Power Quality Enhancement Using Energy Storage Devices

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1 Australan Journal of Basc and Aled Scences, 5(6): , 2011 ISSN Power Qualty Enhancement Usng Energy Storage Devces S. Sajed, F. Khalfeh, T. Karm, Z. Khalfeh Kharg Branch, Islamc Azad Unversty, Kharg, Iran. Abstract: The use of electronc loads s ncreasng very fast. The ga between demand and the short generaton s also ncreasng very fast. These have made the ower qualty, relablty and stablty a crtcal ssue. Among the many FACTS devces whch can mrove the ower system oeraton and ower qualty roblems, Statc Comensator (STATCOM) and Unfed Power Flow Controller (UPFC) are of the most romsng new FACTS technologes. Both of these devces utlze caactors as the dc bus. Snce caactors are assve elements wth very lmted energy storage, they cannot rovde controllable real ower for extended erod. Ths aer nvestgates the mact of ntegratng a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) and/or a Suerconductng Magnetc Energy Storage (SMES) across the dc bus of STATCOM. Ths wll allow fast control of both real and reactve ower to mrove ower system transent stablty and to rovde extra damng aganst ower system oscllaton n a mult-area system lnked by weak nter-connecton. Comaratve dynamc erformances of these devces are resented n ths aer. A control strategy s roosed to ntegrate these devces to mrove the actve ower management wthn the constrants of the ower system to whch the devce s connected. The roosed controller based on hysterss control ensures unty ower factor and snusodal suly current rresectve of the varaton n the load demand waveform and magntude. Results from smulaton studes usng realstc model of the ower electronc devces on the dynamc erformance of these schemes wll be resented. Key words: Power Qualty, STATCOM, SMES, BESS INTRODUCTION The rolferaton of non-lnear loads and sources, usng ower electronc-based equment, has led to undesred roblems assocated wth ower qualty, whch affects both utltes and ther customers (Domjan et al, 1993). The ncreasng use of these non-lnear devces to mrove effcency mles that the ower qualty ssue wll become a contnung mortant ssue and requres an economc soluton. The FACT technologes has enhanced the controllablty and ower transfer caablty n ac system. Recently other mortant functons have been added to the FACTS devces, e.g., harmonc elmnaton and dynamc voltage regulaton to cater for the ower qualty roblems. STATCOMs have receved consderable attenton for ower utlty alcatons to rovde contnuously controllable reactve ower for voltage control relacng the tradtonal Statc Var Comensators (SVC) due to ther relatvely smle desgn (Arsoy etal, 2001), (Hngoran and Gyugy, 2000), (Watanbe et al, 1993), (Sngh et al, 2000). Snce the crcut of a STATCOM only conssts of swtchng devces and caactors, no actve ower can be rovded. To rovde both actve and reactve ower control, a long term energy storage devce s requred to relace the caactors n STATCOM. The energy storage devce can be ether a bank of batteres or a hgh temerature suer-conductng col (Ise et al, 1986). The caablty of controllng actve as well as reactve ower adds sgnfcant feature, whch can be used effectvely n alcaton requrng ower oscllaton damng, levelng eak ower demand, and rovdng unnterruted ower for crtcal loads. There are two ways of nterfacng the energy storage devces to STATCOM at the dc termnals. They can be ether connected drectly across the dc bus (when battery s used) or to be connected to dc bus through regulatng devces (when suer-conductng col s used). The dc choer s mostly used for the control of the actve energy flow between the suer-conductng col and the dc bus (Daugherty et al, 1993). Ths aer resents the results of our nvestgatons of controllng a STATCOM wth energy storage under dfferent condtons for the ower qualty mrovement. The followng two toologes are consdered. C STATCOM wth batteres across the dc bus. C STATCOM wth Suer-conductng Magnetc Energy Storage (SMES) nterfaced through dc choer. Corresondng Author: S. Sajed, Kharg Branch, Islamc Azad Unversty, Kharg, Iran. 779

