«Integrated Air Defence Systems - Countering Low Observable Airborne Threats»
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1 Cranfield University Alumni Event and Defence Education Conference «Integrated Air Defence Systems - Countering Low Observable Airborne Threats» JUNE 2017
2 World War I
3 Battle of Britain Scramble Dogfight over Britain
4 Battle of Britain Observer Corps Radar System
5 Battle of Britain Air Chief Marshal Dowding
6 Battle of Britain Sensors (Inputs) Control Effectors Integrated Air Defense System
7 Integrated Air Defence System Identification (Sensor or Procedures Based) Assessment Detection (Sensors) Kill Chain Reaction Selection (Rules of Engagement) Selection of Weapon System Engagement Tracking Weapons Release
8 Centralized Command and Control Tracking Required for Engagement Integrated Air Defence System Networked Operation Layered Structure
9 Technologies affecting IADS Performance Low Observability Aircraft - Stealth Network Centered Warfare
10 Low Observability Aircraft Stealth A-6 Intruder Stealth Signature
11 Low Observability Aircraft Stealth
12 Low Observability Aircraft Stealth
13 Low Observability Aircraft Stealth
14 Estimated RCS for the F-35 Aircraft, front sector (-45 to +45 in azimuth, -15 to +15 in elevation): 0.01 m² (with RAM) Using the POFACETS code Reminder: m² is the RCS value leaked by USAF
15 Operational Aspects
16 Low Observability Aircraft Stealth Operational Aspects
17 Low Observability Aircraft Stealth Operational Aspects First Shot Advantage
18 Low Observability Aircraft Stealth Operational Aspects Weapons Effective Range (i.e 25 Miles) Radar Weapons Quality Track Range First Shot Advantage
19 Low Observability Aircraft Stealth Operational Aspects Data Link First Shot Advantage
20 Integrated Air Defence System - STEALTH Detection Early Warning Engagement (Air/Ground Based) Tracking Weapons Kill Probability Tactics Weapon Effectiveness
21 Integrated Air Defence System - STEALTH Eliminating Stealth Advantage Restore Early Warning Capability Ensure maximum weapon guidance capability (Both Air Based and Ground Based) Exploitation of spectrum Maximization of Information Flow
22 Countering Stealth Technology Low Frequency Radars VHF Radars 1-3 meters wavelegth High RCS Very large Antennas Big Resolution Cell (Low Accuracy) Reflections from wings tail Resonance Scatter Low Scattering from shaping features Low effectiveness of RAM
23 Countering Stealth Technology Low Frequency Radars
24 Countering Stealth Technology Low Frequency Radars NEBO SVU System MEADS
25 Countering Stealth Technology Multistatic and Passive Radars Bistatic Multistatic (MIMO)
26 Countering Stealth Technology Multistatic and Passive Radars Passive
27 Passive Radar Principles of Operation Countering Stealth Technology
28 Countering Stealth Technology Passive Radar Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages Lack of emission Undetectable Difficult to jam Emplacement without restrictions no licensing needs for operation (crucial in radiation crowded places) Anti-stealth capability Different frequency bands usage than conventional systems Possible better S/N due to distance Multistatic RCS Low construction and operation cost (no transmitter) Disadvantages Increased complexity High dependence on space geometry Dependence on uncooperative source Unpredictable source signal Emplacement & coverage restrictions Source emission power Bandwidth Limited detection altitude, due to lack of exploitable emissions in high altitudes Forward Scattering Specular Reflection Unknown Aspect Angle
29 Theoretical Operation Antennas Emplacement DSI
30 Theoretical Operation Target Position Calculation
31 Theoretical Operation Target Position Calculation
32 Theoretical Operation Target Position Calculation 2α: constant distances summary 2γ: focal points distance (= γ 1 )
33 Theoretical Operation Target Position Calculation
34 Theoretical Operation Target Position Calculation
35 Theoretical Operation Target Velocity Calculation
36 Implementation of a Passive System RTL2832U LNA RTL2832U 10,37 USB data connection
37 Results Testing - Measurements - Evaluation Target distance estimation capability assessment
38 Capabilities of Implemented System Range resolution m Velocity resolution mach Noise tolerance SNR = = db (with velocity calculation) SNR = 10-6 = -60 db (without velocity calculation) Research Systems NetRad by University College London
39 Commercial Systems Silent Sentry (LM Aero) Homeland Alerter (THALES) AIRBUS DEFENCE Silent Guard Era (Chech Republic)
40 AESA RADARS Electronic Scanning Independent Elements for transmittion and reception. Lobe forming by changing the phase of the antenna elements
41 AESA RADARS Almost iminent lobe location (especially usefull in combined modes like Track while Scan Increased reliability (no mechanical parts)
42 AESA RADARS Main disadvantage the reduction of Antenna Gain (and the range of the radar) while scanning off boresight
43 AESA RADARS Off boresight Angle 44
44 AESA RADARS
45 Countering Stealth Technology InfraRed Search & Track (IRST)
46 Infrared Bands Windows
47 Countering Stealth Technology InfraRed Search & Track (IRST) Aerodynamic heating
48 Countering Stealth Technology InfraRed Search & Track (IRST) AZIMUTH ANGLE (DEGREES OF NOSE) Wavelength (microns)
49 Countering Stealth Technology InfraRed Search & Track (IRST) Rafale OSF: IRST, FLIR, TV, Laser. Eurofighter PIRATE: IRST, FLIR. Gripen Skyward: IRST
50 Countering Stealth Technology InfraRed Search & Track (IRST) F-35 electro-optical systems AN/AAQ-37 EODAS AN/AAQ-40 EOTS
51 Countering Stealth Technology InfraRed Search & Track (IRST) SU-35 IRST Su-27ULB with OLS-27 PAK-FA IRST
52 Engine Emissions F-35 Data 3D CAD Model Atmosphere Absorption/scattering/ Refraction Beer s Law E=exp(-a R) Background Radiation Sky Radiation clouds Sensor Model (PIRATE) Array size, optics Sensitivity Different Modes Detection Probability Range Estimation
53 Simulation Results Excellent Performance in Drought or Clean Atmosphere Moderate Performance in Rain or Haze Detection Tracking Threats Warning Receiver Passive Sensor Integrated Combat System (IRST, RADAR, EWS)
54 Conclusions
55 Conclusions Improve Detection Improve Engagement Improve Kill Probability VHF Radars Passive Radars OTH Radars (?).. Weapon range based Tracking Sensor Fusion (IRST, Radar) Situation Awareness (Network Centric) Tactics
56 Thank you!
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