Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and

Transcription

1 Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author.

2 He Huarahi Motuhake The Politics of Tribal Agency in Provider Services Huia Tomlins-Jahnke 2005

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4 He Huarahi Motuhake The Politics of Tribal Agency in Provider Services Huia Tomlins-Jahnke Ngäti Kahungunu, Ngäti Toa Rangatira, Ngai Tahu Submitted in fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Te Pütahi a Toi School of Mäori Studies Massey University, Palmerston North New Zealand 2005

5 He Karakia Karangahia Täne ki te paepae tapu i a Rehua I te hiku mutu o rangi Ka turuturu i konei Te Tawhito-rangi, Te Tawhito-uenuku Te Tawhito-atua Ka rawe Täne I te hiringa matua I te hiringa taketake Ki te ao märama, Ka waiho hei ara mö te tini E whakarauika nei, e tä e! He Poroporoäki E po! E po! E tangi tonu ana te po ki Parahaki, E heke! E heke! E heke tonu ana a Roimata a Hüpe. Ka kore e mutu ko te mamae Ka kore e mutu ana te ngaungau ki taku ate Aue, Aue, Taukiri e! Kei töku päpä, kei taku kaiarahia, kei te hoea morehu o te pakanga tuarua o te ao, Ahakoa kua rere atu ki rerenga wairua, ahakoa kua hoki koe ki te tini ki te mano, kei te tika tonu koe kei roto i te ngäkau, kei roto i te hinengaro. Kua ngaro kë te tangi o te manu huia, kua ngaro hoki tou reo whakatangitangi ataahua. Na reira e te matua, arohaina ana koe e te whänau. Kua whawhaitia i te whawhai pai, Kua omahia i te oma pai, Ka ea, Ka ea. This thesis is dedicated to my loving parents Guy Perenara Tomlins and Olivia Munro Tomlins

6 He Mihi Kei aku nui, kei aku rahi, Kei te pae maunga Tararua, Kei ngä karanga hapü o Raukawa te Au ki te Tonga E te Rünanga o Raukawa, Ka rere ngä mihi aroha ki a koutou, Nä koutou ahau i awhi, i tohutohutia ki tënei mahi Kei te mihi, kei te tangi atu mo tëna taonga, ko te mohiotanga. Tëna rawa atu koutou katoa. Ko Kahuränaki me Aorangi ngä maunga Ko Ngaruroro me Te Awe ngä awa Ko Ngarengare me Ngai Te Ipu ngä hapü Ko Houngarea me Te Whakaki ngä marae Ko Takitimu te waka Ko Ngäti Kahungunu te iwi Tihei Mauri ora, ki te whei ao, ki te ao märama! This thesis could not have been completed without the assistance and support of many people. I would like to begin by acknowledging all the organisations, their management and staff, who took part in this study- Te Rünanga o Raukawa, Ngäti Kahungunu Iwi Incorporated, Te Taiwhenua o Heretaunga, tënä koutou. To the trustees of Mana Tamariki, Te Rangihaeta Hauora and Te Whänau Mua Trust, ténä koutou kätoa. I would also like to thank Debbie Marshal Lobb, Rawiri Tinirau, Indiana Hoterini and Oriana Paewai for sharing their thoughts and experience working in iwi/mäori contexts in the early stages of the research. Shirley Barnett, Annmarie Gillies, Hine Waitere-Ang, Frances White, Haare Arapere, Kathryn Atvars, Margie Maaka and Julia Taiapa provided invaluable moral support, advice and assistance throughout the period. I would also like to acknowledge Karen Churton at the Massey University library who assisted with sourcing information and Bruce White who helped solve the technical glitches and insurmountable molehills. A special thanks to all my colleagues at Te Pütahi a Toi, particularly Margaret Forster for relieving my courses while I was on study leave, David Butts who provided advice and direction during the latter stages, and Jean Vanags who assisted with formatting. I reserve very special thanks for my supervisor Professor Mason Durie, who has been a mentor over the years providing wisdom, guidance and support, coupled with a great sense of humour, during the course of this thesis. Ngä mihi nui ki a koe e te rangatira. A special thankyou also to my second supervisor Professor Linda Smith who continued to provide wonderful support and encouragement from a distance. Finally, I wish to acknowledge the support of my family. To my sister Mana Gayle who kept the home fires burning in my absence, thank you. To my husband Robert, whose scholarly advice and tolerance made it possible for me to complete this project, thank you. To our daughter Shelley, a source of inspiration, thank you. And to my parents Guy and Olivia Tomlins to whom this thesis is dedicated, who instilled in us the importance of a good education, hard work and endeavour, much love. Huia Tomlins-Jahnke March 2005

7 Abstract This thesis explores the nature of tribal service provision, in particular the characteristics that distinguish tribal provider services. An indigenous research paradigm, Mäori philosophical traditions and tribal histories provide the context for researching and theorising about the three tribal organisations upon which this study is based. The thesis argues that tribal authorities emerged not only as a response to state policies of devolution but also as ongoing expressions of self-determination. How tribal organisational bureaucracies were established historically provides the context for examining the interface between tribal organisations and the state. In particular, specific historical events leading up to the 1840 annexation of New Zealand by Britain that demonstrate British assumptions of authority, humanitarian ideals and interventions by state functionaries in the affairs of New Zealand. A discussion on the nature of the state as the basis for Eurocentric bias in modern constitutionalism offers a platform for understanding the art of government. Four interconnecting themes give a systematic basis for exploring the distinctive characteristics of tribal provider services that emerged as significant in this study; ngä mahi a ngä tangata examines advocacy, responsiveness and relevancy. Ngä mahi mä te iwi considers how links to the Mäori communities are constituted relative to whänau, hapü and marae. Ngä mahi a ngä tipuna explores how culture counts and the place of Mäori culture and traditions in the workplace. Ngä mahi tuara examines cultural frameworks located within Mäori philosophical and customary practices and traditions. Finally, an analysis is given of the contracting environment and the counterstrategies employed by the participants in this study in countering the limitations imposed by the terms of state contracts.

