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1 This document is downloaded from DR-NTU, Nanyang Technological University Library, Singapore. Title Energy consumption reduction by multi-hop transmission in cellular network Author(s) Ngor, Pengty; Mi, Siya; Chong, Peter Han Joo Citation Ngor, P., Mi, S., & Chong, P. H. J. (2012). Energy consumption reduction by multi-hop transmission in cellular network. Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium, Date 2012 URL Rights 2012 Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium(PIERS) Committee. This paper was published in Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium and is made available as an electronic reprint (preprint) with permission of Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium(PIERS) Committee. The paper can be found at the following official URL: [ lcnmymdeys3vhbgfmdw1wdxj8mla1xza4ndqucgr mfdexmdkymda1mtixmq==]. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic or multiple reproduction, distribution to multiple locations via electronic or other means, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper is prohibited and is subject to penalties under law.
2 844 PIERS Proceedings, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, March 27 30, 2012 Energy Consumption Reduction by Multi-hop Transmission in Cellular Network Pengty Ngor, Siya Mi, and Peter Han Joo Chong School Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Abstract Adding relay stations between base station and mobile stations in a cellular network can extend network coverage, overcome multi-path fading and increase the capacity of the system. With the increase of data traffic, more and more energy is needed to support communication. Hence, it is challenging to design an optimal relay network that minimizes the average energy consumption. In this paper, a 3-tier-chitecture with two-hop relay network consisting of a source, a destination and multiple relay nodes is proposed to decrease the consumed energy for a given QoS requirement. 1. INTRODUCTION As wireless communication develops, higher requirements are demanded of wireless networks. In 2003, the International Telecommunication Union Radio communication sector (ITU-R) proposed that next generation networks should achieve a total cell capacity of up to 1 Gbps for slow-moving users and 100 Mbps for moving mobile stations (MS). However, the limitation on radio resource is the real bottleneck for developing high-speed wireless networks. Research on future wireless system to provide higher capacity, yet retaining efficient use of power, can be divided into two aspects. (1) Advanced technology in the physical layer, such as multiple inputs multiple outputs (MIMO) [1], which provides spatial reuse. And (2) new network architectures, such as adding relay stations between the base station (BS) and mobile stations (MS) [2], or with MESH networks [3]. In future wireless systems, each user will expect a high throughput so they can access different multimedia services regardless of their location and mobility. However, the traditional cellular architecture is not well-suited to provide uniform data rate coverage. Additionally, if the radio propagation is non-line-of-sight (NLOS) (as is likely) the pathloss will be higher than that of lineof-sight (LOS) [4], so that the effect on an MS near the cell boundary will be worse, making it more difficult to achieve a power efficiency comparable to that seen by an MS near the BS that has LOS transmission. A simple way to handle the pathloss problem is to divide a long path into multiple shorter paths and use relay stations (RS) for data forwarding. RSs can also be used for temporary coverage in applications such as disaster relief as well as being deployed in hotspot areas to save energy. In this paper, a 3-Tier Architecture (3TA) is proposed in relay-based cellular networks based on TDD-CDMA to achieve more efficient energy consumption of wireless relay networks through considering the allocation of relay stations. The remainder of article is organized as following. Section 2 elaborates on related work. Section 3 describes 3TA. Section 4 depicts simulation settings and results. Section 5 concludes the paper and suggests future works. 2. RELATED WORKS Adding relay station to cellular network has drawn much attention and is considered to be a most promising architecture for the very high throughput and coverage requirements of future systems as it can extend network coverage, overcome multi-path effect and increase the capacity of the system [5, 6]. Song [7] has proved that the two-hop transmission saves energy. The RS will be used, if the angle formed by MS and BS via RS is greater than 90. In this paper, a 3-Tier Architecture is proposed in relay-based cellular networks to achieve more efficient energy consumption of wireless relay networks through considering the allocation of relay stations. 3. THREE-TIER ARCHITECTURE (3TA) The proposed 3-tier architecture is shown in Figure 1. There are two tier relay stations each of which has its own influenced area. The inner relay station tier controls Tier 2, and the other relay station tier controls Tier 3. Tier 1 is managed directly by the base station. The three radii of Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3 are with the ratio of 1 : 2 : 3 which use the equality of radii model in [8]. The following is the mathematical model to find the boundaries and influenced area. The base station
