Comparison of Reference Compensating Current Estimation Techniques for Shunt Active Filter

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1 Comparson of Reference Compensatng Current Estmaton Technques for Shunt Acte Flter R.SHANMUGHA SUNDARAM K.J.POORNASEVAN N.DEVARAJAN Department of Electrcal & Electroncs Engneerng Goernment College of Technology 7/3A, Narasmma Nacken Palayam, Combatore 64 3, Taml nadu. INDIA Abstract: A shunt acte flter njects a sutable non-snusodal current (compensatng current) nto the system at the pont of common couplng and makes the source current snusodal. Ths paper presents a performance comparson of fe dfferent methods of estmatng reference-compensatng current for a three-phase shunt acte power flter. The technques compared are Instantaneous Acte and Reacte power p-q method, Instantaneous Power Balance method, Instantaneous Acte and Reacte current component d-q method, Fourer seres method and DC-lnk oltage regulaton method. Ther performance s nestgated under deal (balanced and snusodal), non-deal (un-balanced and dstorted) supply oltage condtons and at dfferent load condtons. A three-phase sx-pulse conerter wth R- load s consdered as the non-lnear load. The Matab/smulnk smulaton results are presented to aldate and compare the control technques n transent and steady state condtons. Key words: Power qualty, Acte power flter, Comparate analyss, Harmonc and Reacte power compensaton -- Conerted from Word to PDF for free by Fast PDF Introducton The prolferaton of power electronc conerters has led to the degradaton of the power qualty. The performance of SAPF depends on the method of extracton of the reference compensatng current. Ths reference current and the actual SAPF current s gen to a hysteress based, carrer-less PWM current controller to generate the swtchng sgnals of the nerter. Fgure shows the SAPF, whch s controlled to supply a compensatng current c at the pont of common couplng (PCC) and cancels current harmoncs on the supply sde. Now, the source current s wll be snusodal and n-phase wth the supply oltage V s. The organzaton of ths paper s as follows. The dfferent methods of estmatng referencecompensatng current are dscussed and ther performance s compared under deal and nondeal mans oltage at dfferent load condtons. S S R s, s Three-phase Source R c, c pcc Acte power flter Non-lnear oad Fg. Basc compensaton prncple of SAPF Instantaneous acte and reacte power p-q method [] Most acte flters are desgned based on the nstantaneous acte and reacte power p- q theory. The acte flter reference currents c

2 -- Conerted from Word to PDF for free by Fast PDF ( * ca, * cb, * cc ) are obtaned from the nstantaneous acte and reacte powers p and q of the non-lnear load. Ths s acheed by transformng the mans oltage and load current nto two-axs -β co-ordnates by () and (). / 3 / 3/ / 3/ () / / / 3 3 / 3 / () The nstantaneous acte and reacte powers p and q are expressed as p (3) q The nstantaneous acte and reacte powers can be decomposed nto oscllatory and aerage terms as p p ~ p + P and q ~ q + Q. Under balanced and snusodal mans oltage condtons, the aerage power components are related to the fundamental current and the oscllatory components represent all hgher order current harmoncs. After elmnatng the aerage power components by low-pass flter (PF), the powers to be compensated are p c - p~ and q c - q~. The reference compensaton currents are obtaned by nertng the matrx n (3). These currents can be calculated by (4) and (5). c pc (4) c + q c ca cb cc /3 -/ -/ - 3/ 3/ c c 3...(5) a b c abc abc abc to β p q H P F abc to β Fg. Generaton of reference compensatng current by p-q method 3 Instantaneous power balance method [4] The conentonal nstantaneous acte and reacte power p-q theory needs coordnate transformatons (a-b-c to -β and ce ersa). In ths method, the compensatng current s determned based on the balance of the nstantaneous acte and reacte power generated n the SAPF. The three phase nstantaneous acte power consumed by the load s p a a + b b (t) + c c...(6) The three phase nstantaneous reacte power n each phase becomes q a b c - c b q a c a - a c q a a b - b a...(7) The nstantaneous acte and reacte power delered to a nonlnear load must satsfy (8) and (9). p p s + p c p + p h (8) q fk q k, k a,b,c...(9) where p s - nstantaneous acte power suppled by the source p f -nstantaneous acte power suppled by the SAPF p - nstantaneous acte fundamental power of the load p h - nstantaneous harmonc power of the load q k - nstantaneous reacte power generated by the SAPF at phase k. In order to ensure that the fundamental acte power s suppled to the load from the source, the nstantaneous reacte power and harmonc power must be compensated by the SAPF. When consderng the compensaton of both harmonc and reacte power, p f s expressed as p c a ca + b cb + c cc p h () p c q c cabc*

