Stage B: Allo scoperta del nucleo atomico: l esperimento di Rutherford. Stage C: Informatica e fisica sperimentale
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1 Stage B: Allo scoperta del nucleo atomico: l esperimento di Rutherford Giacomo Brunello Anna Fiorentin Leonardo Schiavo Matteo Stefanelli Stage C: Informatica e fisica sperimentale Alessandro Benetton Nicole Busdon Matteo Catania Nicola Vianello LNL - Friday July 1st
2 OUTLINE LNL - Friday July 1st
3 Interaction Radiation Materials: stage B Web site in JOOMLA: stage C Spectroscopy and Results: stage B Normalized Yield Energy (MeV) Rutherford Experiment: stage B 50 0 Channel Software: stage C Experimental Setup: stage B Computing: stage C Electronics: stage C LNL - Friday July 1st
4 WEB SITE ADMINISTRATORS Web site link: LNL - Friday July 1st
5 WEBSITE STRUCTURE Every page presents: ØDrop-down menu ØImages ØArticles ØPossible tables and spectra LNL - Friday July 1st
6 CREATION OF ARTICLES To create a new article it is necessary to choose few basic characteristics : ØTitle ØCategory ØLanguage LNL - Friday July 1st
7 CREATION OF MENU It is important to choose some essential features: ØMenu Type ØTitle ØLocation ØParent Item ØLanguage LNL - Friday July 1st
8 Interaction Radiation Materials: stage B Web site in JOOMLA: stage C Spectroscopy and Results: stage B Normalized Yield Energy (MeV) Rutherford Experiment: stage B 50 0 Channel Software: stage C Experimental Setup: stage B Computing: stage C Electronics: stage C LNL - Friday July 1st
9 ATOMIC MODELS Plum Pudding Model J. J. Thomson 1904 soon after the discovery of the electron Rutherford Model E. Rutherford 1911 after the experiment of H. W. Geiger and E. Marsden HOW DID THEY GET TO THIS RESULT? LNL - Friday July 1st
![..] the most probable angle of deflection [...] was about 0.87 [.](/docs-images/93/113779296/images/10-3.jpg "..] the chance of an a particle being deflected through 90 is vanishingly")
10 RUTHERFORD EXPERIMENT RBS (Rutherford BackScattering) Alpha particle a small fraction of the incident a particles, about 1 in 20,000 were turned through an average angle of 90 degrees in passing through a layer of gold-foil about cm thick [...] the most probable angle of deflection [...] was about 0.87 [...] the chance of an a particle being deflected through 90 is vanishingly small LNL - Friday July 1st 2016 E. Rutherford,
11 RUTHERFORD CROSS SECTION AND KINEMATIC FACTOR σ is the cross section Ω is the solid angle of the detector E is the energy of the particles Ѳ is the scattering angle Z is the number of protons e is the elementary electric charge ϵ is the dielectric constant Where k is the kinematic factor LNL - Friday July 1st
12 THEORETICAL CROSS SECTION (I) Energy [MeV] Cross section [mb] theta [ ] Cross section [mb] 2,0 17,16 20,0 17,16 1,8 30,0 21,17 18,53 1,6 40,0 20,69 26,79 50,0 1,4 23,91 35,00 60,0 28,68 1,2 47,63 70,0 35,82 1,0 68,59 LNL - Friday July 1st , ,18
13 THEORETICAL CROSS SECTION (II) Z Target Cross section [mb] 7 0,13 8 0, , , , ,16 LNL - Friday July 1st
14 Interaction Radiation Materials: stage B Web site in JOOMLA: stage C Spectroscopy and Results: stage B Normalized Yield Energy (MeV) Rutherford Experiment: stage B 50 0 Channel Software: stage C Experimental Setup: stage B Computing: stage C Electronics: stage C LNL - Friday July 1st
15 AN 2000 The AN2000 is an electrostatic accelerator (with a voltage terminal of 2MV) It can accelerate protons or helium ions (alpha particles) Using the AN2000 accelerator, detailed measurements for the elemental composition analysis of any material can be performed, by bombarding samples and identifying the particles which are produced in the beam interaction with the target. LNL - Friday July 1st
16 BEAM LINE Beam Line: a line with a few mm transverse size Beam line at 60 Beam: 4 He + (alpha particles) Pressure: 10-6 mbar (vacuum, which is produced by 2 pumps under the reaction chamber) Reaction Chamber Beam Line LNL - Friday July 1st
17 DETECTOR The detector used in the experiment is an instrument which measures the time of the passage of a particle and the energy of that particle Characteristics: 1. Sensitivity 2. Detector response 3. Energy resolution 4. Detector efficiency 5. Dead time LNL - Friday July 1st
