An Interactive Multimedia Introduction to Signal Processing

Transcription

1 An Interactive Multimedia Introduction to Signal Processing

2 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

3 U. Karrenberg An Interactive Multimedia Introduction to Signal Processing With 240 Figures Springer

4 Dipl.-Ing. Ulrich Karrenberg Mintarder Weg Düsseldorf Germany t-online.de Additional material to this book can be downloaded from ISBN CIP data applied for Die Deutsche Bibliothek- CIP-Einheitsaufnahme Karrenberg, Ulrich: An interactive multimedia introduction to signal processing I Ulrich Karrenberg. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / This work is subject to Copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part ofthe material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and pennission for use must always be obtained from Springer-V erlag. Violations are liable for prosecution act under German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2002 DASYLab isatrademarkofnationalinstrumentsservicesgmbh&co.kg Copyright by National Instruments Services GmbH. All rights reserved. National Instruments Services GmbH & Co. KG, Postfach , D Mönchengladbach, Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant proteelive laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Multiple licenses for schools, university faculties, and institutions of further and higher education of industry and the public authorities can be acquired via the author. The author acts in the name and on behalf of National Instruments Services with regard to the DASYLab S pro gram. Typesetting: Dataconversion by author Cover-design: design & production, Heidelberg Printedon acid-free paper SPIN: I 3020 hu

5 This book is dedicated to Claude E. Shannon, a pioneer of modern communications technology. He died on 25 February Only few people know in depth the fundamental content of his 55-page book "Mathematical Theory of Communication" published in This, however, does not diminish his genius and the uniqueness of his findings. They have changed the world more than any other discovery because communication is now the keyword in our society and in life itself. His work will be accomplished once his theory has been integrated into modern physics thus leading to a greater understanding ofthe central principles ofnature. This is a... -".-& task which has not yet been fulfilled. Jf you want to build a ship, don 't round up people to proeure wood, don't allocate the different tasks andjobs, but arouse their longingfor the open sea which stretches to infinity! (Antoine de Saint-Exupery) The success of language in conveying information ist vastly overrated, especially in learned circles. Not only is language highly elleptical, but also nothing can supply the defect of first-hand experience of types cognate to the things explicitly mentioned.... First-hand knowledge is the ultimate basis of intellectuallife.... The second-handedness of learned world is the secret of its mediocrity. It is tarne because it never has been scared by facts. (Alfred North Whitehead) People ought to be ashamed who take the miracles of science and technology for granted without understanding more about them than a cow does about the botanical principles behind the plants it happily munches. (Albert Einstein at the Berlin Funkausstellung- telecommunications exhibition-in 1930) Realproblems ignore the fact that education has been arbitrarily divided into different school subjects. (the author) The purpose of computing is insight, not numbers I (R. W Hamming) Information and uncertainty find themselves to be partners. (Warren Weaver)

6 Table of contents Table of contents Introduction... 1 A science that people can understand... 1 Target groups Graphie programming The electronic document The Camtasia video player Chapter 1 The concept: methods - content - objectives Everything und er one roof Hardware: Systems on a chip The software is the instrument A case for up-to-date education On the unity of theory and practice Multimedia and interactive leaming Science and Mathematics In search of other "tools" Physics as the point of departure Clarification of Objectives Preliminary conclusions: the concept takes on clearer contours Exercises on Chapter 1 : Chapter 2 Signals in the time and frequency domain The FOURIER Principle Periodic oscillations Our ear as a FOURIER-analyzer FOURIER-Transformation: from the time domain to the frequency domain and back Important periodic oscillations/signals Comparison of signals in the time and frequency domain The confusing phase spectrum Interference: nothing to be seen although everything is there Opposites which have a great deal in common: sine and d-pulse Non-periodie and one-off signals Pure randomness: stochastic noise Noise and information Exercises for Chapter 2: Chapter 3 The U ncertainty Principle A strange relationship between frequency and time and its practical consequences Sinusoidal signal and d-pulse as a limiting case of the Uncertainty Principle Why ideal filters cannot exist Frequency measurements in the case ofnon-periodic signals Near-periodic signals... 80

7 Table of contents Tones, sounds and music Exercises on Chapter Chapter 4 Language as a carrier of information How speech, tones and sounds are generated and perceived Case study: a simple system for voice recognition Refinement and optimisation phase Pattern recognition Exercises on Chapter Chapter 5 The Symmetry Principle For reasons of symmetry: negative frequencies Proof of the physical existence of negative frequencies Periodic spectra Inverse FOURIERtransformation and GAUSSian plane Exercises on Chapter Chapter 6 System analysis Sweep Modem test signals The d-pulse The step function The GAUSSian pulse The GAUSSian oscihation pulse The Burst signal The Si-function and the Si-oscillation pulse Noise Transients in systems Exercises on Chapter Chapter 7 Linear and non-linear processes Systemanalysis and system synthesis Measuring a process to reveal whether it is linear or non-linear Line and space Inter-disciplinary significance Mirroring and projection A complex component: the transistor There are only few linear processes Multiplication of a si gnal by a constant Addition of two or more signals Delay Differentiation Integration Malicious functions or signal curves Filters Non-linear processes

8 Table of contents Multiplication of two signals Formation ofthe absolute value Quantization Windowing Exercises on Chapter Chapter 8 Classical modulation procedures Transmission media Modulation with sinusoidal carriers Modulation and demodulation in the traditional sense Amplitude modulation and demodulation AM Wasting energy: double sideband AM with carrier Single sideband modulation without a carrier Frequency multiplex Mixing Frequency modulation FM Demodulation offm-signals The phase locked loop PLL Phase modulation Immunity to interference of modulation processes Practical information theory Exercises on Chapter Chapter 9 Digitalisation Digital technology does not always mean the same thing Digital processing of analog signals The gateway to the digital world: the A/D converter Principle of a D/ A converter Analog pulse modulation processes DASYLab and digital signal processing Digitalsignals in the time and frequency domain The period length of digital signals The periodic spectrum of digital signals The Sampling Principle Retrieval ofthe analog signal Non-synchronicity Signal distortion as a result of signal windowing Check Iist Exercises on Chapter Chapter 10 Digital filters Hardware versus software How analog filters work FFT filters Digital filtering in the time domain Convolution Case study: Design and application of digital filters

9 Table of contents A voiding ripple content in the conducting state region Exercises on Chapter l Chapter 11 Digitaltransmission technology 1: source encoding Encoding and decoding of digital signals and data Compression Low-loss and lossy compression RLE encoding Huffman encoding LZW encoding Source encoding of audio signals Delta encoding or delta modulation Sigma-deltamodulation or encoding (S-D-M) Noise shaping and decimation filter Exploiting psycho-acoustic effects (MPEG) Encoding and physics Exercises on Chapter Chapter 12 Digital transmission technology II: channel encoding Error protection encoding for the reduction ofbit error probability Distance Hamming codes and Hamming distance Convolutional encoding Viterbi decoding Hard and soft decision Channel capacity Exercises on Chapter Chapter 13 Digital Transmission Techniques 111: Modulation Keying of discrete states Amplitude Shift Keying (2-ASK) Phase Shift Keying (2-PSK) Frequency Shift Keying 2-FSK Signal space Quadrature Phase Shift Keying- QPSK Digital Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Multiple Access Discrete Multitone Orthogonal Frequency division Multiplex (OFDM) Coded OFDM (COFDM) and Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Asymmetrie Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Spread Spectrum Exercises on Chapter Bibliography Index