3 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, KL, MALAYSIA, March 27 30, Figure 1: Multi-tier architecture. Figure 2: Base station and two relay stations. Figure 3: One sector of cellular cell. Figure 4: Estimated second tier boundary for l = 3. is set as origin point (0, 0), and the relay stations are (A, 0) and (B, 0). Set the coordination of mobile station as (x, y) as shown in Figure 2. The received power can be calculated via: P t = P r d l, P r = P t d l (1) where d is the distance between receiver and transmitter. l is the path loss exponent. Then, the transmission power for using relay station A and B is: P A = ( (x A) 2 + y 2 ) l + A l (2) P B = ( (x B) 2 + y 2 ) l + B l (3) For l = 2, if P A > P B, the mobile station will use the relay station B to connect with the base station. (x A) 2 + A 2 > (x B) 2 + B 2, or x > A + B. Thus, the boundary of the influenced areas for relay station A and relay station B is x = A + B. In other words, if x > A + B, it should use relay station B. if A < x < A + B, it should use relay station A. The second tier boundary is the curve on which the mobile stations cost equivalent power to transfer information to relay station A and relay station B, which means P A = P B. For any l, the second tier boundary is [ (x A) 2 + y 2] l/2 + A l [ (x B) 2 + y 2] l/2 B l = 0 (4) In order to make the problem clearly, we just consider one sector of the cellular cell as shown in Figure 3. To estimate the second tier boundary, we do the following. For y = 0, (4) becomes (x A) l + A l (x B) l B l = 0 (5) From (5), we get x = (A + B). So the boundary curve always goes through the fixed point (A + B, 0). Then the intersection point of the boundary curve and the line y = x/ 3 will be found. As y = x/ 3, (4) can be rewritten as ( ) 4 l/2 ( ) 4 l/2 3 x2 2Ax + A 2 + A l 3 x2 2Bx + B 2 B l = 0 (6)
4 846 PIERS Proceedings, Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA, March 27 30, 2012 Figure 5: Consumed energy per mobile station for low traffic class. Figure 6: Consumed energy per mobile station for high traffic class. Figure 7: Consumed energy per link station for low traffic class. Figure 8: Consumed energy per link station for high traffic class. Use Taylor Series to generate the power series for function. f (n) (0) f(x) = x n (7) n! n=0 x = 2(Al B l 1 ) l 4.29 l ( l 2 ) ( 3 A l 2 B l 2) l (A l 1 B l 1 (8) ) Let m = x, then the intersection point is (m, m/ 3). parabola, and then the curve can be approximated as: Assume that the boundary curve is a x = 3(m 0.67) m 2 y (9) In order to prove the above estimation is correct, the influenced area and their boundarie of l = 3 are plotted and shown in Figure SIMULATION RESULTS AND SETTINGS Table 1 shows simulation setting. Figure 5 and Figure 6 show the energy consumed per mobile station for both low traffic case and high traffic case. And the consumed energy per link is shown in Figure 7 and Figure 8. By comparing the cases using FSPM and DSPM, it can be seen that the DSPM costs less than FSPM. From Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8, it can be seen that the 3TA consumes the least energy. The simulation result supports the proposed structure, 3TA. 5. CONCLUSION This paper investigated a new structure, 3TA, in relay based TDD-CDMA cellular network. The aim of 3TA is to save energy consumed by both the mobile stations and the links. The simulation has shown that 3TA can save the energy for the whole system. Future work can be done to extend
5 Progress In Electromagnetics Research Symposium Proceedings, KL, MALAYSIA, March 27 30, this work in term of resource radio management for different QoS service categories. dimension of the right height for multi-tier architecture should be identified. The best REFERENCES 1. Kaye, A., D. George, and M. Eric, Analysis and compensation of bandpass nonlinearities for communications, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 20, , Oct C802.16x-07, I., Integrated relay architecture for IEEE m systems, Nov Akyildiz, I. F. and W. Xudong, A survey on wireless mesh networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 43, 23 30, Jiang, L. and S. Y. Tan, A simple analytical path loss model for urban cellular communication systems, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 18, No. 8, , Pabst, R., B. H. Walke, D. C. Schultz, P. Herhold, H. Yanikomeroglu, S. Mukherjee, H. Viswanathan, M. Lott, W. Zirwas, M. Dohler, H. Aghvami, D. D. Falconer, and G. P. Fettweis, Relay-based deployment concepts for wireless and mobile broadband radio, IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 42, 80 89, Li, X. J., B. C. Seet, and P. H. J. Chong, Multihop cellular networks: Technology and economics, Computer Networks, Vol. 52, , Jun Song, J. Y., H. Lee, and D. H. Cho, Power consumption reduction by multi-hop transmission in cellular networks, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, Vol. 5, , Los Angeles, CA, Sep Salov, A. D., K. K. Lee, and H. S. Park, Energy-efficient topology control algorithm based on location awareness for wireless sensor networks, International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems, , 2007.
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