An All-Electric-Aircraft Tailored SiC-Based Power Factor Correction Converter with Adaptive DC-Link Regulator

Transcription

1 energe Artcle An All-Electrc-Arcraft Talored -Baed Power Facr Correcton Conerter Adate DC-Lnk Regular Ganluca Bro 1, Adolfo Danner 1, * ID, Andrea Del Pzzo 1 Marno Coola 2 1 Deartment Electrcal Engneerng IT, DIETI, Unerty Nale Federco II, Nale, Italy; ganluca.bro@unna.t (G.B.); delzzo@unna.t (A.D.P.) 2 Power Nale Protye Laborary, PNP LAB rl, Nale, Italy; marno.coola@unna.t * Correondence: adolfo.danner@unna.t; Tel.: Academc Edr: Slo Sman Receed: 6 July 2017; Acceted: 15 Augut 2017; Publhed: 18 Augut 2017 Abtract: In recent year aeroace ndutry ha made a growng effort deelo a queter more enronmentally frendly arcraft. In artcular, eeral reearch actte hae been focued on nnoate oluton amed at degn/otmzaton an on-board electrc ytem fully comatble th new aroach. A frt mortant te n eoluton ward an All Electrc Arcraft (AEA) relacement hydraulc actuar fully electrc one. The tranton roce not eay carry out, nce weght, ze relablty rereent hghly crtcal ue for arcraft alcaton. In th context, gnfcant mroement n emconducr technologe can be exloted a a crtcal mean oercome contrant mentoned. Indeed, th work rooe a Slcon Carbde () baed Power Facr Correcton (PFC) conerter, whoe degn control hae been talored n order roerly uly a wde range on-board Electro-Mechancal Actuar (EMA). In artcular, whle adoted crcut ology allow for facr correcton b-drectonal flow, technology, thank hgher effcency reect or emconducr-baed technologe, lead a gnfcant reducton n oerall ytem weght/olume. Furrmore, meet trct requrement n term dynamc teady tate erformance moed by alcaton, a noel adate regular conceed. A reduced-cale laborary rotye -baed conerter (3 kva) realzed n order erfy effectene rooed degn control aroach. Keyword: facr correcton (PFC); (Slcon Carbde); arcraft alcaton; adate regular; deadbeat control 1. Introducton Nowaday, a releant aaton trend All Electrc Arcraft (AEA) concet; an arcraft a centralzed electrc ytem able uly all arcraft load erce. The man role electrc ytem conert mechancal haft engne n electrc one, whch can n be emloyed, by mean on-board dtrbuton coneron ytem, atfy arou knd energy requet: heat/cold generaton, mechancal actuaton, lghtng ytem, o on. Aaton bune ha grown conderably n lat year, thu leadng a correondng growth arcraft ndutry, whch can aume a fundamental oton n near future thank contantly ncreang ar tranortaton dem. At ame tme, a rogree electrc hybrdzaton arcraft ha been obered. Th eoluton dren by nner roerte electrc energy, whch regarded a a rleged energetc ecr [1 5], able reduce global weght, oeraton/mantenance cot enronment ollng, thank aocated hgh denty ger zero CO 2 Energe 2017, 10, 1227; do: /en

2 Energe 2017, 10, emon. A a conequence, adanced electrc archtecture are beng deeloed am otmzng on-board generaton, dtrbuton rage ytem artcular regard erformance, relablty fault lerance requrement. Indeed, a rogree electrfcaton ha ntereted mot aumote ecr n lat year, uhng, aboe all, deeloment hgh /energy denty rage oluton [6]. Neerle, a full AEA mlementaton would requre, n mot cae, erformance leel electrc rage ytem whch are not yet aalable. For th reaon, at th tage, rmary objecte elmnate both hydraulc neumatc ytem r aocated equment, thu mrong arcraft erformance, eecally reference medum-range route [1]. In artcular, th aroach allow: reducton fuel conumton by 8 10% reducton takef weght by 6 7% reducton drect mantenance cot by 4 6% reducton mantenance tme by 4 5% reducton lfe cycle cot by 4 5% For examle, mlementaton ome AEA element on A-380, Boeng-787, o on, ha mroed oeratonal economc erformance e arcraft, leadng a fuel conumton reducton n 17 20% range. Gen relablty, denty fault-lerance requrement, a ecfc deeloment key comonent on board electrc ytem on whch an AEA would be baed ha be carred out n order atfy contrant moed. Indeed, th work focued on a crtcal comonent dtrbuton ytem; AC/DC conerter connected man three-hae grd, oeratng at 200 V/400 Hz (whch are electrc arameter tycal arcraft alcaton). Th conerter ere a double uroe: feed rmary DC oltage for ubequent DC/DC coneron; feed drectly actuaton ytem oeratng at hgh oltage. The AC/DC coneron uually carred out by ung a two tage AC/DC DC/DC conerter uually mlemented by a cacaded connecton a three-hae dode rectfer choer conerter. Alternately, t oble emloy a ngle tage AC/DC conerter called a Power Facr Correcton (PFC) conerter. Th archtecture can be obtaned by dfferent crcut ologe by ung lcon (S) or lcon-carbde () baed comonent. One tage AC/DC coneron can be acheed by ung dfferent ologe [7]: Thrd harmonc current njecton rectfer Delta wtch rectfer Venna rectfer Sw rectfer Sx wtche Current Source Rectfer (CSR) Sx Swtche Voltage Source Rectfer (VSR) Each ology ha t own adantage/dadantage reect number comonent, effcency, control comlexty, modularty, qualty ndexe. In artcular, for arcraft alcaton, where fault lerance effcency attrbute are mot crtcal one, more arorate ology aear be Voltage Source Rectfer (VSR) [8,9]. Indeed, VSR archtecture allow control nut AC current mnmum crcut comlexty; moreoer, t bac confguraton can be ealy re-arranged n nterleaed tructure, thu enurng hgher fault-lerance caablte. Th aer rooe a PFC -baed VSR conerter n t tard confguraton. The oluton guarantee [10,11]: hgh effcency oeraton: comonent exhbt ubtantal effcency mroement oer conentonal S baed one;

