Data Services in GSM I

Transcription

1 8.3 GPRS Data Services in GSM I Data transmission standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s advanced coding allows 14.4 kbit/s not enough for Internet and multimedia applications HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data) mainly software update bundling of several time-slots to get higher AIUR (Air Interface User Rate, e.g., 57.6 kbit/s using ) advantage: ready to use, constant quality, simple disadvantage: channels blocked for voice transmission AIUR [kbit/s] TCH/F4.8 TCH/F9.6 TCH/F Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks GPRS Data Services in GSM II GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) packet switching using free slots only if data packets ready to send (e.g., 50 kbit/s using 4 slots temporarily) standardization 1998, introduction 2001 advantage: one step towards UMTS, more flexible disadvantage: more investment needed (new hardware) GPRS network elements GSN (GPRS Support Nodes): GGSN and SGSN GGSN (Gateway GSN) interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network) SGSN (Serving GSN) supports the MS (location, billing, security) GR (GPRS Register) user addresses Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 364 Prof. Jochen Seitz 1

2 8.3 GPRS GPRS: Quality of Service Reliability Class Lost SDU Probability Duplicate SDU Probability Out of Sequence SDU Probability Corrupt SDU Probability Delay Class SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byte mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile 1 < 0.5 s < 1.5 s < 2 s < 7 s 2 < 5 s < 25 s < 15 s < 75 s 3 < 50 s < 250 s < 75 s < 375 s 4 unspecified Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks GPRS Examples for GPRS Device Classes Class Receiving Slots Sending Slots Maximum Number of Slots Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 366 Prof. Jochen Seitz 2

3 8.3 GPRS GPRS User Data Rates in kbit/s Coding Scheme 1 Slot 2 Slots 3 Slots 4 Slots 5 Slots 6 Slots 7 Slots 8 Slots CS CS CS CS Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks GPRS GPRS Architecture and Interfaces SGSN G n MS BSS SGSN GGSN PDN U m G b G n G i MSC HLR/ GR VLR EIR Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 368 Prof. Jochen Seitz 3

4 8.3 GPRS GPRS Protocol Architecture MS U BSS m G SGSN b G GGSN n Anwend. G i IP/X.25 IP/X.25 SNDCP LLC SNDCP LLC GTP UDP/TCP GTP UDP/TCP RLC BSSGP IP IP RLC BSSGP MAC MAC FR FR L1/L2 L1/L2 Funk Funk Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks GPRS GPRS Session Management MN registers with GPRS network: GPRS-Attach to SGSN MN receives Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity P-TMSI Then, MN gets a Packet Data Protocol Address (PDP-Address), e.g. an IP-Address Finally, the PDP context is created in MN, SGSN, GGSN: PDP-Type (e.g. IPv4) PDP-Address of MN (e.g ) Desired Quality of Service (QoS Class) GGSN address that serves as gateway to the external network Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 370 Prof. Jochen Seitz 4

5 8.3 GPRS GPRS PDP Context Activation MN SGSN GGSN Security Functions Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks GPRS GPRS Location Management Main task: retrieving the current location of a mobile subscriber Periodical Location Update messages to SGSN special state model: IDLE GPRS Attach GPRS Detach Standby Timer expired READY Ready Timer expired or Force to Standby Packet delivery STANDBY Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 372 Prof. Jochen Seitz 5

6 8.3 GPRS GPRS Intra-SGSN Routing Area Update MN BSS SGSN Security Functions Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks GPRS GPRS Inter-SGSN Routing Area Update MN BSS New SGSN Old SGSN GGSN HLR MSC/ VLR Security Functions Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 374 Prof. Jochen Seitz 6

7 8.3 GPRS GPRS Data Flow and Segmenting Header Segment Information... Segment IP- Packet SNDCP- Layer Header Segment Segment FCS... Segment Header Segment LLC Frame BCS RLC/MAC- Block LLC- Layer RLC/MAC- Layer Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 375 GPRS Routing and Address Translation (I) 2.) Address translation according to PDP-context: TID TLLI + NSAPI (+CI) SNDCP (TLLI, NSAPI, IP Packet) SGSN SGSN 1.) Address translation according to PDP-context: IP-Destination TID+SGSN-Address BSC GTP (SGSN-Address, TID, IP Packet) GGSN IP Packet IP Packet (IP Source, IP Destination) Internet Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 376 Prof. Jochen Seitz 7

