Springer Series on SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

Transcription

1 Springer Series on SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

2 SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY Foundations and Applications of Sensor Management A.O. Hero III, D. Castañón, D. Cochran, and K. Kastella (Eds.) ISBN Human Factors and Voice Interactive Systems, Second Edition D. Gardner-Bonneau and H. Blanchard ISBN Wireless Communications: 2007 CNIT Thyrrenian Symposium S. Pupolin ISBN Adaptive Nonlinear System Identification: The Volterra and Wiener Model Approaches T. Ogunfunmi ISBN Wireless Network Security Y. Xiao, X. Shen, and D.Z. Du (Eds.) ISBN Satellite Communications and Navigation Systems E. Del Re and M. Ruggieri ISBN: Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks A Cross-Layer Design Perspective R. Jurdak ISBN Cryptographic Algorithms on Reconfigurable Hardware F. Rodriguez-Henriquez, N.A. Saqib, A. Díaz Pérez, and C.K. Koc ISBN Multimedia Database Retrieval A Human-Centered Approach P. Muneesawang and L. Guan ISBN X Broadband Fixed Wireless Access A System Perspective M. Engels and F. Petre ISBN Distributed Cooperative Laboratories Networking, Instrumentation, and Measurements F. Davoli, S. Palazzo and S. Zappatore (Eds.) ISBN The Variational Bayes Method in Signal Processing V. Šmídl and A. Quinn ISBN Topics in Acoustic Echo and Noise Control Selected Methods for the Cancellation of Acoustical Echoes, the Reduction of Background Noise, and Speech Processing E. Hänsler and G. Schmidt (Eds.) ISBN x EM Modeling of Antennas and RF Components for Wireless Communication Systems F. Gustrau, D. Manteuffel ISBN Interactive Video Methods and Applications R. I Hammoud (Ed.) ISBN ContinuousTime Signals Y. Shmaliy ISBN Voice and Speech Quality Perception Assessment and Evaluation U. Jekosch ISBN Advanced ManMachine Interaction Fundamentals and Implementation K.-F. Kraiss ISBN Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Wireless Communications Y. (Geoffrey) Li and G.L. Stüber (Eds.) ISBN Circuits and Systems Based on Delta Modulation Linear, Nonlinear and Mixed Mode Processing D.G. Zrilic ISBN Functional Structures in Networks AMLn A Language for Model Driven Development of Telecom Systems T. Muth ISBN RadioWave Propagation for Telecommunication Applications H. Sizun ISBN Electronic Noise and Interfering Signals Principles and Applications G. Vasilescu ISBN DVB The Family of International Standards for Digital Video Broadcasting, 2nd ed. U. Reimers ISBN X (continued at the end of book)

3 SIGNALS AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (continued from page ii) Digital Interactive TV and Metadata Future Broadcast Multimedia A. Lugmayr, S. Niiranen, and S. Kalli ISBN Adaptive Antenna Arrays Trends and Applications S. Chandran (Ed.) ISBN Digital Signal Processing with Field Programmable Gate Arrays U. Meyer-Baese ISBN Neuro-Fuzzy and Fuzzy Neural Applications in Telecommunications P. Stavroulakis (Ed.) ISBN SDMA for Multipath Wireless Channels Limiting Characteristics and Stochastic Models I.P. Kovalyov ISBN X Digital Television A Practical Guide for Engineers W. Fischer ISBN Speech Enhancement J. Benesty (Ed.) ISBN X Multimedia Communication Technology Representation, Transmission and Identification of Multimedia Signals J.R. Ohm ISBN Information Measures Information and its Description in Science and Engineering C. Arndt ISBN X Processing of SAR Data Fundamentals, Signal Processing, Interferometry A. Hein ISBN Chaos-Based Digital Communication Systems Operating Principles, Analysis Methods, and Performance Evalutation F.C.M. Lau and C.K. Tse ISBN Adaptive Signal Processing Application to Real-World Problems J. Benesty and Y. Huang (Eds.) ISBN Multimedia Information Retrieval and Management Technological Fundamentals and Applications D. Feng, W.C. Siu, and H.J. Zhang (Eds.) ISBN Structured Cable Systems A.B. Semenov, S.K. Strizhakov,and I.R. Suncheley ISBN UMTS The Physical Layer of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System A. Springer and R. Weigel ISBN Advanced Theory of Signal Detection Weak Signal Detection in Generalized Obeservations I. Song, J. Bae, and S.Y. Kim ISBN Wireless Internet Access over GSMand UMTS M. Taferner and E. Bonek ISBN

