Radio Technology and Architectures. 1 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
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1 Radio Technology and Architectures 1 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
2 Radio (Architectures) Spectrum plan and legal issues Radio Architectures and components 2 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
3 Radiofrequency Spectrum Allocations Regulated by most countries - Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA), Federal Communications Commission (FCC - USA). To avoid interference and protect commercail interests! Radio propagation does not stop at national boundaries - tend to harmonise internationally. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is the part of the United Nations (UN) that manages the use of both the RF Spectrum and space satellites. Australian radiofrequency spectrum allocations chart Low interference potential devices:radiocommunications (Low Interference Potential Devices) Class Licence ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
4 Radio Architecture A radio is a device that up/down converts a baseband signal (analogue or digital) to radiofrequency by modulation of an RF carrier. There are many kinds of radio but all include many of the following components: Baseband processing - digital or analogue. ADC/DAC converters if the baseband processing is digital. Filters - lowpass in the basedband and bandpass at the RF carrier frequency or any intermmediate frequencies (IF). mixers - to do the up and down cconversion Possibly special filters such as duplexers or diplexers (0 o 180 o or quadrature 90 o (transformer) hybrids for signal combining/splitting, sometimes sideband suppression and sometimes duplexing. Amplifiers - power amplifier (PA)/ low noise amplifier (LNA) PIN diodes for Transmit-Receive (TR) electronic switching A Local Oscillator consisting of either a Direct Digital Synthesiser (DDS) or a Voltage Controlled Oscillator(VCO) and a Phase Lock Loop (PLL). There are may different types of radio architecture. We will consider direct conversion, superheterodyne and low IF 4 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
5 Role of the Radio Baseband Wireless channel FULL DUPLEX Intelligence baseband processing RADIO RADIO baseband processing Intelligence HALF DUPLEX Baseband Wireless channel Intelligence baseband processing RADIO RADIO baseband processing Intelligence 5 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
6 A Very Simple Radio 6 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
7 Mixers Mathematically, mixers are multipliers. Terminology in the following figure and loosely: IF = RF LO. Multiplication of sine waves produces sines waves of different frequencies (trig formulae). 7 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
8 Mixers In practice most mixers are designed to be non linear on the LO port - The LO is a chopper circuit Conversion loss or gain is the mixer transfer function. 8 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
9 Balanced Diode Ring Modulator Demodulator Commonly used up to microwave frequencies. e.g the MINICIRCUITS ADEX-10L mixer 9 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
10 LM1496 Balanced Modulator Demodulator VHF frequencies only. 10 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
11 Digital Baseband Use ADC/DAC Tip - a comparator is a 1 bit ADC! 11 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
12 Direct Conversion Becoming more popular due to simplicity of architecture. Sensitivity affected by baseband noise. No image frequency issues. Production of I and Q requires a 90 o phase shifter. Added complexity. Low frequency baseband can be digitised. (MAX2450). 12 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
13 MAX2450 IQ Transceiver 13 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
14 Superhet Transceiver Most popular design. Very sensitive. Problems with image frequencies. 14 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
15 Low Intermediate Frequency Receiver Best of both worlds in Software Defined Radio because the LOW IF can be digitised and avoid the 90 o phase shifter. 2uH 27n 1 BBB PRU AGC 200pF ADP-2-4 Si4063/4464 2p7 ADP GHz.01-1GHz MAR-8ASM+ VCOCXO / VCTCXO 15 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
16 Modulation Formats General... We know that we can generate an RF tone - carrier To transmit information, we need to modulate the carrier Amplitude, Frequency and Phase Analogue modulation Amplitude modulation (AM), Frequency Modulation (FM) Suppressed carrier Single / double sideband Digital modulation Binary Phase shift keying (BPSK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), On-off-keying (OOK) IQ-modulation e.g. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) frequency domain - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 16 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
17 Amplitude Modulation Multiply a DC offset baseband signal by the carrier 17 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
18 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier Modulation (DSBSC) I Similar to AM but remove the DC offset Multiply a zero averaged baseband signal by the carrier N.B. DSBSC is obtained by straight-forward multiplication 18 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
19 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier Modulation (DSBSC) II In DSBSC there is no carrier. However the same information is sent in both sidebands Special case On-Off keying (OOK) 19 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
20 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier Modulator (III) 20 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
21 Single Sideband Modulation (SSB) Transmit information using only one sideband Can produce SSB by filtering one of the DSBSC modulated sidebands (hard to do for narrowband signals or high frequency carriers) OR, by forming a radiofrequency message signal from sum of the products of the baseband message signals with the the in-phase carrier and its hilbert transform with the quadrature carrier carriers. M(t) = m(t)cosω c t±m h (t)sinω c t Note the use of a 90 o phase hybrid as a Hilbert transformer. Why is this so? 21 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
22 Frequency Modulation I Narrowband and Wideband FM M(t) = cos[ω c t+2π f t 0 dtm(t)] f is the frequency deviation and the baseband message signal is limited to the range ±1 Sinusoidal modulation M(t) = cos[ω c t+2π f t 0 dtcos2πf M t]m(t) = cos[ω c t+ f f M sin2πf M t] h = f f M is the modulation index Narrowband FM: h 1 with bandwidth 2f M Wideband FM: h 1 with bandwidth 2 f Narrowband FM used for two way radio, BW = 2KHz Widebadn FM used for FM broadcast 22 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
23 Frequency Modulation II: The SA626 receiver 23 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
24 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) I - Digital Only Usually Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) or Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) BPSK is DSBSC modulation with a square wave (or other pulse shape) message signal. QPSK is BPSK modulation acting individually on the summed in-phase and quadrature carriers. M(t) = p(t)cosω c t+q(t)sinω c t For BPSK, q(t) = 0. For QPSK, p(t) and q(t) are independent mapped symbols Both are constant amplitude modulations QPSK has twice the bit rate of BPSK. They have the same bandwidth (that of DSBSC depending on pulse shaping). 24 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
25 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) II - Digital Only 25 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
26 Minimum Shift Keying (MSK and Gaussian MSK (GMSK) - Digital Only Bits alternating between quadrature components, with the Q component delayed by half the symbol period with each bit encoded as a half sinusoid. ( ) ( ) πt πt M(t) = a I (t)cos cos(ω c t) a Q (t)sin sin(ω c t) 2T 2T where a I (t) and a Q (t) encode the even and odd information respectively with a sequence of square pulses of duration 2T and a Q (t) is delayed by T with respect to a I (t). GMSK is similar to minimum-shift keying (MSK) but the digital data stream is first shaped with a Gaussian filter before being applied to a frequency modulator. 26 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
27 General Modulation and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) - Digital On In general a modulated carrier may be written, M(t) = I(t)cos(Ω c t)+q(t)sin(ω c t) It is easy to see how modulated carriers waves of all types can be represented by a signal of this form. For digital modulations, the coordinated (I(t), Q(t)) in the complex plane are described as a constellation 27 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
28 Oscillators 28 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
29 RF Voltage Controlled Oscillators Many different archtectures - Hartley, Colpitts,... depends on layout of feedback circuit Usually voltage controlled by a tunable Varactor diode circuit The instantaneous frequency is not accurately predictable - need a feedback loop to stabilise (Phase Lock Loop) 29 ENGN4521/ENGN6521: Embedded Wireless L#1
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