3 Energe 2017, 10, Electro-Magnetc Interference (EMI) nut flter ze reducton: adoton allow Energe 2017, 10, oerate at ery hgh wtchng frequency thu mlfyng degn nut ae flter; weght ze reducton: dece ablty oerate at hgher temerature allow mnmze coolng ytem ze a ubequent gnfcant bulk reducton. The hardware oluton ha been ared a aroer tware control oluton n n order order atfy atfy trct trct erformance requrement alcaton condered. In artcular, In artcular, a noel a noel DC- DC-Lnk adate adate regular ha ha been been conceed am am mroe both tranent teady tate oeraton. The frt art th work deal mamatcal model control algorthm PFC conerter. A zng rocedure n reented for degn/realzaton a caled rotye (3 kva). Fnally, both mulaton exermental tet are hown. The obtaned reult aldate effectene rooed PFC oluton. 2. Mamatcal Model The rooed ology Power Facr Correcton conerter hown n Fgure Fgure 1. Prooed Power Facr Correcton (PFC) conerter. Fgure 1. Prooed Power Facr Correcton (PFC) conerter. Th archtecture fall n VSR conerter category. For each leg t emloy two dece, uled Th n comlementary archtecture fall logc. n The VSR neatne conerter th category. confguraton For lead each leg a conce t emloy mamatcal two model: dece, uled n comlementary logc. The neatne th confguraton lead a conce mamatcal model: = R + L d d c (1) t + c (1),, c ace ecr hae grd oltage, lne current, conerter oltage.,, c ace ecr hae grd oltage, lne current, conerter can be exreed a: oltage. can be exreed a: = 1, + ṽ = V 1,e jωt + ṽ (2) j t where e, V,, = V 1, e jωt ace ecr fundamental ote equence, whle ṽ ace (2) ecr redual harmonc equence. Equaton (1) can be conenently referred a rotatng 1 1 j t where e, V ace ecr fundamental ote equence, whle, ace frame ynchronou 1,: ecr redual harmonc equence. Equaton (1) can be conenently referred a rotatng 1 { frame ynchronou :, V 1, + ṽ d = R d + L d d dt ωl q + cd ṽ q = R 1 q + L d (3) q dt + d ωl d d + cq V, d Rd L Lq cd dt It hould be noted that, by choce reference frame, f current comonent (3) d d, q q are contant, n lne current are q Rnuodal q L Ld cq dt ymmetrcal, thu aborbng aerage only from hae oltage fundamental ote equence. The conerter oltage cd, cq, whch are control It hould arable be noted n that, Equaton by (3), choce wll be comuted reference byframe, rooed f current controlcomonent trategy. d, q are contant, n lne current are nuodal ymmetrcal, thu aborbng aerage only from hae oltage fundamental ote equence. The conerter oltage cd,, whch cq are control arable n Equaton (3), wll be comuted by rooed control trategy.

4 Energe 2017, 10, Energe 2017, 10, Control Strategy The control trategy ha am kee contant DC-Lnk oltage dc, whle aborbng from grd a et nuodal ymmetrcal current untary facr. The oerall control dagram dected n Fgure 2. The nut arable (left de Fgure 2) are hae hae oltage, lne current DC-Lnk oltage; outut arable (rght de Fgure 2) reference ace ecr conerter oltage, whch n turn nut a ace ecr modular block. The rooed algorthm baed on cacaded control: outer loo regulate dc, whle nner loo regulate AC current. Fgure 2. Control dagram. The outer loo bult around ecal roortonal-ntegral (PI) adate regular (check The outer loo bult around a ecal roortonal-ntegral (PI) adate regular (check * Secton 3.1), whoe outut reference grd grd P,, whch whch n n turn turn ge ge reference d ax * current. Indeed, DC-Lnk oltage can be controlled by mean acte aborbed d d. Indeed, DC-Lnk oltage can be controlled by mean acte aborbed by by grd: grd: P = P 2 V1, d (4) V, (4) 2 d Equaton (4) can be exloted comute reference current d able control * DC-Lnk Equaton oltage: (4) can be exloted comute reference current able control DC-Lnk d oltage: d = 2 P 3 V 1 (5), * * 2 P The reference current q ntead et zero d am mnmzng lne current RMS 1 (5) alue by acheng a untary facr. Snce 3 current V, trackng erformed n fxed frame, reference The reference d, q are n reorted by tranformaton: current * ntead et zero am mnmzng lne current q ( ) RMS alue by acheng a untary facr. Snce current trackng erformed n fxed * * = d frame, reference, d are n reorted + j q e jψ = d by tranformaton: e jψ (6) q reference lne current* ace * ecr * nj * fxed j frame ψ ntantaneou hae d jq e d e (6) angle 1,. The hae angle ψ roded by a dq Phae Locked Loo (PLL) [12] whch oerate on * hae reference hae grd oltage. lne current ace ecr n fxed frame ntantaneou 1 hae angle,. The hae angle roded by a dq Phae Locked Loo (PLL) [12] whch oerate on hae hae grd oltage. The reference * dre control nner loo, whch bult around a mnmum delay deadbeat controller [13], whch moe trackng AC reference ace ecr current * a delay equal two amlng nteral:

