Introduction to Chinese Meridian Project

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1 Introduction to Chinese Meridian Project (Chinese Ground-based Space Weather Monitoring Project) Chi Wang National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of Sciences Sept. 28, 2018

2 Outline Milestone Framework Recent Activites International Collaboration

Milestone 2005.08 Meridian Project was officially approved by the China National Development and Reform Commission as a mega- scientific project. 2006.

3 Milestone Meridian Project was officially approved by the China National Development and Reform Commission as a mega- scientific project The feasibility study of the Meridian Project was evaluated and approved. The total budget is about 24 million US$ Construction phase started Construction phase completed, official kick-off of operation

4 It is a Chinese multi-station chain along 120ºE to monitor space environment, starting from Mohe, the most northern station in China, through Beijing Wuhan Guangzhou and extended to Chinese Zhongshan station in the Antarctic.

5 Scientific Principles Many basic physical processes occur along the meridian circle. With the rotation of the Earth, we can make global measurements of the space environment.

6 Observatories 15 Stations : 120 E Meridian Chain (10 stations):mohe Manzhouli Changchun Beijing Xinxiang Hefei Wuhan Guanzhou Hainan Zhongshan; 30 N Chain (5 stations):shanghai (Hangzhou) Chongqing Chengdu Qujing Laasa Among them, Beijing Wuhan Hainan Zhongsan are multi-tasking stations.

7 漠河满洲里 Station DIM OFM FGM SCM SED DEM 长春 Distribution ASAI FPI 北京新乡拉萨成都重庆合肥武汉上海 LIDA AURO 曲靖广州海南 CRM TEL IPS DPS IONO DOPP TEC METR 南极中山 HFR MST VHF ISR SROC MROC

8 Station Lat. Lon. Instruments Mohe 53.5N 122.4E magnetometer, digisonde, TEC monitor/ionospheric scintillation monitor Manzhouli 49.6N 117.4E magnetometer, ionosonde Changchun 44.0N 125.2E magnetometer, ionosonde Beijing 40.3N 116.2E magnetometer, digisonde, lidar, all-sky imager, Fabry-Perot interferometer, mesosphere-stratosphere-thermosphere radar, interplanetary scintillation monitor, cosmic ray monitor, TEC monitor/ionospheric scintillation monitor, high frequency Doppler frequency shift Monitor Xinxiang 34.6N 113.6E magnetometer, ionosonde, TEC monitor/ionospheric scintillation monitor Wuhan 30.5N 114.6E magnetometer, digisonde, lidar, mesosphere-stratospherethermosphere radar, meteor radar, TEC monitor/ionospheric scintillation monitor, high frequency Doppler frequency shift monitor Hefei 33.4N 116.5E Lidar

9 Station Lat. Lon. Instruments Guangzhou 23.1N 113.3E magnetometer, digisonde, lidar, mesosphere-stratospherethermosphere radar, meteor radar, TEC monitor/ ionospheric scintillation monitor, high frequency Doppler frequency shift monitor Hainan 19.0N 109.8E magnetometer, digisonde, TEC monitor/ionospheric scintillation monitor, Lidar, all-sky imager, very high frequency radar, sounding rockets, meteor radar Zhongshan 69.4S 76.4E magnetometer, digisonde, high-frequency coherent scatter radar, aurora spectrometer Shanghai 31.1N 121.2E magnetometer, TEC monitor Chongqing 29.5N 106.5E magnetometer, ionosonde Qujing 25.6N 103.8E Incoherent Scattering Radar Chengdu 31.0N 103.7E magnetometer, ionosonde Lhasa 29.6N 91.0E magnetometer, ionosonde

10 Spatial Coverage By The Meridian Project

11 Parameters Observed Earth Surface:Geomagnetic field Geoelectronic field Cosmic Rays; Middle-Upper Atmosphere:density temperature composition electric current; Ionosphere:density of electron and proton, temperature, irregular structures, electric current Interplanetary Space:solar wind plasma speed

12 Geo- Magnetic Radio Optical atmospheric Sounding Rocket Space Environment Monitoring System Domestic Data Exchange Data and Communication System Research and Forecast System International Data Exchange FRAMEWORK Public User Professional User

13 I. Geomagnetic Monitoring Subsystem To measure the variation of the geomagnetic (geoelectric) field To study the response of the geomagnetic (geoelectric) field to interplanetary disturbances

14 Geomagnetic Measurement Absolute Measurement Relative Measurement Proton Precession Magnetometer: F Overhauser magnetometer F DI-fluxgate magnetometer: D. I Fluxgate Magnetometer: H, D, Z Induction Magnetometer

15 Geomagnetic Instrument Geo-electric Overhauser Fluxgate Sensor 探头 Atmospheric electric Induction DI-fluxgate

16 Geomagnetic Observatories

17 II. Radio Monitoring Subsystem To measure the physical parameters of the middle-upper atmosphere, ionosphere and the interplanetary space by use of remote sensing technique.