2 Aust. J. Basc & Al. Sc., 5(6): , The Oeraton of the Scheme: The basc crcut of the roosed STATCOM nvolves the shunt connected voltage source nverter connected across the ower system as shown n the fgure 1. It s couled to ower system through the nductors (L ) reresentng the nterfacng transformer. The source wth lne nductance (L s ) s connected to the load. The energy storage s connected across the dc bus of the nverter. The rmary control of the nverter s to regulate the reactve current flow through the STATCOM. Correctng the demand of reactve current n the nner loo regulates the outut voltage of the nverter. The reactve current reference s obtaned from the external loo by comarng the reference ac bus voltage wth the actual voltage. The dc bus voltage s dynamcally adjusted n relatonsh wth the nverter voltage. The same crcut confguraton can also comensate the harmoncs generated by the load. The generalzed theory of nstantaneous ower s used to control the reactve and harmoncs comensaton by the actve flters. If the three hase snusodal voltage sulyng lnear load, the voltages and currents transformed nto a-b-o are wrtten as Fg. 1: A schematc crcut of STATCOM. v 3 V sn wt 3 I sn (wt-f) v 3 V cos wt 3 I cos (wt-f) (1) v 0 0 o o The owers and q can be resented as v v q v v (2) A smlfed reresentaton of a and b crcut s resented n fg. 2 wth comensatng comonents of currents. Fg. 2: Power flow wth comensatng comonent. The ower n terms of currents are reresented as 1 v v v v q 2 2 ; v v (3) 780

3 Searatng the functons of and q Aust. J. Basc & Al. Sc., 5(6): , v v v v0 v v 0 v v q q q (4) Where a and b comonents of the currents are v / vq/ q v / v q/ q (5) (6) Then ower n hase a and b can be searately wrtten as v v v q v v v q q q Where the ower comonents are 2 v v / v vvq/ q q 2 v v / v vvq/ q q (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) Therefore the three hase actve ower can be wrtten as 3 o q q o o (12) from (9) and (11) q q 0 (13) These are all nstantaneous values and vald for the steady state and transent condtons. To comensate comletely aq and bq, t s necessary to ntroduce the current sources ac and bc such that and. c q c q The ower suort requred from ths source s q q v q v q (14) (15) Then the voltage source needs to suly only and only. For all the nstance the, equaton (13) should be satsfed. Whch means that the ower necessary to comensate for q s equal to the negatve 781

4 of the ower necessary to comensate for q. Aust. J. Basc & Al. Sc., 5(6): , 2011 The current source and reresent the actve flter, that may be the conventonally controlled to c c generate and. There s no ower flowng out or n to the dc source f the nverter s suorted by q q any dc storage so no dc storage s necessary. Under the nonlnear load to comensate the harmoncs the and q terms needs modfcatons and q qq (16) and q are the mean values, and q are the alternatng comonents wth mean value equal to zero. 2 v/ v 2 v/ v 0 Therefore to comensate for (17) (18) (19), there s no need of ower suly nverters, however energy storage element s necessary. When energy storage element receves the energy, t s negatve and when sules, s ostve. Ths comensaton can be mlemented wth actve flters based nverters controllng the currents gven n the equaton (17) and (18). The basc storage element, caactor or nductor has to be mlemented to store ths actve energy oscllaton. It s meratve to have the storage element at the dc bus of the nverter to erform the reactve comensaton and actve flter duty. It s a matter of concern that the arorate amount of energy storage value must be assgned to erform varous dutes. One of the mortant control varable n the scheme suggested so far s the dc bus voltage. The level of dc bus voltage to be mantaned must be more than Ö2 tmes the ac suly voltage. Invarably, the dc voltage under transent condtons always swngs to ts reference set value. The sudden ncrease or decrease n the demand of reactve/actve ower makes ac voltage at ont of common coulng (PCC) to change. The energy flow durng ths transent state takes tme to meet the demanded losses of the nverter. Tll the tme controller correct the nverter outut for the set values, the stored energy form the dc bus has to suort the nverter losses. Ths s most mortant asect of ths nvestgaton. The roosed method suggests makng V dc as ndeendent control varable so that dc bus voltage does not vary durng any ower system dsturbances. To adequately suort the energy storage at the dc bus, devce wth arorate caacty s requred. The ncrease n caactor ratng may satsfy the above-mentoned requrements but the STATCOM wll be restrcted to ts functonal requrements. Addng more energy storage across the dc bus can enhance the functonal requrements. Ths otental caablty rovdes a new tool for enhancng dynamc comensaton, mrovng ower system effcency and, otentally reventng the ower outages. Presently avalable sources of storage are Batteres Energy Storage Systems (BESS), Suerconductor Magnetc Energy Storage (SMES) and ultra caactor. The basc crcut toologes wdely used are resented n fgure 3(a) and fgure 3(b). In battery storage the dc bus voltage s regulated as n the conventonal STATCOM desgn. The condtons of the batteres montorng under chargng and dschargng oeraton mode needs addtonal control. Another storage devce s SMES. It s nterfaced to STATCOM dc bus through the dc two-quadrant choer. In ths crcut t s ossble to regulate the SMES current under constant dc termnal voltage. The roosed new control strategy mantans the dc voltage constant under any front-end system varaton. Ths scheme has several advantages over the battery storage system under the roosed control scheme. 3. Control Strategy: Interfacng of batteres and suer-conductng col to STATCOM are dealt wth two dfferent control strateges. The man ams of the control scheme are - Regulate the real and reactve ower demand of the load - Comensate the harmoncs due to non-lnear loads - To kee the dc bus voltage constant under any transent condton. 782

