Contents Preview and Introduction Waveform Encoding
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1 Contents 1 Preview and Introduction Process of Communication General Definition of Signal Time-Value Definition of Signals Analog and Digital Continuous Time Continuous Valued Signal Discrete Time Continuous Valued Signal Discrete Time Discrete Valued Signal AnalogandDigitalCommunicationSystems ElementsofDigitalCommunicationSystem MATLABPrograms Time and Frequency Domain Representation of Signals CTSV, DTCV, DTDV Signals References Waveform Encoding Introduction Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Process of Sampling Process of Quantization PCM Transmitter and Receiver QuantizationError Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) for Quantized Pulses Non-uniform Quantization: Companding Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM) CumulativeErrorinPCM Prevention of Cumulative Error by Applying Feedback HowWeCanPredicttheFuture? AnalysisofDPCM Delta Modulation Drawbacks of Delta Modulation Adaptive Delta Modulation Song Algorithm Space-Shuttle Algorithm xiii
2 xiv Contents 2.6 Sigma-Delta Modulation (SDM) Noise Performance Linear Predictive Coder (LPC) Concept Genetic Algorithm Based Approach MATLABPrograms Aliasing References Digital Baseband Signal Receivers Introduction Integrate and Dump Type Filter Noise Power and Variance FigureofMerit Probability of Error The Optimum Filter The Matched Filter Impulse Response Probability of Error Properties of Matched Filter TheCorrelator SimulinkCommunicationBlockSetExample References Digital Baseband Signal Transmitter Introduction Elements of Digital Baseband Communication System Formatting Regenerative Repeater Properties and Choice of Digital Formats LineCoding Power Spectrum Density of Different Digital Formats Unipolar-NRZ Unipolar-RZ Polar-NRZ Polar-RZ Bipolar-NRZ Split-Phase (Manchester) References Equalization Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) Nyquist Criterion for Distortion Less Transmission (Zero ISI) Criteria in Frequency Domain Concept of Ideal Nyquist Channel Limitations of Ideal Solution: Raised Cosine Spectrum.. 101
3 Contents xv 5.3 EyePattern InformationObtainedfromEyePattern System Design for Known Channel Linear Equalizer Linear Transversal Filter Adaptive Equalizer References Digital Modulation Techniques Introduction AmplitudeShiftKeying(ASK) Mathematical Model ASK Modulator Binary ASK Demodulator Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Mathematical Model BFSK Modulator FSK Demodulator Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Mathematical Model BPSK Modulator BPSK Demodulator Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) DPSK Modulator DPSK Demodulator Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) Mathematical Model QPSK Modulator QPSK Demodulator OffsetQPSK(OQPSK) MinimumShiftKeying(MSK) Probability of Error for Different Modulation Schemes Probability of Error in ASK Probability of Error in FSK Probability of Error in PSK MATLABPrograms QPSKWaveform MSKWaveform References Spread Spectrum Modulation Introduction ProcessingGain Pseudo-Noise (PN) Sequence Concept: A Hypothetical Experiment Generation of PN Sequence
4 xvi Contents Properties of PN Sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Concept DSSS with Coherent BPSK Probability of Error Calculation Frequency-Hopped Spread Spectrum Concept FHSSwithFSK Rate of Hopping: Fast and Slow Application of Spread Spectrum GPS (Global Positioning System) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) Orthogonal Chip Sequence Gold Sequence PrincipleofOperation References Information Theory Introduction Entropy RateofInformation Information Sources Discrete Memoryless Channel (DMC) Channel Representation The Channel Matrix Special Channels Lossless Channel Deterministic Channel Noise-Less Channel Binary Symmetric Channel (BSC) MutualInformation Channel Capacity Gaussian Channel: Shanon-Hartley Theorem EntropyCoding Shanon-Fano Coding HuffmanCoding MATLABCode Convergence of P e in Cascaded BSC References Error Control Coding Introduction Scope of Coding Linear Block Code Coding Technique Using Generator Matrix Syndrome Decoding
5 Contents xvii 9.4 Convolutional Code Encoder StateDiagram CodeTree Trellis Diagram Decoding of Convolutional Code by Viterbi CyclicCode Concept and Properties Encoder and Decoder Meggitt Decoder BCHCode Simplified BCH Codes General BCH Codes Properties References Appendix A: Elementary Probability Theory Appendix B: Convolution and Correlation Some Case Studies Appendix C: Frequently Used MATLAB Functions Index
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