8 GPRS Routing and Address Translation (II) 2.) Address translation according to PDP-context: TLLI + NSAPI TID + GGSN SGSN SGSN BSC SNDCP (TLLI, NSAPI, IP Packet) GTP ( GGSN-Address, TID, IP Packet) 1.) Address translation according to PDP-context: IP Packet IP Source TLLI + NSAPI (IP Source, IP Destination) GGSN IP Packet Internet Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks GPRS GPRS Air Interface GSM-based FDMA/TDMA-combination with 8 time slots per TDMA frame More flexible channel assignment scheme for GPRS: Multi-slot operations Separate assignment of uplink and downlink for asymmetric traffic Available channels dynamically assigned to both kinds of traffic ( Capacity on Demand ) Multiplexing several users over one physical GPRS channel GPRS steals TCH capacity not used by CS traffic ( Number of CS Channels in Use 2 (in Cell) 0 Number of CS channels in use 03:00 06:00 09:00 12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 00:00 Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 378 Prof. Jochen Seitz 8

9 8.3 GPRS GPRS Logical Channels Group Channel Function Direction Traffic Channels Signaling Channels Packet Data Traffic Channel Packet Broadcast Control Channel Packet Common Control Channel (PCCCH) Packet Dedicated Control Channels PDTCH Packet Data Traffic MS BSS PBCCH Packet Broadcast Control MS BSS PRACH Packet Random Access MS BSS PAGCH Packet Access Grant MS BSS PPCH Packet Paging MS BSS PNCH Packet Notification MS BSS PACCH Packet Associated Control MS BSS PTCCH Packet Timing Advance Control MS BSS Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks GPRS Interworking with IP Networks Intra-PLMN GPRS Backbone G n G n DNS DHCP SGSN GGSN G i Firewall GPRS internal IP Network Internet Router Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 380 Prof. Jochen Seitz 9

10 8.4 WAP WAP - Wireless Application Protocol Goals Internet contents and enhanced services available for mobile end devices like cell phones or PDAs Independent standards for wireless networks Open standards: everybody may submit proposals for standardization Applications should be scalable and future-proof Platforms Many platforms must be supported: E.g. GSM (900, 1800, 1900), CDMA IS-95, TDMA IS-136, IMT-2000, UMTS, W-CDMA Forum WAP Forum, founded by (among others) Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, Unwired Planet see Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks WAP WAP Standardization Browser Micro-Browser, comparable to familiar Internet browser Scripting Language Comparable to Java-Script, adapted to mobile enviroment WTA/WTAI Wireless Telephony Application (Interface): Access to telephone functionality Contents Formats Business cards (vcard) Calendar entries (vcalender) Protocol Stack Transport, Security and Session Layer Working Groups WAP Architecture Working Group WAP Wireless Protocol Working Group WAP Wireless Security Working Group WAP Wireless Application Working Group Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 382 Prof. Jochen Seitz 10

11 8.4 WAP WAP 1.x Layers and Protocols Internet HTML, Java HTTP SSL/TLS TCP/IP, UDP/IP, Phys. Media WAP A-SAP Application Layer (WAE) S-SAP Session Layer (WSP) TR-SAP Transaction Layer (WTP) SEC-SAP T-SAP Security Layer (WTLS) Transport Layer (WDP) Additional services and protocols WCMP Bearer Services (GSM, Cellular Digital Packet Data,...) WAE includes e.g. WML (Wireless Markup Language), WML Script, WTAI Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks WAP WAP Network Elements Fixed Network Mobile Network Internet HTML Filter WML WAP Proxy Binary WML HTML Web Server HTML WML HTML Filter/ WAP Proxy Binary WML Telephone Network WTA Server Binary WML Binary WML: Binary data format for clients Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 384 Prof. Jochen Seitz 11

12 8.4 WAP Wireless Application Environment: Logical Model Original Server Gateway Client web server other servers reply push contents request Coder & Decoder coded reply coded push contents coded request WTA user agent WML user agent other WAE user agents Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks WAP Wireless Telephony Application: Logical Architecture WML- Scripts WML- Stack WTA-Server Secure Provider Network External Server WTA & WML Server WTA- Services Additional Server Other Telephone Networks Mobile Network WTA-Gateway Coder & Decoder Firewall Client WTA- User-Agent Repository Device Spec. Functions Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 386 Prof. Jochen Seitz 12