18 SEMICONDUCTORS At temperatures near 0 K, semiconductors are similar to insulators, while, when the temperatures are higher, they can conduct current (as the conductors) Doping (electron and electron holes): 1. n-doping (more e - than e - holes) 2. p-doping (more e - holes than e - ) LNL - Friday July 1st
19 SILICON DETECTOR The detector was: solid, semiconductor and made of silicon. Power supply: 40 V Active area: 0,13 cm 2 Solid angle: 2 msr Resolution: 13.5 kev (at the energy of pulser: 2.38 MeV) Resolution (with α source): 36 kev (at the energy of Am-241: MeV) LNL - Friday July 1st
20 Interaction Radiation Materials: stage B Web site in JOOMLA: stage C Spectroscopy and Results: stage B Normalized Yield Energy (MeV) Rutherford Experiment: stage B 50 0 Channel Software: stage C Experimental Setup: stage B Computing: stage C Electronics: stage C LNL - Friday July 1st
21 PULSE GENERATOR It is a device which generates a pulse used to determine the channel corresponding to a defined amount of energy. This appliance doesn't belong to acquisition chain but it is an important device which allows to know if acquisition chain works accurately and it is useful to determine detector resolution. Pulse generator peak LNL - Friday July 1st
22 ACQUISITION CHAIN The main purpose of the acquisition chain is to achieve some information like: Rate (number of counts) Registered energy Detection time Basic electronic chain is composed of: ADC: Analog to Digital Converter MCA: MultiChannel Analyzer LNL - Friday July 1st
23 PREAMPLIFIER It is a device situated near the detector: it overturns the signal generated by the detector and has the essential function to return as output a signal whose width is proportional to the energy released by the radiation in the detector. Gain: -1 LNL - Friday July 1st
24 AMPLIFIER It is a device which filters the signal coming from the preamplifier reducing electronic noise. It shapes the signal to make it more suitable for Analog to Digital Converter (ADC): Amplitude proportional to the energy deposited from radiation Gaussian waveform Rising time greater than 500 ns In most cases the rising time of signals coming out from the preamplifier and entering the amplifier reflects charge-collection time. Used gain: 100 (in measurements with beam) 20 (in measurements with source) LNL - Friday July 1st
25 ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC) & MULTICHANNEL (MCA) It is a device which converts analog signal to digital signal. It returns a series of bits (0/1), which will be read by Data Acquisition System (DAQ). Used ADC: Multichannel: channel Samples frequency: 10MHz LNL - Friday July 1st
26 Interaction Radiation Materials: stage B Web site in JOOMLA: stage C Spectroscopy and Results: stage B Normalized Yield Energy (MeV) Rutherford Experiment: stage B 50 0 Channel Software: stage C Experimental Setup: stage B Computing: stage C Electronics: stage C LNL - Friday July 1st
27 BINARY VIEW OF THE RESULTS Acquired data were saved in a binary file with the extension.rbs (Rutherford BackScattering) LNL - Friday July 1st
28 GUI (Graphic User Interface) DAQ (Data AcQuisition) This is the interface used to acquire data from the detector Every time a Run is saved the software creates a new file and increments the run number. The number of files saved in our experiment is 18. The average file size is 1,64 kb so the total size is 29,2 kb. LNL - Friday July 1st
29 Different Status Of A Run During every run the DAQ can have multiple status Save Stopped Stop Reset LNL - Friday July 1st
30 The Logbook The Logbook is the official document that reports the acquisition settings and everything happened during an experiment. Acquisition Settings Run Data LNL - Friday July 1st
31 Interaction Radiation Materials: stage B Web site in JOOMLA: stage C Spectroscopy and Results: stage B Normalized Yield Energy (MeV) Rutherford Experiment: stage B 50 0 Channel Software: stage C Experimental Setup: stage B Computing: stage C Electronics: stage C LNL - Friday July 1st
32 LABVIEW LabVIEW programs are called virtual instruments, or VIs, because their appearance and operation imitate physical instruments, such as oscilloscopes and multimeters. You can use LabVIEW to communicate with hardware such as data acquisition, vision, and motion control devices [1]. The front panel Controls Indicators The block diagram XRU XRUMPP VIs Structures [1]: LabVIEW Manual LNL - Friday July 1st
33 EXCEL LABVIEW Excel is a software that allows the user to work on spreadsheets. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables. An example of spreadsheet in Excel LNL - Friday July 1st