5 Energe 2017, 10, The reference dre control nner loo, whch bult around a mnmum delay deadbeat controller [13], whch moe trackng AC reference ace ecr current a delay equal two amlng nteral: c (t k ) = L T ( (t k ) (t k )) + (t k 1 ) + 2 (t k ) + (t k+1 ) 2 c (t k 1 ) (7) L boot nductance, T amlng tme nteral t k generc amlng tme ntant The Adate PI Regular The nner control loo hould be able guarantee reaonable oerhoot/underhoot alue dc n tranent condton, whle beng at ame tme hghly nente DC-Lnk oltage rle lnked load /or electrc grd ntrnc rregularte, uch a dymmetry n ource oltage or low frequence comonent n load. Thee requrement are fully met by rooed noel adate PI regular. The DC-Lnk equaton can be wrtten a: 1 2 C d d t 2 dc = 3 2 Re{ } 3 î 4 L d d t 2 L (8) where L ntantaneou aborbed by load. The zng rocedure rooed PI regular can be ealy conceed once Equaton (8) roerly mlfed. In artcular, by neglectng boot nducr ntantaneou, tycally a ery mall rato rated, furrly by conderng that grd deendent almot only on nteracton between V 1,, Equaton (8) become: 1 2 C d d t 2 dc = P L (9) Fnally, by mong dc = dc + dc, t can be ealy erfed that Equaton (9) can be lnearzed under hyo dc << dc : d d t dc = P L C dc (10) Th equaton can be emloyed n order ze PI regular reect two dfferent requrement: fat dynamc erformance n tranent condton trong dturbance rejecton n teady tate condton. In artcular, a atfyng ytem reone, reect oerhoot ettlement tme dynamc roerte, can be obtaned by mong that real magnary comonent ole aocated econd order cloed loo ytem are equal. It can be erfed that followng relaton ale: k = 1 ( ) 2 k 2 C (11) dc k, k roortonal, ntegral comonent PI regular. Therefore, nce k lnked k a er Equaton (11), adate law formulated once a crteron adat k choen. The rooed noel PI regular emloy two dfferent alue for k : tranent alue k hgh teady tate alue k low. k hgh, k low are zed by ung followng condton: k hgh = rhgh P R ε hgh dc, k low = rlow P R ε low dc (12) Equaton (12) enure that PI regular roortonal comonent outut r P R (.e., a rato r rated P R ) when nut error ε dc (.e., a rato ε reference DC-Lnk

6 Energe 2017, 10, oltage dc ). The rooed alue for r ε, relate tranent teady tate condton, are hown n Table 1. Table 1. Value r ε for tranent teady tate condton. Tranent Condton k hgh, k hgh Steady State Condton k low, k low r hgh = 1.00 ε hgh = r low = 0.05 ε low = k low The choen alue r low, ε low guarantee that PI regular, dren by teady tate comonent, k low, able kee ntantaneou oltage error dc under ε low n correondence low erturbaton, whle beng hghly nente grd/load dturbance. On or h, choen alue tranent comonent r hgh, ε hgh confer a fat dynamc erformance PI regular, whch, dren by comonent k hgh, k hgh, able kee error dc around ε hgh n reence trong erturbaton. The effecte PI regular comonent are et by mean followng rocedure: 1. when dc greater than ε low PI regular comonent are et tranent comonent; 2. when dc ket under ε low for an agned tme nteral T a, hence defned PI regular adate tme, followng adate law ued: k (t) = k hgh k (t) = 1 2 ( k (t) C dc k low T a dt ) 2 (13) khgh.e., k (t), k (t) are lnearly, quadratcally between correondent boundare. In order enure a t tranton aod tablty ue, t jut enough enure that T a much greater than ettlement tme granted cloed loo ytem by PI regular dren tranent comonent. The rooed adate PI regular ha been teted numercally by erformng a mulaton n Matlab/Smulnk enronment reference a ytem characterzed by P R = 3 kw, C = 75 µf dc = 360 V (check next ecton); PI regular adate tme T a ha been et 0.5,.e., around 25 tme ytem ettlement tme. Startng from a teady tate condton no load, at 0.5 a rated load te occur. The load condton characterzed by an agned dturbance, equalent a 10% dymmetry n grd oltage. The relate effect characterzed a harmonc njecton at 800 Hz (.e., two tme grd frequency condered electrc ytem, check Secton 4) n load. Fgure 3 how behaor reference acte rato P /P R, relate oltage error ε = dc / dc roortonal comonent k (t). It can be noted that, n correondence load erturbaton at 0.5, PI comonent are et almot ntantaneouly tranent alue; ndeed maxmum underhoot ket around 6%; howeer n ubequent teady tate oeraton, reference acte ocllate conderably (±15%), due relately hgh bwdth PI regular n th condton. Th underable ocllaton ractcally zeroed by rooed adate acton whch tart at 1 termnate at 1.5 : ndeed reference acte ractcally contant n remanng tme nteral.

