Developing Mobile Applications
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- Elmer Richards
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1 Developing Mobile Applications GSM networks 1
2 carriers GSM 900 MHz MHz MHz up down 200 KHz 200 KHz 25 MHz 25 MHz 2
3 frequency reuse A D K B J L C H E G I F A 3
4 Reuse patterns 4/12 4 base stations 3 cells (120 degrees) on each base 12 frequencies in total 2.4 MHz needed to get coverage 900-band 25MHz - ten layers 1800-band 75MHz thirty layers How many layers per operator? When are all layers needed? 4
5 A radio carrier Each cell is covered by one or more carriers from each operator. Each carrier is full duplex. up/down frequency division How is a carrier divided among several users? 5
6 divided in time frame 5 ms each frame is divided into eight time slots each time slot is used for one or more logical channels 6
7 questions How do we find the carrier? How do we lock to the frequency? How do we synchronize to the time slots? 7
8 tune in,... first time slot in down direction contains synchronization and frequency correction (also carries signaling channels) 8
9 Logical channels Once we have tuned in to the base station we can decode the logical channels. Each time slot will carry one or more logical channels and are implemented using: a sequence - that for each time slots defines in which order the channels will appear, coding - determined only after having received and decoded the time slot This is very different from Ethernet and IP! only coding 9
10 Signaling Channels Broadcast control channels (down) information about the network Common control channel random access channel (up) access grant (down) page (down) Dedicated control channel location update, call control, SMS 10
11 Traffic channels Full duplex voice channels full rate or half rate Comes with an associated control channel the control channel carries information on signal strength, timing advance, transmitter power etc A full rate traffic channel occupies a whole time slot in both the up and down link. 11
12 turn on,... first time slot in down direction is used for brodcast control channel first time slot in up direction is used for random access requests 12
13 shift in time up and down directions are shifted to avoid send and receive conflicts in the mobile 13
14 timing advance: light is fast, but not that fast 30 km 30/300e3 = 0.1 ms distance to base station is not neglectable timing is everything 14
15 timing advance: 15
16 Positioning The base station will tell the terminal how far away it is, or rather how early it has to send in order to meet its time slot. max distance to the base station 35 km. resolution 64 steps accuracy 500m! Do we know the angle? Can we do triangulation? 16
17 Random access If we don't know our timing advance how do we start to talk to the base station? 17
18 GPRS Packet data signaling and traffic channels. Dynamic allocation of packet data traffic channels. A packet channel can use one or more time slots in each frame. Terminals are assigned time slots that they shared with others and are then required to listen for incoming information. to receive packets to know when to send packets 18
19 GPRS why A data packet service on top of an existing voice architecture. Gives the operators the possibility and flexibility to sell spare capacity that is not used by voice calls. Voice is given priority! 19
20 Coding scheme Coding scheme CS1 : 9.05 Kb/s CS2 : 13.4 Kb/s CS3 : 15.6 Kb/s CS4 : 21.4 Kb/s (no forward error correction) Maximum capacity in one channel eight time slots CS4 8x21.4 = Kb/s this will not happen 20
21 GPRS classes Multi slot class describes the maximum number of slots used in up and down direction. Multislot class Up Down Total
22 GPRS performance 4 down 1 up aprx: 40 kbps downlink Very high RTT! (> 1s) Difficult channel for TCP! What does it mean when we say 40 kbps? How long does it take to download 5 Kbyte 22
23 Latency req access access grant GET 23
24 It wasn't the air planes... 24
25 EDGE new radio modulation coding schemes up to 69 kbps per time slot adaptive recoding and retransmission expected performance 100 kbps does not change voice services 25
26 3G/WCDMA A new radio interface more flexible and more suited for high capacity data services. Today limited to 384 kbps but higher bit rates are around the corner (HSDPA). Circuit switched 128 or 64 kbps connections used for video services. Is capacity what we asked for? 26
27 the network PSTN BSC GMSC AUC MS BSC MSC VLR EIR HLR BTS BSC VLR 27
28 3G/UMTS/WCDMA PSTN RBS RNC GMSC HLR MS Internet SGSN GGSN 28
29 Nodes Mobile station the terminal the SIM card BSC - Base Station Controllers knows about radio resources MSC - Mobile Switching Center handles call set up etc 29
30 Databases Home Location register maps phone numbers to subscribers knows the current VLR Visited Location Register the location area where the subscriber can be found Equipment Identity Register stolen phones Authentication Center encryption keys 30
31 Addresses MSISDN the phone number IMSI subscriber identity (the SIM card) IMEI the identity of the terminal there are more... 31
32 Location area PSTN GMSC VLR MSC HLR LA1 BTS BSC VLR 32
33 Mobility GMSC VLR LA2 MSC HLR BTS BSC VLR 33
34 mobility GMSC VLR LA3 MSC HLR BTS BSC VLR 34
35 Handover PSTN GMSC MSC BSC BTS 35
36 Intra BSC PSTN GMSC MSC BSC BTS 36
37 Intra MSC PSTN GMSC MSC BSC BTS 37
38 Inter MSC PSTN GMSC MSC BSC BTS 38
39 Roaming UK SE HLR 39
40 GPRS BSC PSTN GMSC HLR MS Internet SGSN GGSN The Access Point Name (APN) defines the GGSN 40
41 GGSN The GGSN is the last router on the Internet. This is the point of presence as far as Internet is concerned. IP packets are tunneled, segmented and compressed from the GGSN to the Mobile terminal. The GGSN could also be connected to a corporate intranet or VPN. Do we get a public IP number? 41
42 GPRS Roaming BSC SGSN Internet GGSN 42
43 Summary Data access over mobile networks does not give you a dedicated channel. QoS is highly variable and latency is normally high. Capacity is aprx: GPRS: 40kbps EDGE: 100 kbps 3G: 200kbps (changes by the day) You get a IP access (often NATed) to the Internet. 43
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