13 8.4 WAP Example Voice Box WTA-User-Agent WTA-Gateway WTA-Server Mobile Network Voice Box Indicate new voice message Service Indication Indication; User Selection WSP Get Binary WML Presentation; User Selection Accept Call WSP Get Binary WML Waiting for Call Push URL HTTP Get WML HTTP Get WML Connection establishment Call acceptance Create Content Reply with Content Reply with Card for Call Request to deliver voice message Voice connection Connection Setup Connection establishment Call acceptance Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks WAP Possible Protocol Stacks for WAP 1.x WAE user agent UDP WAE WSP WTP IP (GPRS,...) WTLS WDP non IP (SMS,...) typical WAP Application based on complete protocol stack Transaction-based Applications UDP WTP IP (GPRS,...) WTLS WDP non IP (SMS,...) UDP IP (GPRS,...) WAP Standard Not part of WAP Datagram-based Applications WTLS WDP non IP (SMS,...) Simple data transfer with or without security mechanisms Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 388 Prof. Jochen Seitz 13

14 Session Transfer Transport Bearer Application Framework Protocol Framework 8.4 WAP WAP 2.0 (July 2001) New XHTML TCP with Wireless Profile HTTP Innovative Applications Color graphics Animation Download of big files Location-based services Synchronization with PIMs Pop-up/context-sensitive menus Goal Integration of WWW, Internet, WAP, i-mode Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks WAP WAP 2.0 Architecture Service Localization External Services EFI Navigation Discovery Provisioning Security Services Crypto- Libraries PKI Multimedia Messaging ( ) WAE/WTA User Agent (WML, XHTML) Content Formats Push Capability Negotiation Cookies Push OTA Synchronization Hypermedia Transfer (WTP+WSP, HTTP) Authentication Identification Streaming MMS Messages Service Lookup Secure Transport Datagrams (WDP, UDP) Connections (TCP with wireless profile) Secure Bearers IPv4 CSD USSD GUTS... IPv6 SMS FLEX MPAK... Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 390 Prof. Jochen Seitz 14

15 8.4 WAP WAP 2.0 Protocol Stacks WAP Device WAE WSP WTP WTLS WDP Träger WAP Gateway WSP WTP WTLS WDP Träger HTTP TLS TCP IP Web Server WAE HTTP TLS TCP IP WAP Device WAE HTTP TCP IP WAP Proxy Web Server WAE HTTP HTTP HTTP TCP TCP TCP IP IP IP WAP Device WAE HTTP TLS TCP IP WAP 1.x Server/Gateway/Client WAP Proxy TCP IP TCP IP Web Server WAE HTTP TLS TCP IP WAP Device WAE HTTP TCP IP WAP HTTP Proxy with adapted TCP Web-Server WAE IP Router HTTP TCP IP IP IP WAP Proxy with TLS-Tunneling WAP direct access Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks UMTS / IMT-2000 UMTS and IMT-2000 Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications) UWC-136, cdma2000, WP-CDMA UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI UMTS UTRA (was: UMTS, now: Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) enhancements of GSM EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): GSM up to 384 kbit/s CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic) VHE (Virtual Home Environment) fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI requirements min. 144 kbit/s rural (goal: 384 kbit/s) min. 384 kbit/s suburban (goal: 512 kbit/s) up to 2 Mbit/s urban Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 392 Prof. Jochen Seitz 15

16 Frequencies for IMT-2000 ITU allocation (WRC 1992) MHz IMT-2000 MSS IMT-2000 MSS Europe GSM 1800 DE CT T D D UTRA FDD MSS T D D UTRA FDD MSS China GSM 1800 IMT-2000 MSS IMT-2000 MSS Japan PHS cdma2000 W-CDMA MSS cdma2000 W-CDMA MSS North America PCS MSS MSS MHz rsv. Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 393 IMT-2000 Family Interface for Internetworking IMT-2000 Core Network ITU-T GSM (MAP) ANSI-41 (IS-634) IP-Network Initial UMTS (R99 w/ FDD) Flexible assignment of Core Network and Radio Access IMT-2000 Radio Access ITU-R IMT-DS (Direct Spread) UTRA FDD (W-CDMA) 3GPP IMT-TC (Time Code) UTRA TDD (TD-CDMA); TD-SCDMA 3GPP IMT-MC (Multi Carrier) cdma2000 3GPP2 IMT-SC (Single Carrier) UWC-136 (EDGE) UWCC/3GPP IMT-FT (Freq. Time) DECT ETSI Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 394 Prof. Jochen Seitz 16

