Wireless Sensor Network Operating with Directive Antenna - A survey

Transcription

1 Wireless Sensor Network Operating with Directive Antenna - A survey Harish V. Rajurkar 1, Dr. Sudhir G. Akojwar 2 1 Department of Electronics & Telecommunication, St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering & Technology, Nagpur, harish529@rediffmail.com 2 Department of Electronics, Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering, Research & Technology, Chandrapur, sudhirakojwar@rediffmail.com Keywords WSN, Energy Consumption, WSN Protocols, Antenna, Interference, Sensor Life Time ABSTRACT quality of service, low interference and low power For WSN the energy constraints is the main key issue in order to achieve better consumption during data transmission. The major research focuses on routing and distributed processing, developing various routing protocols, various techniques like clustering, super clustering in order to achieve better quality of service, low interference and low power consumption. The use of antenna for Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is proposed here as an alternative to the current WSN. Antennas for WSN need to satisfy number of additional properties, besides those that are desired from all those antennas. It has been observed that incorporation of Antenna results in better improvement in QoS and energy consumption. 1

2 1. INTRODUCTION Wireless Sensor network has certain features like power limitation, frequently changes in the topology and certain algorithms with self-organizing capabilities. In most cases a WSN composed of large number of closely spaced sensor nodes which results in high interference and power consumption. Another most important constraint of WSN is limited power source. So, WSN protocols must focused primarily on power consumption. Most of the researchers investigate system parameters such as Network Size, node density, throughput, network lifetime, energy efficiency, reliability etc. All above issues have been engaged in the literature with most approaches focused on routing optimization and protocol design. Most of the researchers developed various schemes that fulfils above described requirements, proposing protocols and algorithms for WSN. As far as QoS is concern, several protocols like MAC layer protocol, Z-MAC, i- GAME, SPEED, are the naval approaches for better QoS.[1,9].On the other hand, another key parameter of WSN is Interference. In WSN because of more interference there will be collusion in the packets transmitted by the sensor nodes. Because of this collision there is decreases in the network efficiency which further affect energy consumption. Apart from various methods like Graph theory, reducing node degree, Clustering etc are the solution proposed by various literatures. [1,2,7,8].Apart from this techniques antenna can efficiently be used to optimize interference and hence to improve QoS and Data rates of WSN. By using antenna it is also possible to boost the performance of the system. In this paper we focus on issues in implementing omnidirectional and directional antennas to mitigate these drawbacks. We also focused on the various design steps and advantage of using the antenna for WSN. In particular, the designs of efficient antenna are important issues for future wireless Sensor Networks with high rate, low interference, QoS and more network efficiency. 2. QUALITY OF SERVICE (QOS) Main research Efforts have been channeled towards routing and distributed processing in order to,- - Achieve better Quality of Service (QoS) - Low Interferences Quality of service of a WSN can be improved through various method like providing feedback through PACKET ACKNOLEDGEMENT, Clustering, Super Clustering, Gur Game Pedigram, B MAC, Z MAK, SPEED protocols. 3. INTERFERENCE This is the major issue while designing WSN. With more interference, collision will increases resulting system overall efficiency and data rates. Various methods minimizing interference are proposed [6] in the various works. This can be minimized by reducing node density, using geometric algorithms, using multichannel assignments or by adopting clustering techniques. 4. ANTENNA FOR WSN There are different types and shapes of the antenna available for the transmission of the sensor data. In most of the WSN uses omnidirectional antennas.these antennas radiates in all the directions with a certain radius with a gain decrease from center to the boundary. Consider a WSN operating with omnidirectional antenna only [Fig.1]. In such network, the basic aim when a sensor node transmitting a data over omnidirectional antenna is that data has to transferred to the destination node through optimized path wherein other node which are not the part of optimized path will be in sleep mode.but in such a WSN, if data is transmitted over omnidirectional antenna, as this antenna radiates in all directions along with desired direction[a-b-c], other nodes, like D will also received the data. Due to this more energy will consumed. While receving data by node, D, for the data coming from node E or F, a busy signal will be sent to the nodes E or F by node D. 2