8 Contents Dedication - He Karakia, He Poroporoki Abstract Acknowledgements - He Mihi Introduction... i CHAPTER ONE... 1 An indigenous methodology... 1 Towards An Indigenous Paradigm... 1 Defining the terms... 2 An indigenous world-view... 6 Mäori Approaches to Research Constructing Mäori knowledge and Culture Appropriate Methodologies for Mäori Research Customary attitudes to knowledge A Mäori relevant process of enquiry The principle of whakapapa Access Issues of bias and insider/outsider perspectives The principle of Te Reo Mäori The principle of Tikanga Mäori Principle of mana Mäori Research methods negotiated Engagement with participants Ownership and control of information Principle of whakatuia Qualitative analysis tool CHAPTER 2 PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS The principle of hui The principle of utu The principles of tapu and noa Principle of noa The principle of tuku iho The principle of whakarite Märanga The principle of wänanga Search for the female Element The principle of whakapapa Relationship between humankind and the deities CHAPTER 3 HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL CONTEXTS Group Identity and Customary Social Organisation Whänau, hapü, iwi Characteristics of Social Order Mähinga tahi Manaaki tangata Mana motuhake The genealogical method Ngäti Kahungunu Ngäti Raukawa ki te Tonga Tribal links between Ngäti Kahungunu and Ngäti Raukawa The development of Iwi Governance structures as legal entities... 64

9 Rünanga schemes District Councils Tribal Committees The establishment of Mäori committees Mäori Women s Welfare League Some legal governance options Effects of the urban migration The decade of Mäori development CHAPTER 4 THE DEVELOPMENT OF IWI AUTHORITIES Development of Rünanga Mäori Response to devolution Establishment of tribal authorities The changing role of Iwi Authorities Population profile Organisational structures Tikanga-a-iwi and Tikanga-kawanatanga Pou Rahui: Territorial Authority Mana Tangata: Vested Authority Kaupapa Ture: Constitution Tikanga here: Bureaucracy Roopu Rangatiratanga: Iwi Governance Perceptions of Governance Roopu whakahaere: management CHAPTER 5 IDEOLOGICAL DISCOURSES OF THE STATE Imperialism in a global context Colonial relations Mäori and the Crown Humanitarian ideals and the amalgamation of Mäori Role of State Functionaries The Nature of the State Some exclusionary and assimilatory features of modern constitutionalism The Notion of Citizenship Indigeneity and the concept of citizenship CHAPTER 6 THE TRIBAL STATE INTERFACE Analytics of government Internal colonisation and the welfare state Keyesianism and neoliberal traditions Mäori Perceptions of State Policies Narrowly fixed and restrictive policies Regimes of practice The politics of illusion Exclusionary tactics Impact of technologies of government Mixed Paradigms Consequences of appropriated frameworks The politics of compromise Exposing Strategies of Difference Politics of justification A question of political will Exposing barriers to effective relationships Art of Resistance Knowing the Enemy Knowledge of the Inside Tuning into politics

10 CHAPTER 7 CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIBAL ORGANISATIONS The parameters of inquiry Ngä mahi a ngä tangata Role of Mäori service provider Advocacy Responsiveness Relevant provision Working as a tribal member The freedom to be Mäori Lasting the distance Ngä Mahi mä te Iwi Whakapapa links with community Marae as a focus of communal interaction Marae based kaumätua hui Marae equivalents CHAPTER 8 CULTURE COUNTS By Mäori, for Mäori Understanding Mäori values Values orientations Man/nature orientation Temporal focus Modality of activity Modality of relationship to others Tikanga in the workplace Definining kaupapa and tikanga Methodologies of conduct Conduct of the organisation Maintaining consistency Reflecting a tikanga face The place of tikanga in administration and bureaucracy Injecting a Mäori flavour Maintaining cultural integrity Conduct of individuals in the field Ecology of the Workspace Architecture of space A spiritual milieu Ngä mahi tuara Alternative Mäori Frameworks Mana tangata Taonga Tuku Iho Akoranga Wänanga framework Pëpehä and whakatauki Taonga Mäori Ngä ritenga Hono Tätai Whare tapu whä Ngä Kaupapa CHAPTER 9 THE CONTRACTING ENVIRONMENT Effects of neo-liberalism on the contracting environment Partnership perspectives The Treaty and the third way Contractual Requirements Terms of the Contract Negotiating the Terms Output mentalities

11 Fragmented services Effects of Contracting with the State Countering Contractual Constraints Exteriority Congruity Retraction Credible iwi/state relations Iwi Social Services: A Case Study Structure Resourcing problem Authority/autonomy Iwi/State Relationships CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION Characteristics of Iwi providers Appendices Interview schedule Glossary of Mäori terms Maps Ngäti Kahungunu tribal boundaries Ngäti Raukawa ki te Tonga tribal boundaries Bibliography