17 GSM and UMTS Releases Stages (0: feasibility study) 1: service description from a service-user s point of view 2: logical analysis, breaking the problem down into functional elements and the information flows amongst them 3: concrete implementation of the protocols between physical elements onto which the functional elements have been mapped (4: test specifications) Additional information: SpecReleaseMatrix.htm Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 395 3GPP Releases (I) 3GPP RELEASES 3GPP RELEASE RELEASE DATE DETAILS Phase Basic GSM Phase GSM features including EFR Codec Release 96 Q GSM Updates, 14.4 kbps user data Release 97 Q GSM additional features, GPRS Release 98 Q GSM additional features, GPRS for PCS 1900, AMR, EDGE Release 99 Q G UMTS incorporating WCDMA radio access Release 4 Q UMTS all-ip Core Network Release 5 Q IMS and HSDPA Release 6 Q HSUPA, MBMS, IMS enhancements, Push to Talk over Cellular, operation with WLAN Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 396 Prof. Jochen Seitz 17

18 3GPP Releases (II) 3GPP RELEASES 3GPP RELEASE RELEASE DATE DETAILS Release 7 Q Improvements in QoS & latency, VoIP, HSPA+, NFC integration, EDGE Evolution Release 8 Q Introduction of LTE, SAE, OFDMA, MIMO, Dual Cell HSDPA Release 9 Q WiMAX / LTE / UMTS interoperability, Dual Cell HSDPA with MIMO, Dual Cell HSUPA, LTE HeNB Release 10 Q LTE-Advanced, Backwards compatibility with Release 8 (LTE), Multi-Cell HSDPA Release 11 Q Heterogeneous networks (HetNet), Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP), In device Coexistence (IDC), Advanced IP interconnection of Services Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 397 3GPPP Releases (III) 3GPP RELEASES 3GPP RELEASE RELEASE DATE DETAILS Release 12 March 2015 Enhanced Small Cells operation, Carrier Aggregation (2 uplink carriers, 3 downlink carriers, FDD/TDD carrier aggregation), MIMO (3D channel modelling, elevation beamforming, massive MIMO), MTC - UE Cat 0 introduced, D2D communication, embms enhancements. Release 13 Scheduled for March 2016 LTE-U / LTE-LAA, LTE-M, Elevation beamforming / Full Dimension MIMO, Indoor positioning, LTE-M Cat 1.4MHz & Cat 200kHz introduced Release 14 Mid 2017 Elements on road to 5G Release 15 End G Phase 1 specification Release G Phase 2 specification Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 398 Prof. Jochen Seitz 18

19 UMTS Releases and the Path Towards 5G Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 399 Licensing Example: UMTS in Germany, August 18, 2000 UTRA-FDD: Uplink MHz Downlink MHz duplex spacing 190 MHz 12 channels, each 5 MHz UTRA-TDD: MHz, MHz; 5 MHz channels Coverage of the population 25% until 12/ % until 12/2005 Sum: billion Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 400 Prof. Jochen Seitz 19

20 UMTS Architecture (Release 99 used here!) UTRAN (UTRA Network) Cell level mobility Radio Network Subsystem (RNS) Encapsulation of all radio specific tasks UE (User Equipment) CN (Core Network) Inter system handover Location management if there is no dedicated connection between UE and UTRAN UE U u UTRAN I u CN Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 401 UMTS Domains and Interfaces I USIM Domain C u Mobile U u Access I u Equipment Network Domain Domain Home Network Domain Z u Serving Network Domain Y u Transit Network Domain Core Network Domain User Equipment Domain User Equipment Domain Assigned to a single user in order to access UMTS services Infrastructure Domain Shared among all users Offers UMTS services to all accepted users Infrastructure Domain Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 402 Prof. Jochen Seitz 20

21 UMTS Domains and Interfaces II Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM) Functions for encryption and authentication of users Located on a SIM inserted into a mobile device Mobile Equipment Domain Functions for radio transmission User interface for establishing/maintaining end-to-end connections Access Network Domain Access network dependent functions Core Network Domain Access network independent functions Serving Network Domain Network currently responsible for communication Home Network Domain Location and access network independent functions Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 403 Spreading and Scrambling of User Data Constant chipping rate of 3.84 Mchip/s Different user data rates supported via different spreading factors higher data rate: less chips per bit and vice versa User separation via unique, quasi orthogonal scrambling codes users are not separated via orthogonal spreading codes much simpler management of codes: each station can use the same orthogonal spreading codes precise synchronization not necessary as the scrambling codes stay quasi-orthogonal data 1 data 2 data 3 spr. code 1 spr. code 2 scrambling code 1 spr. code 3 data 4 data 5 spr. code 1 scrambling code 2 spr. code 4 sender 1 sender 2 Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 404 Prof. Jochen Seitz 21