7 Energe 2017, 10, Energe 2017, 10, Fgure behaor reference rato, relate oltage error roortonal comonent (c). It It can can be be concluded concluded that that rooed rooed adate adate PI PI regular regular how how otmal otmal erformance erformance both both n n teady teady tate tate tranent tranent condton condton no no need need a comenaton comenaton acton acton baed baed on on DC DC load load current current meaurement meaurement [14]. [14] LC Flter Szng Procedure The rooed zng rocedure refer aa 33 kw kw PFC PFC conerter connected aa V/400 Hz Hz three-hae electrc ytem aa rated DC-Lnk oltage V. V. Frt, otmal alue boot nductance LL DC-Lnk DC-Lnk caactance C hae C hae be determned. be determned. Whle Whle L hould L hould be choen be n choen ordern order mnmze mnmze lne current lne Total current Harmonc Total Drton Harmonc (THD), Drton caactance (THD), Ccaactance alue hould C guarantee alue hould roer guarantee dynamc roer erformance dynamc erformance conerter reect conerter DC-Lnk reect oltage underhoot/oerhoot DC-Lnk oltage underhoot/oerhoot n tranent condton. n tranent A mle condton. exreona mle THD exreon can be obtaned THD f can conerter be obtaned outut f oltage conerter are condered outut oltage nuodal are waeform condered nuodal uermoed waeform rectangular uermoed alternaterectangular waeformalternate amltude waeform dc /6 amltude frequency 1/T dc 6. Under frequency th hyo, 1 T. Under t can th be hown hyo, that t can followng be hown relaton that found: followng relaton found: ( ) 1, R THD= IR, 24 V dc,r T /I,R (14) 24 3 L V dc,r V dc, R rated rated DC-Lnk DC-Lnk oltage oltage I,R I lne R, current lne current rated rated alue. alue. The zng The zng DC-Lnk DCcaacr carred reference a load te n whch tranferred load Lnk caacr carred reference a load te n whch tranferred ntantaneouly change from P R P R, P R PFC rated. In th condton, conerter load ablentantaneouly dre grdchange currentfrom a maxmum PR P R, P derate R PFC rated. In th condton, P,max gen by conerter able dre grd current a maxmum derate P,max gen by P,max = V 2 ( ) ) k 2 2 B ω 2 2,R R I,R 2( 1 (15) 2 k B RI R 1 P,max V L V, R 2,R L L V (15) R, L where V,R grd rated oltage, k B conerter boot facr ω R rated angular frequency. Therefore, where V R, DC-Lnk grd equaton rated oltage, can be wrtten k B a: conerter boot facr R rated angular frequency. Therefore, DC-Lnk equaton 1 can be wrtten a: 2 C d 1d t 2 dc = P R + P,max t (16) d 2 C dc PR P,maxt (16) From (10) dc tme behaor ealy 2 dbtaned: From (10) dc tme behaor ealy obtaned: dc (t) = Vdc,R C ( P,maxt 2 2P R t) (17) dc t Vdc, R P,maxt 2Pt R (17) C The mnmum alue t, whch quantfe DC-Lnk underhoot reect dc condered wort cae condton, reached at underhoot tme t P gen by: u R P,max

8 Energe 2017, 10, Energe 2017, 10, PR V The mnmum alue dc (t), whch dc, u V quantfe dc, R DC-Lnk underhoot reect (18) C P,max condered wort cae condton, reached at underhoot tme t u = P R / P,max gen by: By conderng underhoot much maller than, comle dered relate DC-Lnk V dc,u = underhoot Vdc,R 2 oltage (18) C dc, u can be yntcally exreed P,max a: By conderng underhoot much maller than V dc,r, caactance alue C that comle 2 dered relate DC-Lnk underhoot Poltage R dc,u 1 can be yntcally exreed a: C (19) ( V ) 2 C dc, R 2P,max dc, u PR 1 = (19) Snce V dc,r 2 P,max dc,u P,max deend on boot nductance L a er Equaton (15), L deend on dered Snce THD P,max a er deend Equaton (14), boot nductance functon LCa er CTHD Equaton (15), L LL THD deend can onbe obtaned. dered THD In artcular, a er Equaton Fgure (14), 4 how functon C C / L = C(THD) alue that atfy L = L(THD) an moed can be obtaned. In artcular, dc, u et 5% for Fgure 4 how C/L alue that atfy an moed dc,u et 5% for dfferent alue dered THD dfferent n alue range [1%, dered 5%]. THD n range 1%, 5%. A t can be noted from Fgure 4a, caactance alue radly decreae u a THD alue about 2%. Th conderaton lead otmal choce target THD, whch ha been et 2.5%. The correondng flter alue are C C= 75 75µF F L = L2 mh, 2 mh reectely., reectely. P2 R V dc R, caactance alue C that C [µf] 250 L [mh] THD [%] THD [%] Fgure Fgure DC-Lnk caactance C behaor boot boot nductance L behaor behaor eru eru lne lne current Total Total Harmonc Harmonc Drton Drton (THD) (THD) exreed exreed n n ercent ercent [%]. [%] Technology Technology The The ntrnc ntrnc charactertc charactertc dece dece can can be be exloted exloted n n order order gnfcantly gnfcantly reduce reduce tal tal weght/olume weght/olume arcraft arcraft on board on board electrc electrc ytem, ytem, thu atfyng thu atfyng crtcal crtcal ue that ue are that tycal are tycal arcraft alcaton. arcraft alcaton. The Wder The B Wder Ga energy B Ga energy reect S reect dece allow S dece allow emconducr emconducr oerate at oerate hgher juncton at hgher temerature juncton temerature utan a utan hgher breakdown a hgher breakdown electrc feld. electrc Therefore, feld. at Therefore, equal breakdown at equal oltage, breakdown dece oltage, are characterzed dece are characterzed by a thnner by drft a thnner regon drft regon hgher dong hgher leel, dong conequently leel, conequently reentng reentng a reduced a reduced ecfc ecfc conducte conducte retance retance a leer entty a leer entty oeratng oeratng temerature temerature regard regard S dece. S dece. The reultng The reultng reduced reduced conducton conducton loe, loe, ger ger oblty oblty oeratng oeratng at at hgher hgher wtchng wtchng frequency, frequency, allow allow mroe mroe oerall oerall ytem ytem effcency. effcency. Snce Snce daton daton drectly drectly relate relate heat heat generaton, generaton, erformance erformance allow allow mnmze mnmze ze ze dece dece coolng coolng ytem. ytem. Table Table 2 comare 2 comare man charactertc man charactertc Metal Oxde Semconducr Metal Oxde Feld-Effect Semconducr Tranr Feld-Effect (MOSFET) Tranr baed (MOSFET) module CCS020M12CM2 baed module CCS020M12CM2 by Cree that by Cree IGBT S that baed module IGBT FS25R12W1T4 S baed module by Infneon. FS25R12W1T4 From by Infneon. reorted data, From oerall reorted data, daton oerall (.e., wtchng daton conducton (.e., wtchng loe) conducton condered loe) module at condered aforementoned module oeratng at condton aforementoned are reectely oeratng 42 condton W 138 are W er reectely comonent. 42 By W conderng 138 W a maxmum er comonent. oeratng By conderng a maxmum oeratng ambent temerature Ta ambent temerature T = 25 C by takng n account that a = 25 C by takng n account that juncton-cae temerature