34 GNUPLOT Gnuplot is an open source program that allows the realization of two- and three-dimensional plots of functions and data. Reference to the file that contains all the data XRU XRUMPP Function that the software uses to create the graph The hash (#) introduces comments Labels are used to include some text in the output file This line is needed to have the file in output LNL - Friday July 1st
35 ROOT ROOT is a scientific software framework. It provides all the functionalities needed to deal with big data processing, statistical analysis, visualisation and storage. It is mainly written in C++ [1]. XRU XRUMPP All the necessary information is written here in form of comment (it has nothing to do with the code) The main function is the body of the program Declaration of an array containing 6 variables [1]: LNL - Friday July 1st
36 XRUMP XRump is used to analyze the collected spectra (.rbs files) XRump interface A simple manual "ac": to get information about a file; cd.. to get to the upper folder; cd <foldername> to open a folder; "cur": to obtain information about a spectre point chosen by the user with the cursor; "get <filename.extension>" to load a file; "int": to calculate the integral of a part of a spectre; ls to print a list of the files and folders in the current directory; "pl": to obtain the spectre of the file; pwd to print the current directory; "raw pl": to get the spectre of the file without calibration; "reg <min> <max> ": to set the definition of the graph; Prompt command line LNL - Friday July 1st
37 Interaction Radiation Materials: stage B Web site in JOOMLA: stage C Spectroscopy and Results: stage B Normalized Yield Energy (MeV) Rutherford Experiment: stage B 50 0 Channel Software: stage C Experimental Setup: stage B Computing: stage C Electronics: stage C LNL - Friday July 1st
38 SPECTROSCOPY JR12025 Energy = 2 MeV Target = Au/Si Scattering angle = 160 Live time = 10 min Pulser line Si Au LNL - Friday July 1st
39 Element Channel E (MeV) K Au 715 1,848 0,924 Ge 625 1,617 0,808 N 238 0,639 0,320 Unknown target JR12038 CH 433 Al CH 280 O CH 280 CH 433 Element Channel E (MeV) K LNL - Friday July 1st 2016Al 433 1,119 0, O 280 0,736 0,368
40 SCATTERING ANGLES ENERGIES Run Normalized Yield Scattering angle( ) ,5 Yn 65,81 71,41 74,51 80,47 87,85 98,92 100,56 Run Normalized Yield E (MeV) , , , , , ,0 Yn 48,77 57,80 64,66 73,01 85,40 LNL - Friday July 1st ,93 40
41 NORMALIZED YIELD VS SCATTERING ANGLE E = 2MeV Target = Au/Si NORMALIZED YIELD VS ENERGY Scattering angle = 160 Target = Au/Si Energy changes from 2.0 MeV to 1.0 MeV 2 LNL - Friday July 1st
42 NORMALIZED YIELD VS SCATTERING ANGLE VS BEAM ENERGY LNL - Friday July 1st
43 Interaction Radiation Materials: stage B Web site in JOOMLA: stage C Spectroscopy and Results: stage B Normalized Yield Energy (MeV) Rutherford Experiment: stage B 50 0 Channel Software: stage C Experimental Setup: stage B Computing: stage C Electronics: stage C LNL - Friday July 1st
44 ALPHA SOURCE ALPHA DECAY LNL - Friday July 1st
45 ACTIVITY Sources used: Triple source Unknown source ALPHA SOURCE 1 Becquerel (Bq) = one disintegration per second LNL - Friday July 1st From:
46 CALIBRATION OF MCA WITH THE ALPHA SOURCE (I) Triple source Cm-244 Single source (86) unknown Am-241 Pu-239 LNL - Friday July 1st
47 CALIBRATION OF MCA WITH THE ALPHA SOURCE (II) E=m*channel+q Channel= m=0,0121 MeV/µm q=-0,0277mev Unknown source: Americium LNL - Friday July 1st
48 INTERACTION ALPHA-MYLAR Triple source (Am-241, Cm-244, Pu-239) with MYLAR Thickness: 6 µm Run: JR12045 Spectra of triple source (Am-241, Cm-244, Pu-239) Resolution for Americium = 36keV (gain=20) LINEAR ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT: - E/ x = 115 kev/µm with MYLAR and triple source Run: JR12041 without MYLAR LNL - Friday July 1st
49 Ø Development of a website in JOOMLA Ø Determination of theoretical cross section through the Rutherford s experience Ø Study of the beam line and of the electronic chain Ø Comprehension of the experimental method and of the data acquisition with the employment of different analysis software Ø Study of the interaction alpha-material to establish unknown material source LNL - Friday July 1st
50 Thank you for your attention! LNL - Friday July 1st
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