22 OVSF Coding X SF=n 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1 1,1,1,1 1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1 1,1 1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1 1,1,-1,-1 X,X 1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1 1 1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1 X,-X 1,-1,1,-1 1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1 SF=2n 1,-1 1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1 1,-1,-1,1 1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1, Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 405 UMTS FDD Frame Structure W-CDMA MHz uplink MHz downlink chipping rate: Mchip/s soft handover QPSK complex power control (1500 power control cycles/s) spreading: UL: DL: ms µs µs Radio frame Time slot Pilot TFCI FBI TPC 2560 chips, 10 bits Data 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k = 0...6) µs Data 1 TPC TFCI Data 2 Pilot DPDCH DPCCH DPDCHDPCCH 2560 chips, 10*2 k bits (k = 0...7) FBI: Feedback Information TPC: Transmit Power Control TFCI: Transport Format Combination Indicator DPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control Channel DPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data Channel DPCH: Dedicated Physical Channel uplink DPCCH uplink DPDCH downlink DPCH Slot structure NOT for user separation but synchronization for periodic functions! Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 406 Prof. Jochen Seitz 22

23 8.5 UMTS/ITM-2000 Typical UTRA-FDD Uplink Data Rates User data rate [kbit/s] 12.2 (voice) DPDCH [kbit/s] DPCCH [kbit/s] Spreading Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 407 UMTS TDD Frame Structure (Burst Type 2) TD-CDMA 2560 chips per slot spreading: 1-16 symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to UL/DL (min. 1 per direction) tight synchronization needed simpler power control ( power control cycles/s) 10 ms µs Radio frame Time slot Data Midample 1104 chips 256 chips 2560 chips Data 1104 chips GP Traffic burst GP: guard period 96 chips Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 408 Prof. Jochen Seitz 23

24 RNS UTRAN Architecture RNC: Radio Network Controller RNS: Radio Network Subsystem UE 1 UE 3 UE 2 Node B Node B Node B Node B Node B I ub I ub RNC I ur RNC RNS I u CN UTRAN comprises several RNSs Node B can support FDD or TDD or both RNC is responsible for handover decisions requiring signaling to the UE Cell offers FDD or TDD Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks UTMS/IMT-2000 UTRAN Functions Admission control Congestion control System information broadcasting Radio channel encryption Handover SRNS moving Radio network configuration Channel quality measurements Macro diversity Radio carrier control Radio resource control Data transmission over the radio interface Outer loop power control (FDD and TDD) Channel coding Access control Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 410 Prof. Jochen Seitz 24

25 8.5 UMTS/ITM-2000 Core Network: Protocols UTRAN VLR RNS MSC GSM-CS backbone GMSC PSTN/ ISDN HLR RNS Layer 3: IP Layer 2: ATM Layer 1: PDH, SDH, SONET SGSN GGSN GPRS backbone (IP) SS 7 CN PDN (X.25), Internet (IP) Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 411 Core Network: Architecture BTS A bis BSS I u VLR Node BTS B BSC I u CS MSC GMSC AuC PSTN EIR HLR Node B I ub GR Node B Node B RNC SGSN RNS I u PS GGSN CN Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 412 G n G i Prof. Jochen Seitz 25

26 Core Network The Core Network (CN) and thus the Interface I u, too, are separated into two logical domains: Circuit Switched Domain (CSD) Circuit switched service incl. signaling Resource reservation at connection setup GSM components (MSC, GMSC, VLR) I u CS Packet Switched Domain (PSD) GPRS components (SGSN, GGSN) I u PS Release 99 uses the GSM/GPRS network and adds a new radio access! Helps to save a lot of money Much faster deployment Not as flexible as newer releases (5, 6) Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 413 UMTS Protocol Stacks (User Plane) Circuit Switched Packet Switched UE U u UTRAN I u CS 3G MSC apps. & protocols RLC MAC radio RLC MAC radio SAR AAL2 ATM SAR AAL2 ATM U u apps. & protocols IP, PPP, PDCP RLC MAC radio UE UTRAN I u PS 3G SGSN PDCP GTP GTP GTP RLC UDP/IP UDP/IP UDP/IP MAC radio AAL5 ATM IP tunnel AAL5 ATM L2 L1 G n 3G GGSN IP, PPP, GTP UDP/IP L2 L1 Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 414 Prof. Jochen Seitz 26