4 Edited by Yingshu Li My T. Thai Weili Wu Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications

5 Yingshu Li Georgia State University Atlanta, GA USA My T. Thai University of Florida Gainesville, FL USA Weili Wu University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, TX USA Library of Congress Control Number: ISBN e-isbn Printed on acid-free paper Springer Science+Business Media, LLC All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now know or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights springer.com

6 This book is dedicated to our families

7 Contents Dedication V Contributing Authors XIII Preface XIX SECTION I Network Design and Network Modelling Chapter 1 A Taxonomy-based Approach to Design of Large-scale Sensor Networks Aravind Iyer, Sunil S. Kulkarni, Vivek Mhatre and Catherine P. Rosenberg 1. Introduction Classification of Sensor Network Applications Salient Features of Sensor Networks Common Design Problems in Sensor Networks Class-specific Problems in Sensor Networks Sensor Network Implementations Conclusions and Future Directions References Chapter 2 Algorithms for Robotic Deployment of WSN in Adaptive Sampling Applications Dan O. Popa and Frank L. Lewis 1. Introduction Problem Formulation Communication Models Sampling of Parametrized Fields Based on Closed-Form Information Measures Adaptive Sampling Using the Extended Kalman Filter Potential Fields Conclusions and Future Work References VII

8 VIII Contents Chapter 3 A Scalable Graph Model and Coordination Algorithms for Mobile Sensor Networks Jindong Tan 1. Introduction Distributed Graph Model Self-deployment Algorithm Simulation Results Conclusion References SECTION II Network Management Chapter 4 Medium Access Control Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks.. 87 Ali Abu-el Humos, Mihaela Cardei, Bassem Alhalabi and Sam Hsu 1. Introduction Characteristics of MAC Protocols in WSNs Scheduled-based MAC Protocols Contention-based Protocols Short Note on the Energy Model in NS2 Network Simulator Conclusion References Chapter 5 Topology Control for Wireless Sensor Networks Yu Wang 1. Introduction Geometrical Spanners Geometrical Low-Weight Structures Virtual Backbones Others Conclusion References Chapter 6 Boundary Detection for Sensor Networks Ren-Shiou Liu, Lifeng Sang and Prasun Sinha 1. Introduction Localized Edge Detection Centralized edge determination Distributed Edge Detection Hierarchical edge estimation Conclusion and future work References

9 Contents IX Chapter 7 TPSS: A Time-based Positioning Scheme for Sensor Networks with Short Range Beacons Fang Liu, Xiuzhen Cheng, Dong Hua and Dechang Chen 1. Introduction An Overview on Current Location Discovery Schemes for Sensor Networks Network Model TPSS: A Time-Based Positioning Scheme with Short Range Beacons Performance Evaluation Conclusion References Chapter 8 Wakeup Strategies in Wireless Sensor Networks Curt Schurgers 1. Introduction: The Wakeup Principle Classification On-demand Paging Synchronous Wakeup Asynchronous Wakeup Conclusions References Chapter 9 Time-Synchronization Challenges and Techniques Weilian Su 1. Introduction Sensor Network Nodes Influencing Factors Design Challenges Time Synchronization Fundamentals State-of-the-Art Time Synchronization Protocols Conclusions References Chapter 10 Location Service, Information Dissemination and Object Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks by Using Quorum Methods Dan-Dan Liu and Xiao-Hua Jia 1. Introduction Location Service Information Dissemination Object Tracking Conclusion References