9 Energe 2017, 10, dfference n rated condton are reectely 29.4 C 96.6 C, requred mnmum rmal retance for heatnk are reectely 0.76 C/W 0.07 C/W. Th ery hgh rato ( =10) between target heatnk rmal retance lead a ubtantal decreae ze/weght coolng ytem (>1/10). The choce aear refore otmal oluton n context arcraft alcaton. Table 2. Man arameter mulated ytem. Quantty Cree CCS020M12CM2 Infneon FS25R12W1T4 Oerall Swtchng Energy (mj) On-Retance (mω) Rated Current at T c = 100 C (A) Rated Voltage (kv) Juncton-Cae Thermal Retance ( C/W) Numercal Reult A relmnary numercal analy ha been conducted n order aldate both control trategy zng rocedure. Seeral mulaton hae been erformed n Matlab/Smulnk enronment. In artcular, control algorthm ha been deeloed drectly n C-language code mlemented n tware by ntegrated S-Functon reource. Th aroach allowed drect tranfer control code on Dgtal Sgnal Proceor (DSP) hardware target dece ued durng exerment. The ytem man arameter, ger control quantte, are reorted n Table 3. Table 3. Man arameter mulated ytem. Quantty Symbol Value Grd rated oltage V,R 200 V Grd rated frequency f R 400 Hz PFC rated P R 3 kw DC-Lnk rated oltage V dc,r 360 V PFC rated current I,R 9 A DC-Lnk caactance C 75 µf Boot nductance L 2 mh Samlng tme nteral T 50 µ Swtchng frequency f 20 khz The whole mulaton erformed oer a tme nteral 2. In order ealuate ytem erformance under a wort-cae cenaro, unymmetrcal grd oltage hae been condered by njectng a fundamental negate equence an amltude et 10% rated one. In frt te, no load, a oon a PLL ynchronze, DC-Lnk oltage booted t rated alue (360 V). At around 0.35 a load te from zero 3 kw occur. Fnally, at around 1, load change from 3 kw zero. The boot acton load erturbaton are clearly hghlghted by grd P behaor dected n Fgure 5a. From Fgure 5b, t can be deduced that oltage oerhoot lower than 50 V whle relate underhoot contaned under 10% ( =40 V). The unymmetrcal oltage caue a rle at 2 f R, whch affect both P dc. In any cae, th dturbance hled good dynamc erformance by rooed adate DC-Lnk PI regular. Indeed, adataton PI contant lead a ubtantal decreae condered rle, a can be noted at around 0.6, when regular adate acton ha been concluded.