27 Support of Mobility: Macro Diversity Multicasting of data via several physical channels Enables soft handover FDD mode only Uplink simultaneous reception of UE data at several Node Bs UE Node B Reconstruction of data at Node B, SRNC or DRNC Downlink Simultaneous transmission of data via different cells Node B RNC CN Different spreading codes in different cells Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 415 Support of Mobility: Handover From and to other systems (e.g., UMTS to GSM) This is a must as UMTS coverage will be poor in the beginning RNS controlling the connection is called SRNS (Serving RNS) RNS offering additional resources (e.g., for soft handover) is called Drift RNS (DRNS) End-to-end connections between UE and CN only via I u at the SRNS Change of SRNS requires change of I u Initiated by the SRNS Controlled by the RNC and CN Node B SRNC CN UE I ub I ur I u Node B DRNC I ub Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 416 Prof. Jochen Seitz 27

28 Example Handover Types in UMTS/GSM UE 1 Node B1 RNC1 3G MSC1 UE 2 Node B2 I ub I ur I u UE 3 Node B3 RNC2 3G MSC2 UE 4 BTS A bis BSC A 2G MSC3 Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 417 Breathing Cells GSM Mobile device gets exclusive signal from the base station Number of devices in a cell does not influence cell size UMTS Cell size closely correlated to the cell capacity Signal-to-nose ratio determines cell capacity Noise generated by interference from other cells and other users of the same cell Interference increases noise level Devices at the edge of a cell cannot further increase their output power (max. power limit) and thus drop out of the cell no more communication possible Limitation of the max. number of users within a cell required Cell breathing complicates network planning Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 418 Prof. Jochen Seitz 28

29 8.5 UMTS / IMT-2000 Breathing Cells: Example Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 419 UMTS Services (Originally) Data transmission service profiles Service Profile Bandwidth Transport Mode Comments High Interactive MM 128 kb/s Circuit-switched Bidirectional, Video Telephony High MM 2 Mb/s Packet-switched Low Coverage, max. 6 km/h Medium MM 384 kb/s Packet-switched Asymmetrical, MM, Downloads Switched Data 14.4 kb/s Circuit-switched Simple Messaging 14.4 kb/s Packet-switched SMS Successor, Voice 16 kb/s Circuit-switched Virtual Home Environment (VHE) Enables access to personalized data independent of location, access network, and device Network operators may offer new services without changing the network Integration of existing IN services Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 420 Prof. Jochen Seitz 29

30 Example 3G Networks: Japan FOMA (Freedom Of Mobile multimedia Access) in Japan Examples for FOMA Phones Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 421 Isle of Man Start of UMTS in Europe as Test Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 422 Prof. Jochen Seitz 30

31 UMTS in Monaco Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 423 UMTS in Europe Orange/UK Vodafone/Germany Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 424 Prof. Jochen Seitz 31

32 8.6 HSPA Enhancements I GSM Enhanced Message Service EMS / Multimedia Messaging Service MMS EMS: 760 characters possible by chaining SMS, animated icons, ring tones, was soon replaced by MMS (or simply skipped) MMS: transmission of images, video clips, audio see WAP 2.0 EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global [was: GSM] Evolution) 8-PSK instead of GMSK, up to 384 kbit/s new modulation and coding schemes for GPRS EGPRS MCS-1 to MCS-4 uses GMSK at rates 8.8/11.2/14.8/17.6 kbit/s MCS-5 to MCS-9 uses 8-PSK at rates 22.4/29.6/44.8/54.4/59.2 kbit/s Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks HSPA Enhancements II UMTS HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access) initially up to 10 Mbit/s for the downlink, later > 20 Mbit/s using MIMO- (Multiple Input Multiple Output-) antennas can use 16-QAM instead of QPSK (ideally > 13 Mbit/s) user rates e.g. 3.6 or 7.2 Mbit/s HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access) initially up to 5 Mbit/s for the uplink user rates e.g Mbit/s HSPA+ with Mbit/s for downstream Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 426 Prof. Jochen Seitz 32