3 From (9) and (), the reference compensatng currents are determned as: p ck k k, k a, b,c...() + + a b c abc abc abc to β d H P F cd abc to β cabc* q cq -- Conerted from Word to PDF for free by Fast PDF abc abc Fg. 3 Generaton of reference compensatng current by power balance method 4 Instantaneous acte and reacte current component d - q method [3] In ths method, the reference compensatng currents * c are obtaned from the nstantaneous acte and reacte current components d and q of the non-lnear loads. The supply oltages and the load current n a- b-c coordnates are transformed to nto twoaxs -β co-ordnates by () and (3). The dq load current components are dered from a synchronous reference frame based on the Park transformaton, where θ represents the nstantaneous oltage ector angle. d q cos sn θ tan - ( / β ) sn cos () (3) Under balanced and snusodal supply oltage condtons, angle θ s a unformly ncreasng functon of tme. Ths transformaton angle s senste to oltage harmoncs and unbalance. Usng () n (3) we obtan d q p (6) p P F + p - MU and DIV S U B ck* (4) Fg. 4 Generaton of reference-compensatng current by d - q method The nstantaneous acte and reacte components of the load currents can be decomposed nto oscllatory and aerage terms ~ ~ as: d d + Id and I q q + Iq. The fundamental current, whch consttutes the aerage current component, s elmnated from the all-hgher order harmonc component (oscllatory component) usng a low-pass flter. The currents to be compensated are cd ~ ~ - cd and cq cq. The compensaton currents n two-axs -β co-ordnates s obtaned from (5). c c + cd cq (5) The reference compensaton currents n a- b-c co-ordnates are obtaned from (6). ca cb cc /3 -/ -/ - 3/ 3/ c c (6) 5 Fourer seres method [5] In ths method, the referencecompensatng current s obtaned from the fundamental component of the load current. Accordng to Fourer seres, the nstantaneous perodcal load current (t) can be expressed as N ( t) I n sn(nωt + φ n ) n

4 -- Conerted from Word to PDF for free by Fast PDF I cosφ.sn(ωt) + I snφ.cos(ωt) + N n I n sn(nωt + φ n ) (7) where ω πf fundamental angular frequency I n - rms alue of the nth harmonc current φ n - phase angle of the nth harmonc current The load current has three components namely (t) p (t) + q (t) + h (t) (8) where p (t) I cos(φ ).sn(ωt) - acte fundamental component (9) q (t) I sn(φ ).cos(ωt) - reacte fundamental component h (t) N n I n sn(nωt + φ n ) - harmonc component Multplyng (7) wth snωt and ntegratng between zero and T ges T (t) T.sn(ωt).dt I.cos(φ ).sn (ωt) dt T/. I cos(φ ) () Substtutng () nto (9), the acte fundamental component of load current becomes p (t) [ T T (t).sn(ωt) dt] sn(ωt) () The reference current of acte power flter can be easly obtaned by subtractng the load current from ts acte fundamental component. c * (t) (t) - p (t) snωt Integraton Crcut.snωt () sabc * Fg. 5 Generaton of reference source current by Fourer seres method 6 DC lnk oltage regulaton method [, 6] In ths method, peak alue of the reference source current s obtaned by regulatng the dc sde capactor oltage of the PWM nerter. Ths capactor oltage s compared wth a reference alue and the error s processed n a PI controller. The reference source current s obtaned by multplyng ths peak alue wth the unt sne ectors that are n-phase wth the supply oltage. If non-lnear load s appled, then the load current wll hae fundamental, reacte and harmonc components, whch can be represented as (t) I.sn(nωt + φ n ) (3) n n I.sn(ωt + φ ) + n I.sn(nωt + φ n ) The nstantaneous load power can be gen as p (t) s (t). (t) V m I cos(φ ).sn (ωt) + V m I sn(φ ).sn(ωt).cos(ωt) + V m sn(ωt). I sn(nωt + φ n ) n p f (t) + p r (t) + p h (t) (4) From (4), real power drawn by the load p f (t) V m I cos(φ ).Sn (ωt) s (t). s (t)...(5) From (5), source suppled by the source after compensaton s s (t) p f (t)/ s (t) I cos(φ ). Sn (ωt) I sm sn (ωt) where, I sm I cos (φ ) (6) The utlty has to supply for the capactor leakage and nerter swtchng losses n addton to the real power of the load. Hence, total peak current suppled by the source s expressed as I sp I sm + I s (7) The reference source current s gen by * s (t) I sp. sn (ωt) (8) Ths peak alue of the reference source current has been estmated by regulatng the dc sde capactor oltage of the PWM nerter. The reference compensatng n current s obtaned as c * (t) (t) - s * (t) n (9)