10 Energe 2017, 10, Energe 2017, 10, Energe 2017, 10, Fgure 5. Behaor aborbed DC-Lnk oltage dc n whole Fgure 5. Behaor aborbed P DC-Lnk oltage dc n whole mulaton nteral. mulaton Fgure nteral. 5. Behaor aborbed P DC-Lnk oltage dc n whole mulaton nteral. The effectene DC-Lnk controller confrmed n Fgure 6, where behaor grd Theoltage effectene lne DC-Lnk current are controller detaled confrmed reference n Fgure a teady 6, tate where condton behaor at The effectene DC-Lnk controller confrmed n Fgure 6, where behaor rated grd oltage load. Indeed, een under lne current a trong are unymmetrcal detaled uly, reference lne acurrent teady tate are ractcally condton at grd oltage lne current are detaled reference a teady tate condton at rated nuodal ymmetrcal, that, DC-Lnk oltage rle generated by grd oltage rated load. load. Indeed, een eenunder undera atrong trongunymmetrcal uly, uly, lne lne current current are ractcally are ractcally nuodal negate equence almot tally fltered out by PI adate controller. The analy carred out nuodal ymmetrcal, ymmetrcal, that that,, DC-Lnk DC-Lnk oltage oltage rle rle generated generated by by grd grd oltage oltage negate equence confrm that rooed control characterzed by good dynamc erformance at tranent negate almot equence tally almot fltered tally outfltered by out PI adate by PI adate controller. controller. The analy The analy carred carred out confrm out condton excellent dturbance rejecton at teady tate oeraton. Moreoer, THD that confrm rooed that control rooed characterzed control characterzed by good dynamc by good erformance dynamc erformance at tranentat condton tranent ealuated 2.25%, a alue ery cloe one moed analytcally (2.5%). Both THD alue excellent condton dturbance excellent rejecton dturbance at teadyrejecton tate oeraton. teady tate Moreoer, oeraton. THD Moreoer, ealuated THD 2.25%, obtaned DC-Lnk oltage underhoot/oerhoot refore hghlght qualty a alue ealuated ery cloe 2.25%, a one alue moed ery cloe analytcally one (2.5%). moed Bothanalytcally THD alue (2.5%). obtaned Both THD alue DC-Lnk rooed obtaned zng rocedure. DC-Lnk oltage underhoot/oerhoot refore hghlght qualty oltage underhoot/oerhoot Fnally, Fgure 7 how refore tme behaor hghlght dated qualty rooed Pj zng 7a) rocedure. rooed zng rocedure. maxmum juncton Fnally, temerature Fgure 7 how Tj 7b) tme related behaor dated module. Thee reult P j hae been 7a) obtaned maxmum Fnally, Fgure 7 how tme behaor dated by Pj 7a) maxmum juncton mlementng temerature a dynamc T j rmal 7b) mode related electronc module. dece baed Theeon reult comonent hae beendataheet. obtaned by juncton temerature Tj 7b) related module. Thee reult hae been obtaned by mlementng It mlementng hould be anoted dynamc a dynamc that rmal rmal exected mode mode effcency electronc conerter, dece dece n baed baed rated on condton, comonent comonent around dataheet. 97.5%. dataheet. It hould It hould be noted be noted that that exected effcency conerter, n nrated ratedcondton, around around 97.5%. 97.5%. Fgure 6. Cont.

11 Energe 2017, 10, Energe 2017, 10, Energe 2017, 10, Energe 2017, 10, Fgure 6. Grd oltage lne current behaor n teady tate condton at rated. Fgure 6. Grd oltage lne current behaor n teady tate condton at rated. Fgure 6. Grd oltage lne current behaor n teady tate condton at rated. Fgure 6. Grd oltage lne current behaor n teady tate condton at rated. Fgure 7. dated Pj relate juncton temerature Tj behaor. 7. Exermental FgureReult 7. dated Pj relate juncton temerature Tj behaor. Fgure 7. dated Pj relate juncton temerature Tj behaor. The core technologcal nnoaton rooed coneron ytem rereented by FgureReult 7. dated Pj relate juncton temerature Tj behaor. 7. Exermental relacement conentonal S baed dece technology. In artcular, rotye 7. Exermental Reult The core technologcal nnoaton rooed coneron rereented by ha been bult around CCS020M12CM2 1.2kV/20 A module by CREEytem [15], dren by a CREE 7. Exermental Reult The core The technologcal nnoaton mlemented rooed ytem relacement conentonal S baed technology. In artcular, rereented rotye gate drer[16]. control algorthm hadece been onconeron Dgtal Sgnal Proceor (DSP) by The bult core technologcal nnoaton kv/20 rooed coneron ytem rereented by relacement conentonal baed dece technology. In[15], artcular, rotye ha been around CCS020M12CM2 1.2 A module byon CREE dren by a CREE Texa SM320F28335-EP [17]. AllS comonent hae been mounted a cum PCB ger relacement conentonal S baed dece technology. In artcular, rotye gate drer [16]. The control algorthm ha been mlemented on Dgtal Sgnal (DSP) ha been bultoltage/current around CCS020M12CM2 1.28kV/20 A module by CREE [15],Proceor dren by a CREE requred tranducer. Fgure how realzed rotye. ha been bult around CCS020M12CM2 1.2 kv/20 A module by CREE [15], dren by a CREE Texa SM320F28335-EP [17]. All comonent hae been mounted on Dgtal a cumsgnal PCB ger (DSP) gate drer [16]. The control algorthm ha been mlemented on Proceor gate drer [16]. The control algorthm ha been mlemented on Dgtal Sgnal Proceor (DSP) oltage/current tranducer. Fgure 8 howbeen realzed rotye. Texarequred SM320F28335-EP [17].[17]. All comonent mounted a cum ger Texa SM320F28335-EP All comonent hae hae been mounted onon a cum PCBPCB ger requred oltage/current tranducer. Fgure 8 how realzed rotye. requred oltage/current tranducer. Fgure 8 how realzed rotye. Fgure 8. PFC rotye boot nducr. Fgure 8. PFC rotye boot nducr. Fgure 8. PFC rotye boot nducr. Fgure 8. PFC rotye boot nducr.

