repetition rate 15

16 Future Plans: APEX Phase II Requires funding continuation Develop and install accelerating section for few tens of MeV energy Develop and install high energy diagnostic beamline Perform full characterization of the beam parameters at high energy (at low repetition rate) 16

17 A Cathode Test Facility The long RF wavelength allows for large apertures and for high vacuum conductivity. The vacuum system has been designed to achieve an operational vacuum pressure down into the low Torr range. NEGs pumps are used (very effective with H2O, O2, CO, ). This arrangement will allow testing a variety of cathodes including "delicate" multi-alkali and/or GaAs cathodes. Cathode area designed to operate with a vacuum load-lock mechanism (INFN/FLASH like) for an easy in-vacuum replacement or in situ reconditioning of photocathodes. The nominal laser illumination configuration for the cathode is quasi-perpendicular with laser entrance in the beam exit pipe. An additional 30 deg laser entrance port has been also added for extended flexibility (testing of surface plasma wave cathodes,...) Photocathode Meeting - SLAC, December 3,

18 The INFN/FLASH/FNAL Cathode Plug Modified version of the FLASH plug for reduced field emission. Not tested yet! (presently in molybdenum but could be made also with different materials) Any photocathode deposited on a same geometry plug can be potentially tested at the VHF gun 18

19 Photo-Cathodes PEA Semiconductor: Alkali Antimonides (CsK 2 Sb) - <~ps pulse capability (studied at BOEING, INFN-LASA, BNL, Daresbury, LBNL,.) - reactive; requires <~ Torr pressure - high QE > 1% - requires green/blue light (eg. 2 nd harm. Nd:YVO4 = 532nm) - for nc, 1 MHz reprate, ~ 1 W of IR required Under development by H. Padmore s group. Very promising initial results PEA Semiconductor: Cesium Telluride Cs 2 Te (used at FLASH for example) - <~ps pulse capability - relatively robust and un-reactive (operates at ~ 10-9 Torr) - successfully tested in NC RF and SRF guns - high QE > 1% - photo-emits in the UV ~250 nm (3 rd or 4 th harm. conversion from IR) - for 1 MHz reprate, 1 nc, ~ 10 W 1060nm required Cathodes from INFN-LASA in Milano Expected delivery January 2011 FLASH INFN-LASA Ongoing photo-cathode collaboration research: Diamond (BNL), GaAs (Jlab), 19