10 X Contents Chapter 11 Maximizing the Lifetime of an Always-On Wireless Sensor Network Application: A Case Study Santosh Kumar, Anish Arora and Ten H. Lai 1. Introduction Fine-grained Power Management Schemes The ExScal Application and the XSM Platform Lifetime Analysis of ExScal Conclusion References SECTION III Data Management Chapter 12 Data Management in Sensor Networks Jinbao Li, Zhipeng Cai and Jianzhong Li 1. Difference between Data Management Systems In Sensor Networks and In Distributed Database Systems Architecture of Data Management System in Sensor Networks Data Model and Query Language in Sensor Networks Storage and Index Techniques in Sensor Networks Query Processing in Sensor Networks Sensor Network Data Management System References Chapter 13 Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks Kai-Wei Fan, Sha Liu and Prasun Sinha 1. Introduction Directed Diffusion Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy Tiny Aggregation Greedy Aggregation on Directed Diffusion DCTC Gateway Placement Summary References Chapter 14 Performance Comparison of Clustering Schemes in Sensor Networks Yadi Ma and Maggie Cheng 1. Introduction Related Work Overview of Algorithms

11 Contents XI 4. Performance Comparison Conclusion References Chapter 15 Reliable and Efficient Information Forwarding and Traffic Engineering in Wireless Sensor Networks Fernand S. Cohen, Joshua Goldberg and Jaudelice C. de Oliveira 1. Introduction Routing in Ad Hoc Networks Routing in Sensor Networks TE-Routing Conclusions and Research Directions References Chapter 16 Modeling Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks Bhaskar Krishnamachari 1. Introduction Active Querying with Look-Ahead Cluster-Based Joint Routing and Compression Joint Search and Replication Conclusions References SECTION IV Security Chapter 17 A Survey on Sensor Network Security Xiaojiang Du and Yang Xiao 1. Introduction Attacks on Sensor Networks Security Objectives for Sensor Networks Key Management in Sensor Networks Secure Routing in Sensor Networks Conclusions References Chapter 18 A Passive Approach to Unauthorized Sensor Node Identifi cation Cherita Corbett, John Copeland and Raheem Beyah 1. Introduction Related Work Organization of a Radio Interface

12 XII Contents 4. Opportunities for Distinction Using Rate Switching to Detect Unauthorized Nodes Empirical Analysis of Rate Switching An Approach to Sensor Node Identification Experimental Evaluation Conclusion References

13 Contributing Authors Bassem Alhalabi & Engineering Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL Anish Arora & Engineering Ohio State University Columbus, OH Raheem Beyah Georgia State University Atlanta, GA Zhipeng Cai Department of Computing Science University of Alberta Edmonton, Alberta, T6G2E8, Canada Mihaela Cardei & Engineering Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL Dechang Chen Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD Maggie Cheng Computer Science Department University of Missouri Rolla, MO XIII

14 XIV Contributing Authors Xiuzhen Cheng George Washington University Washington, DC Fernand S. Cohen Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Drexel University Philadelphia, PA John Copeland School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA Cherita Corbett School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GA Jaudelice C. de Oliveira Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Drexel University Philadelphia, PA Xiaojiang Du North Dakota State University Fargo, ND Kai-Wei Fan Computer Science and Engineering Department Ohio State University Columbus, OH

15 Joshua Goldberg Electrical and Computer Engineering Department Drexel University Philadelphia, PA Sam Hsu & Engineering Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL Dong Hua George Washington University Washington, DC Ali Abu-el Humos & Engineering Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL Aravind Iyer School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN Xiao-Hua Jia City University of HongKong Kowloon, Hong Kong Computer School Wuhan University Wuhan , China Bhaskar Krishnamachari Department of Electrical Engineering-Systems Viterbi School of Engineering University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA Contributing Authors XV

16 XVI Contributing Authors Sunil S. Kulkarni School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN Santosh Kumar University of Memphis Memphis, TN Ten H. Lai and Engineering Ohio State University Columbus, OH Frank L. Lewis Automation and Robotics Research Institute (ARRI) University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, TX Jianzhong Li School of Computer Science & Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin , China Jinbao Li School of Computer Science & Technology Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin , China Dan-Dan Liu Computer School Wuhan University Wuhan , China

17 Contributing Authors XVII Fang Liu George Washington University Washington, DC Ren-Shiou Liu Computer Science and Engineering Ohio State University Columbus, OH Sha Liu Computer Science and Engineering Department Ohio State University Columbus, OH Yadi Ma Computer Science Department University of Missouri Rolla, MO Vivek Mhatre School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette, IN Dan O. Popa Automation and Robotics Research Institute (ARRI) University of Texas at Arlington Arlington, TX Catherine P. Rosenberg Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Waterloo Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada

18 XVIII Contributing Authors Lifeng Sang Computer Science and Engineering Ohio State University Columbus, OH Prasun Sinha Computer Science and Engineering Department Ohio State University Columbus, OH Curt Schurgers Electrical and Computer Engineering Department University of California San Diego, CA Weilian Su Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Naval Postgraduate School Monterey 93943, Canada 833 Dyer Road, Rm. 452, Spanagel Bldg Jindong Tan Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Michigan Technological University Houghton, MI Yu Wang University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, NC Yang Xiao University of Memphis Memphis, TN

19 Preface Wireless sensor networks are being employed in a variety applications ranging from medical to military, and from home to industry. The principle aim of this book is to provide a reference tool for the increasing number of scientists who depend upon sensor networks in some way. The book is organized into several sections, each including chapters exploring a specific topic. Wireless sensor networks are attracting great attention and there are many research topics yet to be studied. In this book, the topics covered include network design and modelling, network management, data management, security and applications. The articles presented in the book are expository, but of a scholarly nature, including the appropriate history background, a review of the state-of-the-art thinking relative to the topic, as well as a discussion of unsolved problems that are of special interest. The target readers of this book include the researchers in computer science, computer engineering, and applied mathematics, as well as students in these subjects. Specialists as well as general readers will find the articles stimulating and helpful. Book Organization The book is organized into five sections. Section I introduces the design and modelling of sensor networks. Chapter 1, by Iyer, Kulkarni, Mhatre, and Rosenberg, presents a taxonomy of wireless sensor networks, based on their application level objectives, traffic characteristics and data delivery requirements. Popa and Lewis in Chapter 2 describe some algorithms for systematic exploration of unknown environments using a mobile wireless sensor network. In Chapter 3, Tan illustrates a distributed graph model for dynamic coverage in a mobile sensor network. Section II presents some network management techniques. In Chapter 4, Humos, Cardei, Alhalabi, and Hsu address the Medium Access Control protocols in wireless sensor networks. Wang presents in Chapter 5 an overview of various techniques for topology control protocols in wireless sensor networks. Chapter 6 by Liu, Sang and Sinha discusses some recent techniques for detecting boundaries in sensor networks. In Chapter 7, a time-based localization scheme which uses only short-range beacons is presented by Liu, Cheng, Hua, and Chen. Chapter 8 by Schurgers covers three distinct classes of wake-up solutions. Su introduces in Chapter 9 the factors influencing time synchronization and the design challenges encountered in determining guidelines for developing time synchronization protocols. In Chapter 10, Liu and Jia show how to apply the quorum method to some problems including location service, information dissemination and object tracking. In Chapter 11, Kumar, Arora, XIX

20 XX Preface and Lai present a case study of ExScal a wireless sensor network deployed to detect and classify intruders of different kinds. Several fine-grained power management techniques are also discussed. Section III is devoted to data management, which is a very important task as well as a big challenge for sensor networks. Chapter 12, by Li, Cai, and Li, gives a detailed survey of data management in sensor networks. Data aggregation is introduced by Fan, Liu, and Sinha, in Chapter 13. In Chapter 14, Ma and Cheng compare some clustering-based schemes in sensor networks. Cohen, Goldberg, and de Oliveira present in Chapter 15 a new approach to constrained traffic engineering routing. Krishnamachari surveys in Chapter 16 some models for data gathering in sensor networks. Section IV discusses security issues in sensor networks. In Chapter 17, Du and Xiao summarize the typical attacks on sensor networks and present the current state-of-art of research on sensor network security. Chapter 18 by Corbett, Copeland, and Beyah introduces the use of spectral analysis to differentiate homogeneous sensor nodes from sensors with a different radio interface composition in order to address the problem of unauthorized access. Acknowledgement We would like to acknowledge all the contributing authors, who are experts in sensor networks and have done extensive work in this area. We also appreciate the help of the referees who have devoted much time in reviewing the submissions. We are also grateful to the publisher who made this book possible. Yingshu Li Georgia State University yli@cs.gsu.edu My T. Thai Department of Computer and Information Science and Engineering University of Florida mythai@cise.ufl.edu Weili Wu University of Texas at Dallas weiliwu@utdallas.edu