12 Energe 2017, 10, Energe 2017, 10, 1127 Energe 2017, 10, To roe feablty rooed control trategy, four dfferent tet hae been conducted: To roe feablty rooed control trategy, four dfferent tet hae been conducted: To roe oeraton feablty rooed Tet Boot 9a); control trategy, four dfferent tet hae been conducted: Tet Boot oeraton 9a); Tet Tet 0 0Boot 1.5 kw load te 9b); Tet oeraton 9a); 1.5 kw load te 9b); Tet kw load te 9b);9c); Tet Tet (c) (c) 1.5 kw 3 kw load 9c); 1.5 kw 3 kw loadte te Tet (d) (c) 3 kw load te 31.5 kw 0 load te 9d). Tet Tet (d) 3 kw kw 0 load te 9d). 9c); Tet (d) 3 kw 0 load te 9d). In artcular, t can noted that underhoot underhoot (that at at around nfgure 9b,c)9b,c) In artcular, t can be be noted that (thaccur occur around n Fgure In artcular, t can be noted that underhoot (that occur at around 0.2 n Fgure 9b,c) 15%, oerhoot (that occur at around 0.2 n Fgure 9d) DC-Lnk oltage are ket under 15%, oerhoot (that occur at around 0.2 n Fgure 9d) DC-Lnk oltage are ket under oerhoot (that occur ataround 0.2 n Fgure 9d)The DC-Lnk oltage arepiket under 15%, thu confrmng reult numercal analy. acton adate controller alo thu confrmng reult numercal analy. The acton adate PI controller alo thu confrmng reult numercal analy. The acton a adate adateacton PI controller alo lead mlar reult, DC-Lnk oltage rle decreang executed. leadlead mlar reult, DC-Lnk oltage rledecreang decreang a adate acton executed. mlar reult, DC-Lnk oltage rle a adate acton executed. Fnally, Fgure 10 how behaor one lne current n teady tate condton P = 1.5 kw Fnally, Fgure 10 how behaor one lne current nteady teadytate tate condton P =kw 1.5 kw Fnally, Fgure behaor one lne current n condton P = a) 10 P =how 3 kw 10b). The THD facr comuted are 5% 3% reectely, whle 10a) P =P =3 3kW 10b). The THD facr comuted arethat 5% 3% reectely, 10a) kw The THD facr are 5%out 3% reectely, whle oerall effcency 96.8% 10b). 97.5% reectely. Itcomuted can be onted numercal whleexermental oerall oerall effcency 96.8% 97.5% reectely. It can be onted out that numercal effcency 96.8% 97.5% reectely. It can be onted out that numercal data are ractcally concdent reect 3 kw load condton. exermental data concdent reect 3 kw exermental dataare areractcally ractcally concdent reect load 3 kwcondton. load condton. (c) (c) (d) (d) Fgure 9. Behaor on DC-Lnk oltage under dfferent tranent condton: boot tage ; Fgure 9. Behaor on DC-Lnk oltage under dfferent tranent condton: boot tage ; FgurekW 9. Behaor on DC-Lnk oltage under condton: boot tage(d). ; load te ; kw load tedfferent tranent (c); 3 kw 0 load te kw load tete ; kw te (c); (c); 3 kw load 0 load kw load ; kwload load te 3 kw 0 tete (d). (d). P =1.5 kw P =1.5 kw THD=5 % THD=5 % η =96.8 % η =96.8 % Fgure 10. Cont.

13 Energe 2017, 10, Energe 2017, 10, P =3 kw THD=3 % η= 97.5 % Fgure 10. Lne current behaor n teady tate condton: 1.5 kw 3 kw. Fgure 10. Lne current behaor n teady tate condton: 1.5 kw 3 kw. 8. Concluon 8. Concluon Th work ha been focued on degn control a -baed VSR conerter. Th The work analytcal ha been model focued on conerter degn ha been control ued dere a -baed analytcally VSR conerter. otmal alue DC-Lnk caactance C boot nductance L reect both teady tate condton (low The analytcal model conerter ha been ued dere analytcally otmal alue lne current THD) tranent oeraton (contaned DC-Lnk oltage oerhoot/underhoot). DC-Lnk caactance C boot nductance L reect both teady tate condton The VSR control trategy ha been couled a noel adate DC-Lnk PI controller, (low lne conceed current THD) am tranent acheng oeraton nuodal (contaned ymmetrcal DC-Lnk lne oltage current oerhoot/underhoot). een under trong The load/grd VSRdturbance, control trategy whle keeng ha been DC-Lnk couledoltage acloe noel reference adateone DC-Lnk een under PItrong controller, conceed load erturbaton. am acheng nuodal ymmetrcal lne current een under trong load/grda dturbance, et mulaton whleha keeng been erformed DC-Lnk oltage order cloe aldate reference aroach onereented. een under The trong load erturbaton. numercal reult confrm effectene zng rocedure hghlght good Aerformance et mulaton rooed haadate been erformed PI regular. n order aldate aroach reented. The numercal Furrmore, reult an confrm exermental effectene camagn ha been conducted zng on rocedure a 3 kw -baed hghlght PFC conerter good rotye. The exermental reult hae confrmed mulated one obtaned under erformance rooed adate PI regular. Matlab/Smulnk enronment, howng caablty ytem take all releant arameter Furrmore, an exermental camagn ha been conducted on a 3 kw -baed PFC under control: facr, lne current THD DC-Lnk oltage. conerterhgh rotye. leel effcency The exermental oeraton hae reult been acheed hae confrmed n te mulated conderable one target obtaned wtchng under Matlab/Smulnk frequency a a reult enronment, technology howng emloyed. caablty Indeed, t ytem worth notng takethat all releant tal weght arameter under control: -baed rotye facr, lne realzed current (boot THD nducr DC-Lnk excluded) oltage. around 1.1 kg, whch 0.6 kg are Hgh related leel effcency heatnk. oeraton It hould be hae onted been out acheed that a comarable n te S-baed conderable conerter would target requre wtchng frequency a much alarger a reult heatnk, reultng technology n a tal emloyed. weght exceedng Indeed, 3 kg. t worth notng that tal weght -baed rotye realzed (boot nducr excluded) around 1.1 kg, whch 0.6 kg Acknowledgment: Power Nale Protye Laborary PNP LAB SRL Mlan, Italy. are related heatnk. It hould be onted out that a comarable S-baed conerter would requre Author a much Contrbuton: larger heatnk, Ganluca reultng Bro mlemented n a tal weght control exceedng on hardware 3 kg. target; Marna Coola erformed hardware degn; Adolfo Danner conceed control algorthm; Andrea Del Pzzo wrtten aer. Acknowledgment: Power Nale Protye Laborary PNP LAB SRL Mlan, Italy. Author Conflct Contrbuton: Interet: Ganluca The author Bro declare mlemented no conflct nteret. control on hardware target; Marna Coola erformed hardware degn; Adolfo Danner conceed control algorthm; Andrea Del Pzzo wrtten aer. Lt Symbol Conflct C/ L Interet: The author DC-Lnk declare caactance/boot no conflct nductance nteret. I, R / PR / Vdc, R / V Lne current/outut /DC-Lnk oltage/grd oltage rated alue, R Lt P Symbol Mean acte aborbed by grd P Conerter rated C/L R DC-Lnk caactance/boot nductance I Intantaneou aborbed by load,r /P R /VL dc,r /V,R Lne current/outut /DC-Lnk oltage/grd oltage rated alue P k, k Proortonal, ntegral comonent adate PI regular Mean acte aborbed by grd P R Conerter rated L Intantaneou aborbed by load k, k Proortonal, ntegral comonent adate PI regular Rated rato r