5 -- Conerted from Word to PDF for free by Fast PDF V ref V dc sa s b sc PI control Peak Detector I m * m I m * / m sabc Fg.6 Generaton of reference source current by DC lnk oltage regulaton method 7 ComparateAnalyss The performance of dfferent methods s nestgated based on %THD of the source current after compensaton under deal (balanced and snusodal), non-deal (unbalanced and dstorted) supply oltage condtons and at dfferent load condtons. 7. Ideal mans oltage The balanced and snusodal threephase mans oltages consdered for smulaton are a 3 sn(ωt) b 3 sn(ωt - ) c 3 sn(ωt + )...(3) From Fg. 7, t s obsered that for all the fe methods, THD of the source current s reduced well below 5% and meets IEEE-59 standards for the frng angle and 3. When 6, THD exceeds the lmts for pq theory, d - q method and power balance method. Fg.7 Comparate plots for fe methods under balanced mans oltage and at dfferent load condtons * sabc 7. Unbalanced mans oltage The three-phase unbalanced and snusodal mans oltage consdered for smulaton s a 8 sn(ωt + ) b sn(ωt - ) c 3 sn(ωt + ) (3) Under unbalanced mans oltage, THD of the source current s reduced well below 5% for Fourer seres method and DC lnk Voltage regulaton method (Table ). The performance of pq theory, power balance method and d - q method deterorates. The unbalanced three-phase mans oltage can be decomposed nto poste and negate sequence components. Een n the two-axs co-ordnates, the mans oltages contan poste and negate sequence components. Hence, the sum of and β wll not be a constant. A second order and thrd order harmonc s obsered n the compensated source current, where ts ampltude depends on the negate sequence components. Ths leads to the degradaton of the performance of pq method and d - q method. Fg.8 shows unbalanced mans oltage ( abc ), load current ( abc ), source current ( Sabc ) for pq method, Instantaneous Power Balance method, Instantaneous Acte and Reacte current component d - q method, Fourer seres method and DC lnk Voltage regulaton method respectely. It s obsered that the source current s snusodal and balanced for Fourer seres and DC lnk Voltage regulaton method Dstorted mans oltage The followng dstorted three-phase mans oltage s consdered for the smulaton. a 3 sn(ωt) + 5 sn(5ωt) b 3 sn(ωt - ) + 5 sn(5ωt - ) c 3 sn(ωt + )+5sn(5ωt+ ) (3) Under dstorted mans oltage, the performance of pq theory, power balance method and d - q method deterorates. When the three-phase mans oltage s dstorted, t can be decomposed as fundamental and harmonc components. The mans oltages n

6 sabc sabc abc abc sa pq method sabc pq method sabc Power balance method sabc Power balance method sabc d - q method sabc d - q method -- Conerted from Word to PDF for free by Fast PDF sabc Fourer seres method sabc DC lnk oltage regulaton method Fg.8 Unbalanced mans oltage, oad current and Source current for dfferent methods the two-axs system contan the fundamental and harmonc components. As the sum of and β wll not be a constant, (k-) th and/or (k+) th order harmonc s obsered n the compensated source current. Ths factor leads to the degradaton of performance of p-q, power balance method and d-q method. sabc Fourer seres method sabc DC lnk oltage regulaton method Fg.9 Dstorted mans oltage, oad current and Source current for dfferent methods From () and (9), t s obsered that the reference compensatng current s ndependent of the mans oltage for Fourer seres method and DC lnk oltage regulaton method respectely. Hence, these two methods prode a good performance by mantanng THD of the source current at a

7 Reference compensatng current estmaton Technques % THD n source current before compensaton Instantaneous p-q method Power balance method Instantaneous d - q method % THD of source current for dfferent load condtons under unbalanced supply oltage Table Comparson of dfferent methods % THD of source current for dfferent load condtons under dstorted supply oltage No. of Multpler / summer crcuts No. of current / Voltage sensors /9 3/ /7 3/ /5 3/3 Fourer seres method /3 3/ DC lnk oltage /4 3/ regulaton method -- Conerted from Word to PDF for free by Fast PDF alue less than 5%. As the desgn of PI controller s smple and easy, DC lnk oltage regulaton method s best suted for the compensaton of harmonc and reacte power. Fg. shows ts load perturbaton response. The steady s reached after a delay of one cycle. a sa I sp V dc Fg. oad perturbaton response 8 Concluson The performance of dfferent reference compensatng current estmaton technques s compared and nestgated under deal (balanced and snusodal), non-deal (unbalanced and dstorted) supply oltage condtons and at dfferent load condtons. Fourer seres method and DC lnk oltage regulaton method prodes a good performance een under non-deal (unbalanced and dstorted) mans oltage condtons. References: [] Aredes, M., Hafner, J., and Heumann, K., Three-phase Four-wre shunt acte flter controlstrateges, IEEE trans., on PE, ol., No., March 997, pp [] Shyh-Jer Huang and Jnn-Chang Wu, A control algorthm for three-phase three-wred acte power flters under non-deal mans oltages, IEEE trans., on PE, Vol.4, No.4, July 999, pp [3] Soares, V., Verdelho, P., and Marques, G.D., An nstantaneous acte and reacte current component

8 method for acte flters, IEEE transactons on PE, ol. 5, No. 4, July, pp [4] Chang, G.W., A new method for determnng reference compensatng currents of the three-phase shunt acte power flter, IEEE power Eng., reew, March, pp [5] Xaoje,Y.,andYongdong,., Ashunt acte power flter usng deadbeat current control, IEEE IECON,, pp [6] Jan S.K., Agarwal, P., and Gupta, H.O., Fuzzy logc controlled shunt acte power flter for power qualty mproement, IEE proceedngs on Electrcal Power Applcaton, Vol.49, No.5, Sep., pp Conerted from Word to PDF for free by Fast PDF

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