33 8.6 HSPA HSDPA Transmission Rates Data Rates for Different HSDPA Expansion Stages UMTS, Downlink: 384 kbit/s UMTS, Uplink: 64 kbit/s HSDPA, 1. Expansion Stage - Downlink: 1.8 MBit/s HSDPA, 1. Expansion Stage - Uplink: 384 kbit/s HSDPA, 2. Expansion Stage - Downlink: 3.6 MBit/s HSDPA, 2. Expansion Stage - Uplink: 1.8 MBit/s HSDPA, 3. Expansion Stage - Downlink: 7.2 MBit/s HSDPA, 3. Expansion Stage - Uplink: 3.6 MBit/s Source: Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks LTE Enhancements III LTE (Long Term Evolution) Generation 3.9 Peak data rates of 300 Mb/s (downlink) and 75 Mb/s (uplink) LTE Advanced / LTE + increased peak data rate, downlink 3 Gbit/s, uplink 1.5 Gbit/s higher spectral efficiency, from a maximum of 16bps/Hz in R8 to 30 bps/hz in R10 increased number of simultaneously active subscribers improved performance at cell edges, e.g. for DL 2x2 MIMO at least 2.40 bps/hz/cell. Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 428 Prof. Jochen Seitz 33

34 8.6 HSPA Development of HSDPA / HSUPA Source: TTI: Transmission Time Interval Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks HSPA HSPA+ Goal of 3GPP Specification HSPA+ Release 7: increase of data rate Higher frequency spectrum efficiency 64QAM in downlink 16QAM in uplink MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) Maximum data rate: HSPA+ Release 7: 28.0 Mbit/s (Downlink) 11.5 Mbit/s (Uplink) HSPA+ Release 8: 42.2 Mbit/s (Downlink) 11.5 Mbit/s (Uplink) HSPA+ Release 9: 56.0 Mbit/s (Downlink) 11.5 Mbit/s (Uplink) Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 430 Prof. Jochen Seitz 34

35 8.7 LTE Long Term Evolution (LTE) Current standard for high-rate mobile data communication Migration from UMTS via HSDPA and HSUPA to LTE Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) Multiple Input/Multiple Output antenna technology (MIMO) Decrease of latency for IP-based voice communication Expected data rate of up to 300 Mb/s (downlink) and 75 Mb/s (uplink) Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks LTE LTE Netzaufbau enb = E-UTRAN Node B MME = Mobility Management Entity S-GW = Serving Gateway Source: Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 432 Prof. Jochen Seitz 35

36 3art/nokiaslide.jpg presentations/4g%20lte_e_presentation.pdf 8.7 LTE Comparison of HSPA and LTE Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks LTE Trends Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 434 Prof. Jochen Seitz 36

37 8.8 5G/IMT-2020 On the Way to 5G 5G (IMT-2020) with the following (ambitious) goals: Increase of data rate by factor 100 compared to LTE (i.e. up to 10 Gb/s) Increase of capacity by factor 1000 Addressing of 100 billion mobile devices worldwide at a time Extremely low latency ping below 1 ms Energy saving by factor 1000 per transmitted bit 90% less power consumption Source: Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks G/IMT th Generation Tactile Internet Said to be introduced in the early 2020s IMT 2020 Main goals: Efficiency with low cost High bit rate using dynamic spectrum access Convergence of fiber and wireless network Application scenarios Internet of Things (IoT) Integration of MANETs Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 436 Prof. Jochen Seitz 37

38 References References Al Agha, Khaldoun; Pujolle, Guy; Ali-Yahiya, Tara (2016): Mobile and Wireless Networks. London, Hoboken, NJ: ISTE Ltd.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Networks & Telecommunications Series. Advanced Networks Set, Volume 2). Commsbrief (2017): Mobile Networks Made Easy. A Simplified View of Mobile Networks for Professional Audience. Commsbrief Limited. Lin, Yi-Bing; Chlamtac, Imrich (2001): Wireless and Mobile Network Architectures. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sauter, Martin (2017): From GSM to LTE-Advanced Pro and 5G. An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband. 3rd edition. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Smith, Clint; Collins, Daniel (2014): Wireless Networks. Design and Integration for LTE, EVDO, HSPA and WiMAX. 3rd edition. New York, Blacklick: McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing. Communication Networks - 8. Public Land Mobile Networks 437 Prof. Jochen Seitz 38