18 Four Parts 1. Incoherent Scattering Radar(ISR) ISR is located in Qujing, Yunnan Province (25.6 N, E) To measure physical parameters of the middle-upper atmosphere and ionosphere from 70 up to 1000 km. ISR has a peak transmission power of ~2MW.

19 ISR Radar Aetna doom Control room transmitter Cooling system

20 2. Radar Chain Instrument Detecting Content Sites MST Radar HF Coherent Scattering Radar (HF Radar) VHF Coherent Scatter Radar (VHF Radar) Meteor Radar Wind parameters of troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere, ~50MHz To detect the motion of the ionospheric structure within a azimuth angle of 52º and 3000 km height by use of the scatter features of the ionospheric irregular structures To detect the irregular structure and drift (electrical field) in the ionospheric E lay, and to detect intensity and drift of the spread F, by measuring the intensity and Doppler Shift of the echo from the field aligned irregular bulk. To detect the wind field and diffusive coefficient of the atmosphere, the flux, position and velocity of the meteors between 70~110 km by tracing the meteors Beijing Wuhan Zhongshan Station at South Pole Hainan Wuhan

21 MST Radar Beijing Wuhan

22 HF Radar

23 VHF Radar 前端数字单元实物时钟同步设备后端处理系统

24 Meteor Radar

25 Meteor radar observation Observed meteors Observed wind

26 Meteor radar observation: tidal winds : Observation : GSWM02

27 3. Ionosode Chain Digisonde Mohe (new) Beijing (new) Wuhan (upgrade)-hainan (upgrade) Zhongshan (upgrade) Traditional Ionosonde Manzhouli Changchun Ghuanzhou Chongqing - Lasha

28 Digisonde Beijing Hainan Wuhan Mohee Zhongshan

29 4. Real time monitor chain of space environment Instrument Purpose Site Interplanetary Scintillation (IPS) Monitor Neutron Monitor Ionospheric TEC and Scintillation Monitors HF Doppler Drift Monitor To monitor the interplanetary disturbance and obtain information about the solar wind velocity and plasma irregular structures To detect the solar energetic particles and cosmic rays To monitor the ionospheric TEC and scintillation in real time To monitor multi-scale ionospheric disturbance propagation, by use of a long baseline system including a 3 HF Doppler antenna array in Beijing and a HF Doppler monitor in Wuhan Beijing Beijing, Guanzhou Mohe, Beijing, Xinxiang, Wuhan, Hainan, Shanghai(Hangzhou) Beijing, Wuhan

30 IPS 50-meter Atena Control room

31 Neutron Monitor Beijing Guangzhou

32 III. Optical-Atmospheric Monitoring Subsystem To measure the density, temperature, wind field, airglow and aurora spectrum by use of active and passive optical tools.

33 Station Distribution Lidar Chain: Beijing(new)-Wuhan(upgrade)-Hefei(new)-Hainan(new) Beijing: All-sky Airglow Imager, FP-interferometer (new) Hainan: All-sky Airglow Imager (new) Zhangshan: Aurora Spectrometer (new)

34 Instrument Content Sites Lidar Fabry-Perot Interferometer All-sky Airglow Imager Aurora Spectrometer Temperature and density profiles of the middle atmosphere Wind and temperature of atmosphere in the mesopause region and F2 layer The horizontal structure and transmitting feature of gravity waves in the mesopause region and the thermosphere Aurora spectrum, the atmospheric chemical species, the energetic spectrum of the energetic particles from the solar wind and the magnetosphere Beijing, Wuhan, Hefei, Hainan Beijing Beijing, Hainan Zhongshan Station in South Pole

35 Lidar Beijing Hainan Hefei

36 Origin data Origin data Sodium density (double sodium layer) Rayleigh temperature

37 All-Sky Imager 全天空气辉成像仪光学干涉仪

38 A difference image between consecutive raw images of OH airglow at 05:14 LT and 05:15LT on Dec. 26, This image shows some gravity waves.

39 Aurora Spectrometer Zhongshan

40 IV. Rocket Sounding Subsystem To make in-situ measurements of temperature, density, pressure, wind etc. in the height of 20~200 km.