5 Aust. J. Basc & Al. Sc., 5(6): , 2011 Fg. 3: (a). STATCOM wth Battery Storage System (BESS) (b). STATCOM wth Suerconductor magnetc Energy Storage (SMES) Battery Energy Storage System Control: The front-end nverter s set to regulate the current n the system to comensate for reactve ower and harmonc comensaton. The roosed control scheme s shown n the Fgure 4. The mortant control arameter s to regulate the source current n ts magntude whle t should be n hase wth the source voltage. Ths makes the source to look system as a resstve crcut, n other words t sules only the real ower requred by the load. The current controlled mode of oeraton s resented as da, b, c L R sabc,, ( Vsabc,, Vabc,,) (20) dt dv dt dc ( S S S)/ C a A b B c c V sa, bc, V abc,, Where and are the nverter and ont of common coulng voltages. The swtchng sgnals are SA, SB, SC of the nverter and exressed n terms of the Vdc as under dc va v (2 SA SB SC) 3 (21) dc vb v ( SA 2 SB SC ) 3 (22) dc vc v ( SA SB 2 SC ) 3 Swtchng sgnals are obtaned by comarng reference currents wth actual currents. Hysteress controller s used for the comarson. The requred comensated mans currents to be snusodal and n hase wth mans voltage n ste of the load characterstcs. Therefore the reference current for the comarson must be derved from the source voltage. These currents after comensaton can be exressed as Isn( t) sa I t sb 0 sn( 120 ) (23) I t sc 0 sn( 240 ) The magntude of the reference current must be I. The hase angle of the source currents should be as the source voltage to mantan the unty ower factor. If the source current s ket constant durng the ncrease n the real ower demand of the load then t wll reflect the change n the dc voltage across the caactor. To control the dc bus voltage constant, the change n energy s set as a change n the magntude of the source current. Therefore the reference current s regulated to comensate the dc voltage through PI controller. The generated reference s ndeendent of the source voltage magntude beng t s constant for a gven system. Ths ensures that the scheme works under the nondeal source voltages also. Smlarly, nverter comensates the demand of the load reactve ower by keeng nverter voltage constant. 783

6 Aust. J. Basc & Al. Sc., 5(6): , 2011 Fg. 4: Control scheme for BESS Suerconductor Magnetc Energy Storage Control: The basc control scheme to regulate the demanded actve and reactve ower s the modfed control scheme of the BESS. Fgure 5 resents the detal scheme. Settng the new value of source current, keeng the SMES current constant regulates the actve ower varaton on load sde. The feedback of the SMES current s ntegrated nstead of the dc voltage. Whle dschargng or chargng of the SMES, current flows through dc choer. The hysteress controller s used for the choer for mantanng the dc bus voltage constant. The reference dc voltage s set as er the desgn of the crcut and hysteress band s set to contan the rle of the dc voltage n consderaton of the caactor value. Ths control varable s ndeendent of the other arameters of the system. Ths makes the dc bus voltage almost constant under transent condton. Ths s added advantage as comared to BESS. These control schemes must work satsfactorly under load levelng oeraton. The regulaton of source current under BSEE control scheme s dfferent than the SMES. The later scheme nvolves the large magntude of the currents to be regulated. In BSEE beng load are batteres, chargng and dschargng mode are dfferent (constant current constant voltage) and are taken care n the control scheme. There s a lmtaton on the maxmum source currents defned by the thermal lmts and arameters of the system. Theses lmts are also taken care nto the control scheme roosed. Fg. 5: Control scheme of SMES. 784

