IVE(TY) Department of Engineering. Electrical Machines 1. Electrical Machines 1. Hour 13. slide 1
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1 Hour 3 slide
2 Three Phase Transformer (sect. 2.6) A set of three similar single phase transformers may be connected to form a three-phase transformer (three-phase transformer bank). The primary and secondary windings may be connected in either star or delta configurations slide 2
3 Three-phase Bank Ease of transportation Inefficient magnetic circuit, less efficient Higher capital cost than a single one -phase of the transformer at fault, the other two are not affected slide 3
4 Three-phase Transformer (sect ) Usually 3-limb core structure 5-limb core may be used to reduce the overall height of a 3-limb core Magnetic flux shares the magnetic circuit Fault on one-phase very likely affects the other two slide 4
5 Tertiary Winding A third set of windings usually exists in 3-phase transformer and used to: Providing voltage to auxiliary power purposes in the substation or to supply local distribution system Power factor correction Delta connected tertiary windings will provide a circuit for the third harmonics of the exciting current slide 5
6 BSEN60076 (BS 7) Terminal Marking System. HV winding has a capital letter. The letters used are A B C. 2. LV winding has a small letter. The letters used are a b c. 3. Letters are the same for all windings on the same limb. slide 6
7 BSEN60076 Terminal Marking System 4. A third winding, known as a tertiary winding, is prefixed with the number 3 followed by the capital letter for that limb. slide 7
8 BSEN60076 Terminal Marking System 5. A suffix number indicates the potential or polarity of the terminal; with the number being the lowest potential and the number increasing for tappings up the winding to the highest potential, as shown. slide 8
9 BSEN60076 Terminal Marking System 6. The phase shift through a transformer refers the same alphabetical letters of the output and input connections to the windings. The phase shift is the angular displacement of the output with respect to the input. slide 9
10 Standard Phase-shifts BSEN60076 recognises only 4 phase-shifts and it is convenient to use a clock face number reference instead of degrees to describe the phase shift. slide 0
11 Group I Transformer slide
12 Group I Transformer slide 2
13 Group I Transformer slide 3
14 Group II Transformer slide 4
15 Group II Transformer slide 5
16 Group III Transformer slide 6
17 Group III Transformer slide 7
18 Group IV Transformer slide 8
19 Letter Description for Various Winding Methods slide 9
20 Example State the BSEN60076 description, using appropriate numbers and letters, of the following transformers and also state the phasor group number for each. (a) Delta/star with a 30 lead phase shift. HV winding connected in delta. (b) Star/star with a 0 phase shift. HV winding connected in star. (c) Star/delta with a 30 lag phase shift. HV winding connected in star. (d) Zigzag/star with a 30 lag phase shift. HV winding connected in zigzag. slide 20
21 Answer to Example (a) (b) (c) (d) Transformer Description Dy Yy 0 Yd Zy Phasor Group Number IV I III III slide 2
22 Hour 4 slide 22
23 Turn Ratio/Voltage Ratio/ Current Ratio of 3-ph Tx. STAR/delta (Yd) 2. DELTA/star (Dy) 3. DELTA/delta (Dd) 4. STAR/star (Yy) slide 23
24 . STAR/delta ( Yd ) V V 2 = 3.a = 3.N N 2 ; I I 2 = 3.a = N 2 3.N slide 24
25 2. DELTA/star ( Dy ) V V 2 = a 3 = N 3.N 2 ; I I 2 = 3 a = 3.N N 2 slide 25
26 3. DELTA/delta ( Dd ) V V 2 = a = N N 2 ; I I 2 = a = N N 2 slide 26
27 4. STAR/star ( Yy ) V V 2 = a = N N 2 ; I I 2 = a = N N 2 slide 27
28 Parallel Operation slide 28
29 Condition for Parallel Operation The transformers must have the same phase displacement between primary and secondary line voltage i.e. they must belong to the same group number The phase sequence must be the same The line-voltage ratios must be the same The per-unit impedance of the transformers should be the same slide 29
30 Harmonics in Transformer Harmonics in transformer occur due to the effect of saturation and hysteresis which are to produce non-sinusoidal current if the applied voltage is sinusoidal. Upon saturation, the flux waveform is flat topped and contains mainly 3rd harmonic component. slide 30
31 Effects of harmonic currents (i) (ii) (iii) Additional I 2 R losses due to circulating currents. Increased iron loss in core. Magnetic interference with protective gear and communication circuits. slide 3
32 Effects of harmonic voltages (i) Increased dielectric stress. (ii) Electric field interference with communication circuit. (iii) Harmonic resonance may occur between the inductance of transformer windings and the capacitance of a feeder to which it is connected. slide 32
33 In 3-ph Supply System (/2) Star-connected with isolated neutral the line voltage contains no 3 rd harmonic component and 3 rd harmonic current is precluded. Star connected with neutral wire, the 3 rd harmonic currents can flow and still no 3 rd harmonic line voltages. slide 33
34 In 3-ph Supply System (2/2) Delta Connected, the 3 rd harmonic emfs around the 3-phase windings are summed, which causes a circulating 3 rd harmonic current around the 3- phase windings. But the line voltages across any two lines contain no 3 rd harmonic component, since they are short circuited by the windings. slide 34
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This webinar brought to you by the Relion product family Advanced protection and control IEDs from ABB Relion. Thinking beyond the box. Designed to seamlessly consolidate functions, Relion relays are smarter,