An Interactive Multimedia Introduction to Signal Processing

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1 U. Karrenberg An Interactive Multimedia Introduction to Signal Processing Translation by Richard Hooton and Ulrich Boltz 2nd arranged and supplemented edition With 256 Figures, 12 videos, 250 preprogrammed signal Systems 4ü Spri inger

2 Tabel of Contents I Tabel of contents Introduction 1 A science that people can understand 1 Target groups 2 Graphic programming 3 The electronic document 4 The Camtasia video player 10 Chapter 1 The concept: methods - content - objectives 11 Everything under one roof 12 Hardware: Systems on a chip 12 The Software is the instrument 13 A case for up-to-date education 14 On the unity of theory and practice 14 Multimedia and interactive learning 14 Science and Mathematics 15 In search of other "tools" 17 Physics as the point of departure 22 Clarification of Objectives 24 Preliminary conclusions: the concept takes on clearer contours 28 Exercises on Chapter 1 : 30 Chapter 2 Signals in the time and frequency domain 33 The FOURIER Principle 33 Periodic oscillations 34 Our ear as a FOUPJER-analyzer 35 FOURIER -Transformation: from the time domain to the frequency domain and back 42 Important periodic oscillations/signals 47 Comparison of signals in the time and frequency domain 48 The confusing phase spectrum 50 Interference: nothing to be seen although everything is there 50 Opposites which have a great deal in common: sine and 8-pulse 52 Non-periodic and one-off signals 56 Pure randomness: stochastic noise 57 Noise and Information 58 Exercises for Chapter 2: 61 Chapter 3 The Uncertainty Principle 65 A stränge relationship between frequency and time and its practical consequences 65 Sinusoidal signal and 8-pulse as a limiting case of the Uncertainty Principle 69 Why ideal filters cannot exist 70 Frequency measurements in the case of non-periodic signals 74 Near-periodic signals 80

3 II Table of Contents Tones, sounds andmusic 81 Limiting uncertainty: Short Time FFT and Wavelets 85 Exercises on Chapter 3 96 Chapter 4 Language as a carrier of information 99 How speech, tones and sounds are generated and perceived 107 Case study: a simple system for voice recognition 115 Refinement and optimisation phase 120 Pattern recognition 123 Exercises on Chapter Chapter 5 The Symmetry Principle 127 For reasons of symmetry: negative frequencies 127 Proof of the physical existence of negative frequencies 127 Periodic spectra 135 Inverse FOUPJER transformation and GAUSSian plane 138 Exercises on Chapter Chapter 6 System analysis 151 Sweep 153 Moderntest signals 158 The 8-pulse 160 The transfer function as a locus curve 164 The Step function 167 The GAUSSian pulse 173 The GAUSSian oscillation pulse 174 The Burst signal 175 The Si-function and the Si-oscillation pulse 176 Noise 178 Transients in Systems 182 Exercises on Chapter Chapter 7 Linear and non-linear processes 189 System analysis and system synthesis 189 Measuring a process to reveal whether it is linear or non-linear 189 Line and space 190 Inter-disciplinary significance 190 Mirroring and projection 191 A complex component: the transistor 193 There are only few linear processes 193 Multiplication of a signal by a constant 194 Addition of two or more signals 195 Delay 195 Differentiation 197 Integration 204

4 Tabel of Contents III Malicious functions or signal curves 211 Filters 213 Non-linear processes 218 Multiplication of two signals 219 Formation of the absolute value 223 Quantization 225 Windowing 228 Exercises on Chapter Chapter 8 Classical modulation procedures 231 Transmission media 231 Modulation with sinusoidal carriers 231 Modulation and demodulation in the traditional sense 232 Amplitude modulation and demodulation AM 233 Wasting energy: double sideband AM with carrier 240 Single sideband modulation without a carrier 241 Frequency multiplex 249 Mixing 252 Frequency modulation FM 254 Demodulation of FM-signals 264 The phase locked loop PLL 264 Phase modulation 270 Immunity to interference of modulation processes 272 Practical information theory 275 Exercises on Chapter Chapter 9 Digitalisation 279 Digital technology does not always mean the same thing 279 Digital processing of analog signals 279 The gateway to the digital world: the A/D Converter 281 Principle of a D/A Converter 283 Analog pulse modulation processes 286 DASYLab and digital signal processing 288 Digital signals in the time and frequency domain 290 The period length of digital signals 291 The periodic spectrum of digital signals 300 The Sampling Principle 302 Retrieval of the analog signal 307 Non-synchronicity 309 Signal distortionas a result of signal windowing 312 Check list 313 Exercises on Chapter Chapter 10 Digital filters 317 Hardware versus Software 317 How analog filters work 317

5 IV Table of contents FFT Alters 320 Digital filtering in the time domain 325 Convolution 329 Case study: Design and application of digital Alters 331 Avoiding ripple content in the conducting State region 336 Exercises on Chapter Chapter 11 Digital transmission technology 1: source encoding 343 Encoding and decoding of digital signals and data 345 Compression 345 Low-loss and lossy compression 347 RLE encoding 348 Huffman encoding 348 LZW encoding 349 Source encoding of audio signals 352 Delta encoding or delta modulation 352 Sigma-delta modulation or encoding (S-D-M) 357 Noise shaping and decimation filter 359 Frequency band coding and multiple resolution 359 Quadrature Mirror Filter (QMF) 363 Discrete Wavelet Transformation and Multi-Scale Analysis MSA 369 Exploiting psycho-acoustic effects (MPEG) 376 Encoding and physics 382 Exercises on Chapter Chapter 12 Digital transmission technology 11: Channel encoding 385 Error protection encoding for the reduction of bit error probability 385 Distance 386 Hamming codes and Hamming distance 388 Convolutional encoding 390 Viterbi decoding 394 Hard and soft decision 396 Channel capacity 398 Exercises on Chapter Chapter 13 Digital Transmission Techniques III: Modulation 401 Keying of discrete states 404 Amplitude Shift Keying (2-ASK) 404 Phase Stuft Keying (2-PSK) 404 Frequency Shift Keying 2-FSK 406 Signal space 407 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying - QPSK 410 Digital Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 413 Multiple Access 417 Discrete Multitone 420 Orthogonal Frequency division Multiplex (OFDM) 425

6 Tabel of Contents V Coded OFDM (COFDM) and Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) 430 Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) 432 Asymmetrie Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) 432 Spread Spectrum 435 Exercises on Chapter Bibliography 441 Index 443

An Interactive Multimedia Introduction to Signal Processing

An Interactive Multimedia Introduction to Signal Processing Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH U. Karrenberg An Interactive Multimedia Introduction to Signal Processing With 240 Figures Springer Dipl.-Ing.