7 Aust. J. Basc & Al. Sc., 5(6): , Smulaton Results: The roosed scheme wth BESS and SMES are smulated usng SIMULINK to study the transent erformance. The three hase nverter and choer are modeled usng the Power System Block Set of the SIMULINK. The control scheme wth arorate feedbacks and PI controller arameters are embedded n to the smulaton. The basc system arameters used n smulaton are gven n the TABLE-1. The results for the BESS and SMES systems are resented n followng sectons. Table 1: System arameters for smulaton Parameters Source voltage-v s Source nductance-l s Source resstance- R s SMES col nductance Dc bus voltage- V dc Inverter nductance Mans freq. SMES col current Value 200 v 1e-06 H 0.1 Ohms 1 H 700 v 0.9e-03H 60 Hz 100 A 4.A. Performance of the BESS: 4.A.1. Controller Performance Under Ste Load Change: The three hase non- lnear load s ncreased from 15 kw/ 5 kvar to 15 kw/5 kvar at tme nterval 0.03 sec. Fgure 6 (a) shows the source voltage and source current. The controller acton can be observed as the source current gets changed to tune the varaton. Fgure 6 (b) resents the nverter and load currents. The nverter current comensates the reactve ower demand by adjustng the hase due to the load change. The mortant observaton can be made from Fgure 7, n whch dc bus voltage and currents are gettng corrected due to load change. The dc current becomes zero snce the source s sulyng all the real ower demand and the nverter only suorts the reactve ower demand. The negatve dc bus voltage swng deends on the controller arameters. The PI controller arameters are obtaned for ths system and gven n the TABLE-2. Fg. 6: (a) Source voltage and current under ste load change wth BESS (b) Inverter and load current under ste load change wth BESS. 4.A.2. Load Levelng: The load levelng n the BESS s a very mortant functon. The source current s restrcted to the maxmum rated value even when extra load demand s aled. The source current and voltage s shown n the Fgure 8(a). Inverter and load current s shown n the Fgure 8 (b). The battery chargng and dschargng oeraton s shown n the Fgure.8(c). At the rated maxmum source current the load levelng oeraton s erformed. Ths oeraton s over-rdng the normal actve flterng and reactve comensaton by keeng the source current constant. Table 2: PI arameters of the controller K BESS SMES T d 785

8 Aust. J. Basc & Al. Sc., 5(6): , 2011 Fg. 7: DC bus voltage and current under ste load change wth BESS. Fg. 8: (a). Source voltage and current durng load levelng (b). Inverter nad load current under load levelng (c). DC bus voltage and current durng load levelng. 4.B. Performance of The SMES: 4.B.1. Controller Idea Lng the SMES Current: Ths smulaton nvolves the control of choer n addton to the nverter control. The system arameters used are gven n TABLE-1.The source voltage and currents are shown n Fgure 9(a). Fgure 9 (b) resents the load and nverter current durng the load change. The roer current n the SMES col at a gven level s acheved by roer control of the front end nverter. The SMES col current s ket constant under the load change.it s resented n the Fgure 10(a). The DC bus voltage and currents are observed to be constant under ths oeraton and resented n Fgure 10(b). Fg. 9: (a). Source voltage and current (b). Inverter and load current. 786