3 Fig.1: WSN operation with omnidirectional Antennas So, in above network operating with omnidirectional as discussed, interference and collision will may occurs which further reduces the data efficiency of the wireless sensor network. The above problem can be overcome by using directive antenna. Employing the directive antenna in WSN reduces the interference and data collision by transmitting the data in desired direction rather than in all direction as in omnidirectional antenna. Fig 2 shows the WSN operating with directive antenna. With such network the problem of interference and collision can be minimize. Fig 2. WSN operation with directive Antennas Another important issue in the WSN is energy consumption. There are several protocols proposed [3] like MAC,LEACH[5], which talk about the energy consumption and its optimizations. Because of omnidirectional antenna, undesired nodes [node D,E. fig 1] will also receives the data from node A causing the problem of interference and collision. As discussed above this can be optimized by using directive antenna. along with the protocols which are developed for optimization of interference and collision, by using directive antennas these parameter can further br optimized. Several work engaged in the literature for minimizing interference by using certain clustering schemes like super clustering etc.[4] But again as discussed in figure 2, interference can minimized by using more directive antennas in the physical layer itself. 3

4 Several work proposed that the performance of wireless sensor networks can be improved by well designed Antenna [6]. In order to optimized these parameter in the physical layer itself, an antenna with desired geometry, more directivity and high gain required. Fig 3 shows design procedure for the antenna with above mentioned parameter so as to optimize the issues of interference & collision. Get system specifications Choose an antenna type based on specifications Find literature on chosen antenna Model antenna Compare results to literature Final modification for manufacture Calculate parameters to achieve specification Build and measure prototype Use simulator for virtual prototyping Modify topology to better achieve specification Simulate antenna to evaluate performance Fig 3: Antenna Design procedure By using above design steps desired antenna with more directivity, high gain can be designed. 5. CONCLUSION In this paper it is proposed that, as there are various protocols available to minimize interference, collision to improve the Qos and efficiency of the system, by using directive antenna, in the physical layer itself, this parameter can be optimized. A well design, high gain, small size antenna can further reduces interference and collision to improve WSN efficiency and QoS. 4

5 References [1] Azzedine Boukerche, Algorithms and Protocols for Wireless Sensor Network, John Wiley & Sons Publication, Inc,2009 [2] Kazem sohraby,daniel minoli,taieb znati, Wireless Sensor Networks-technology, Protocols, and Applications, John Wiley & Sons Publication,2007 [3] Wei Ye, John Heidemann, Deborah Estrin, An Energy-Efficient MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks, Computer Science Department, University of California, Los Angeles and USC/ISI [4] N. Vlajic and D. Xia, Wireless Sensor Networks: To Cluster or Not To Cluster?, IEEE Proceedings of the 2006 International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks [5] Jamal n. Al-karaki, The Hashemite University Ahmed E. Kamal, Iowa state university, Routing Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey, IEEE Wireless Communications,December 2004 [6] E. D. Skiani, S. A. Mitilineos, and S. C. A. Thomopoulos, A Study of the performance of Wireless Sensor Networks Operating with Smart Antennas, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 54, No. 3, June 2012 [7] Ghalem Boudour, Aubin Lecointre, Pascal Berthou, Daniela Dragomirecu and Thierry Gayraud, On designing sensor networks with smart Antennas, 7th IFAC International Conference on Fieldbuses and networks in industrial and embedded systems, Toulouse : France (2007)" [8] Max J Ammann, Antenna Challenges for WSN, Antennas & High Frequency Research Group Dublin Institute of Technology & Centre for Telecommunications Value-Chain Research (SFI CSET) [9] Matthew J. Miller, Nitin H. Vaidya, A MAC Protocol to Reduce Sensor Network Energy Consumption Using a Wakeup Radio, IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MOBILE COMPUTING, VOL. 4, NO. 3, MAY/JUNE 2008 [10] Shio Kumar Singh, M P Singh, and D K Singh Routing Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks A survey, International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES) Vol.1, No.2, November