14 Energe 2017, 10, ε f /T k b k / c,k /,k d, q P,max dc,u c / ṽ / 1, cd, cq / d, q ψ/ω Relate DC-Lnk oltage error Swtchng frequency/samlng tme nteral Conerter boot facr Lne current/conerter oltage/phae oltage k th hae Lne current ace ecr Lne current ace ecr comonent n ynchronou frame Maxmum tme derate n wort cae condton Relate DC-Lnk oltage underhoot Conerter/Phae oltage ace ecr Redual harmonc/fundamental ote equence hae oltage ace ecr Conerter/Phae oltage ace ecr comonent n ynchronou frame Intantaneou hae angle/angular frequency fundamental ote equence Reference 1. Len, A.V.; Mun, S.M.; Khfrno, S.A.; Koale, K.V.; Geran, A.A.; Khalyutn, S.P. All-Electrc Arcraft. Idea Technology, 2nd ed.; USATU: Ufa, Rua, 2014; Bertno, A.I. Arcraft Electrcal Generar; Oborongz: Mocow, Rua, 1959; Kulebakn, V.S.; Morozoky, V.T.; Sndee, I.M. Arcraft Power Suly; Oborongz: Mocow, Rua, 1956; Sndee, I.M.; Saelo, A.A. Arcraft Electrc Power Sytem; Tranort: Mocow, Rua, 1990; Zon, V.M.; Kurn, B.V. Arcraft Electrc Power Sytem; Tranort: Mocow, Rua, 1988; Matthé, R.; Eberle, U.; Pa, G. The oltec ytem: Energy rage electrc roulon. In Lthum-Ion Battere: Adance Alcaton; Eleer Scence: Oxford, UK, 2013; Kolar, J.W.; Fredl, T. The Eence Three-Phae PFC Rectfer Sytem. In Proceedng 2011 IEEE 33rd Internatonal Telecommuncaton Energy Conference (INTELEC), Amterdam, The Nerl, 9 13 Ocber Zhang, R.; Lee, F.C.; Boroyech, D. Four-Legged Three-hae PFC Rectfer Fault Tolerant Caablty. In Proceedng IEEE 31t Annual Power Electronc Secalt Conference, PESC , Galway, Irel, 23 June Hrach, K.; Nakaoka, M. Noel PFC conerter utable for engne-dren generar-nteracte three-hae ytem. IEE Electr. Power Al. 1999, 146, [CroRef] 10. Rabkowk, J.; Peftt, D.; Nee, H.P. Slcon Carbde Power Tranr: A New Era n Power Electronc I Intated. IEEE Ind. Electr. Mag. 2012, 6, [CroRef] 11. Leron, Y.; Km, H.; Erckon, R.W. Degn EMI Flter Hang Low Harmonc Drton n Hgh-Power-Facr Conerter. IEEE Tran. Power Electr. 2014, 29, [CroRef] 12. Da Sla, S.A.O.; Coelho, E.A.A. Analy Degn a Three-Phae PLL Structure for Utlty Connected Sytem under Drted Utlty Condton; CIEP: Sère, France, Vet, L.H.; Buchner, P.; Muller, V.; Lan, P.N. Deadbeat Current Controller Front-End Conerter State Oberer-Baed Predcr; IEEE PEDS: Kuala Lumur, Malaya, Guzman, R.; de Vcuña, L.G.; Morale, J.; Catlla, M.; Mata, J. Sldng-Mode Control for a Three-Phae Unty Power Facr Rectfer Oeratng at Fxed Swtchng Frequency. IEEE Tran. Power Electr. 2016, 31, [CroRef] 15. CREE CCS020M12CM2 Dataheet. Aalable onlne: htt:// CCS020M12CM2.df (acceed on 3 May 2016). 16. CREE CGD15FB45P Dataheet. Aalable onlne: htt:// roduct/189/cgd15fb451.df (acceed on 4 July 2016). 17. Texa SM320F28335-EP Dgtal Sgnal Controller (DSC) Dataheet. Aalable onlne: htt:// d/ymlnk/m320f28335-e.df (acceed on 1 March 2016) by author. Lcenee MDPI, Bael, Swtzerl. Th artcle an oen acce artcle dtrbuted under term condton Create Common Attrbuton (CC BY) lcene (htt://createcommon.org/lcene/by/4.0/).