41 The sounding rocket (~200km) was successfully launched on May 7, 2011.

42 Data and Communication System Collect, transfer, process, store and distribute data International and domestic data exchange

43 Three-layer- Structure: Station-Node-Center

44 Data Center

45 Data Center Storage Equipment

46 Research and Forecast System Coordinate observations, research and management Carry out research and model Jointly make space weather forecast Promote international collaboration

47 Part of Data available in English:

48 Science Operation Center 专用高性能计算平台演示大厅

49 Space Weather Warning and Forecast Center

First Observations of the geospace response of to the solar storm on Aug. 1 3, 2010 ManZhouLi ChangChun ChengDu Declination angle [min] 100 Lat=49.57 Lon=117.43 50 0-50 -100 150 Lat=44.08 Lon=124.

73-50 -100 600 550 500 450 400 100 50 0-50 -100 0-50 -100-150 H component [nt] 100 80 60 40 80 60 40 20 280 260 240 Z component [nt] ionospheric WuHan Lhasa QuanZhou QiongZhong ChongMingSanLie -150

50 First Observations of the geospace response of to the solar storm on Aug. 1 3, 2010 ManZhouLi ChangChun ChengDu Declination angle [min] 100 Lat=49.57 Lon= Lat=44.08 Lon= Lat=30.91 Lon= H component [nt] Z component [nt] ionospheric WuHan Lhasa QuanZhou QiongZhong ChongMingSanLie Lat=30.5 Lon= Lat=29 Lon= Lat=25 Lon= Lat=19 Lon= Lat=0 Lon= Geo Magnetic field Na layer

51 Observations of the geospace response of to the biggest solar storm since 2007 on Aug. 5 6, 2011 Geo Magnetic field HF radar

Simultaneous Observation of plasmaspheric and ionospheric variations during magnetic storms Dst (nt) Frequency (mhz) Density (amu/cm 3 ) NmF2 (10 12 el/cm 2 ) TEC (10 12 el/cm 2 ) 50 0 50 100 60 50

52 Simultaneous Observation of plasmaspheric and ionospheric variations during magnetic storms Dst (nt) Frequency (mhz) Density (amu/cm 3 ) NmF2 (10 12 el/cm 2 ) TEC (10 12 el/cm 2 ) /26 9/27 9/28 9/29 9/30 10/1 10/2 10/3 Days in 2011 (Wang et al. JGR, 2013) The plasmasphere dynamics seems to be controlled by the ionosphere during magnetic storms

53 Ionospheric disturbances caused by March 11,2011 Japan big earthquake Ionospheric Doppler-Shift Equipment (Xiao et al. JGR, 2012)

54 Chinese Meridian Project provided high time resolution and continuous space environment data and space weather service for Chinese Manned- Program

55 Space Weather Journal Cover Article (2010/08/19) Editor s Comments: What an ambitious, broad-reaching, and hard-hitting endeavor!

56 International Collaboration Considering the global nature of geospace processes and their coupling to the thermosphere and mesosphere, a new initiative, called the International Space Weather Meridian Circle Project (IMCP) is proposed to connect ground-based instruments and observatories deployed along the great meridian circle inscribed by the 120 E and 60 W meridian lines.

57 What will IMCP do? Data sharing and Exchange Coordinating observational campaigns; Encouraging collaboration on scientific research and observations; Promoting education and public outreach on space science and technology.

58 Joint Space Weather Lab IMCP Workshop Sanya, China, Feb 21-25, 2011 Hainan, China Santa Maria, Brazil

60 IMCP Session in ST13 Chi Wang: Overview about the Meridian Project Shunrong Zhang: Meridian Circle International Observations John Foster: Coupled Observations of Space weather Storms in the Geospace Hongqiao Hu: An overview on PRIC s UAP observation in the polar regions Anthony van Eyken: Space Weather: The current and future role of the Incoherent Scatter Radar network Qian Wu: Thermospheric wind observations and simulations

61 What Next? Scientific Committee for IMCP Executive Office for IMCP Next Workshop (2016) Space Weather Observation Campaigns Research Plan for Space Weather

62 Summary Meridian Project is a ground-based network program to monitor space environment, which consists of a chain of ground-based observatories with multiple instruments. The Meridian Project started collecting data from Oct. 2012, and will last at least 10 years. International collaborations will make it possible to constitute the first complete geospace space weather monitoring circle around the globe.

63 Thank 谢谢指正 You!!

New Chains of Space Weather Monitoring Stations in China

SPACE WEATHER, VOL. 8, S08001, doi:10.1029/2010sw000603, 2010 New Chains of Space Weather Monitoring Stations in China Chi Wang Published 19 August 2010. Citation: Wang, C. (2010), New Chains of Space