9 Aust. J. Basc & Al. Sc., 5(6): , 2011 Fg. 10: (a). Current through SMES col, (b). DC bus voltage and current. 4.B.2. Controller Performance Under Ste Load Change: A ste change n load gves the varaton n the nverter current as well as the source current to comensate the reactve and real ower demand of the load. Under the ste change n the load, controller regulates the source current. The oeraton under load varaton s shown n Fgure 11 (a) where SMES col current varaton s observed. The col starts reganng the current as the load s removed. The source current and voltage are shown n Fgure11 (b) and load current wth nverter current s shown n Fgure 11(c). The dc bus voltage and current are shown n Fgure 11(d). The dc bus voltage s mantaned constant durng the oeraton. The real and reactve ower balance durng the oeraton s ndcated n the Fgure 11 (e). Fg. 11: (a). Dschargng and chargng under load, (b). Source voltage and current under load varaton (c). load and nverter current, (d). DC bus voltage and current, (e). Real and reactve ower flow under SMES suort durng ste load change It can be observed that the source s only suortng real ower and nverter only suortng reactve ower of the load. The change n the drecton of real ower flow through the nverter ndcates the chargng and dschargng of the col. The col does not suort any reactve ower demand. Ths s resented by alyng the reactve load to the system. The col current under ths oeraton s ndcated n Fgure 12. The arameters of the PI controller are gven n the Table

10 Aust. J. Basc & Al. Sc., 5(6): , 2011 Fg. 12: SMES col current under reactve loadng. 4.B.2. Load Levelng: The source current s drven to the maxmum lmt to suort the load real ower. Ths utlzes the maxmum caacty of the source. The stored energy s utlzed when the lmt of maxmum source current s reached. The col wll dscharge to suort the real ower of the load under ths condton only. It can be observed from Fgure11(a). The controller oeraton under ste load change shows the resonse of the SMES s faster than that of the BESS. Ths oeraton s erformed under the constant dc bus voltage as shown n Fgure 10(b) and 11(d). The bus voltage s ket constant n SMES whle dc bus voltage swngs wth the load change n the BESS. The controller erforms the load levelng oeraton by utlzng the maxmum rated caacty of the source. The other functon of STATCOM remans n force wth the addtonal features of load levelng and real ower suort. 4. Concluson: The feasblty of connectng the storage of energy to the STATCOM s consdered wth the mroved erformance. The control of dc bus voltage wth caactors or batteres requres tunng of the controller arameters to restrct the dc bus voltage excursons. The control s set to utlze the maxmum utlzatonof the source real ower and then allows the storage system to suort the real ower demand of the load. The followng observatons can be made from ths study - A smle hysteress controller s mlemented - There s only one PI controller used n the scheme. - The erformance as a actve flter s satsfactory. - The load levelng can be acheved. - The avalablty of the real ower suort to STATCOM can enhance the transent lmts and low frequency oscllatons erformance. The SMES scheme has more advantages when comared wth the battery oerated systems. * The dynamcs resonse of SMES s much better than BESS. * The dc bus voltage remans constant n SMES systems. The roosed controller also works under unbalanced system suly voltage. REFERENCES Arsoy A., Y. Lu, S. Chen, Z. yang, M.L. Crow, and P.F. Rbero, Dynamc erformance of a statc synchronous comensator wth energy storage. IEEE Power Engneerng Socety Wnter Meetng, 2: Daugherty, M.A., W.E. Budkles, F.A. Knudtson, D.L.Mann and P.W. Stehenson, SSD Oeratng Exerence. IEEE Trans. Aled Suerconductvty, 3(1): Domjan, A., G.T. Heydt, A.P.S. Melooulos, S.S. Venkata and S. West, Drecton of research on electrc ower qualty, IEEE Trans. On Power Delvery, 8(1): Hngoran, N.G. and L. Gyugy, Understandng FACTS- Concets and technology of flexble AC transmsson System, IEEE ress. Ise, T., Y. Murakam and K. Tsuj, Smultaneous actve and reactve ower control of suerconductng magnet energy storage usng GTO converter. IEEE Trans. Power Delvery, 1(1): Sngh, B.N., A. Chandra and K. Al-haddad, DSP based ndrect current controlled STATCOM Part 1: Evaluaton of current control technques. IEE Proc. Elect. ower Al., 147(2): Watanbe, E.H., R.M. Stehan and M. Aredes, New concets of nstantaneous actve and reactve owers n electrcal systems wth generc load. IEEE Trans. on Power Delvery, 8(2):

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