TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TERMINOLOGY LIST OF APPENDICES

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1 vii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE DECLARATION DEDICATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT ABSTRAK TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TERMINOLOGY LIST OF APPENDICES ii iii iv v vi vii xi xii xviii xx 1 INTRODUCTION Preface Problem Statement Aim of Study Objective of Study Significance of Study Scope of Study Constrain and Limitation Thesis Organization 5 2 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Design Methodology Selection of Study Subject 11

2 viii Resources of Data Data Collection and Analysis Problem and Solution Summary 16 3 SHAPE GRAMMAR FORMALISM Introduction to Shape Grammar Shape Grammar Applications in Architecture Shape Grammar Computer Implementation Shape Grammar Experiments Using Autodesk 3ds Max Experiment Experiment Benefits and Advantages of Shape Grammar Summary 43 4 REVIEW ON PREVIOUS PROJECTS Introduction Three Previous Shape Grammar Projects The Language of Frank Lloyd Wright s Prairie 47 Houses The Japanese Tearooms Shape Grammar The Grammar of Queen Anne Houses Conclusion Summary 91 5 THE EXISTING RUDINARA DESIGN Introduction to Rudinara Residence Review on the Existing Design Design Analysis Space System Structure System Envelope System Circulation System 114

3 ix 5.4 Summary THE SHAPE GRAMMAR OF RUDINARA The Shape Grammar of Rudinara Rules for Creating Basic Composition Rules for Creating Ornamentations The Process of Generating a Design Summary NEW RUDINARA-STYLE HOUSES Detail Design of the New Rudinara-Style Houses New Generated Design New Generated Design New Generated Design New Generated Design New Generated Design New Generated Design Summary CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION Conclusion Response to Research Question Contributions of the Thesis Discussion Thesis Introduction Methodology of the Research Introduction Towards Shape Grammar Examples of Previous Projects Existing Rudinara Design Shape Rules Design New Rudinara-Style Designs Recommendation 197

4 x REFERENCES 198 Appendices A B

5 xi LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 3.1 List of shape grammar computer implementations and the 32 programs used to develop them. 5.1 Window and door schedule Shape rule schemata for creating basic compositional form Shape rule schemata for creating ornamentations 143

6 xii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 1.1 The Rudinara residence (2005 Afaizal photography) An example of a shape rule (left) and a design generated by 19 applying the rule (Knight, 2006 [b]). 3.2 An example of a labeled rule (left) and a design it generates 19 (Knight, 2006 [b]). 3.3 Transformation of shape in two-dimensional environment 20 (Knight, 2006 [b]). 3.4 A two-dimensional shape grammar application with two shape 21 rule schemata (top) and the computation process (above) (Knight, 2006 [b]). 3.5 The addition and subtraction rules and the computation process 23 using both rules (Knight, 2006 [b]). 3.6 An example of the application of a labeled rule on the symmetry 24 group of the initial shape (Knight, 2006 [b]). 3.7 Examples of initial shapes in parametric shape grammars The existing garden design of Taj Mahal (left) and the new 27 design created by the Mughul garden shape grammar (Stiny and Mitchell, 1980) 3.9 A sectional model (left) and completed model of the Villa 28 Valmarana created using the Palladian construction grammar ( PALLADIO/p_villas_home.html) 3.10 Top: the design of Historical Museum at San Gimignano, Italy 29 by Randy Brown. Above: the shape rule (Knight, 2006 [b]) The design of an apartment house complex by Murat Sanal and 29 the underlying rule of the design. (Knight, 2006 [b]) 3.12 Shape replacement in spatial relation (Knight, 1981) 30

7 xiii 3.13 The three axes in 3ds Max represented by arows with different 34 colours together with the grid lines to indicate the size of an object The shape rule schema of experiment 1 showing the initial 35 object (left) and how the object should be transformed (right) A few designs generated using pre-determined computation A few designs generated using random computation A simple user interface to execute the shape grammar 38 application 3.18 Shape rule schema in experiment 2 with red markers to illustrate 39 the orientation of the box before and after transformation Several designs generated using pre-determined computation of 39 the rule 3.20 A few designs generated using random computation of the rule Three of eleven of Frank Lloyd Wright s prairie houses which 48 were examined in this research (McCarter, 1997). 4.2 The first phase to analyse the prairie houses design 50 (McCarter R., 1997, Koning & Eizenberg, 1981). 4.3 Parameters and graphic conventions used in the presentation of 52 the shape rules (Koning & Eizenberg, 1981). 4.4 Shape rule schemata to create basic compositional form 54 (Koning & Eizenberg, 1981). 4.5 Some of the eighty-nine basic compositional forms enumerated 55 by the writer which are suitable for double-height living zone arrangements (Koning & Eizenberg, 1981). 4.6 Shape rule schemata for ornamenting basic compositions 57 (Koning & Eizenberg, 1981). 4.7 Some of the two-storey designs derived from previous basic 61 compositional forms (Koning & Eizenberg, 1981). 4.8 The new prairie-style house designs (Koning & Eizenberg, 1981) A typical design of a tea house (Knight, 1981) The initial shape of the grammar (Knight, 1981). 65

8 xiv 4.11 The shape rule schemata to create a Japanese tearoom design 69 (Knight, 1981) Some of the possible designs of tearoom which consists of all 73 elements created using the shape grammar (Knight, 1981) The process of generating a design using the shape grammar as 74 demonstrated in the re-creation of Tai-an tearoom (Knight, 1981) The existing design of a Queen Anne house in Shadyside district, 76 Pittsburgh (Flemming, 1986) A few sample plans of Queen Anne houses (Flemming, 1986) The shape rules to create a Queen Anne house plan and examples 82 of layouts generated by the rules (Flemming, 1986) The shape rules to create exterior articulation of the Queen Anne 85 house and examples of forms generated by the rules (Flemming, 1986) Rules for addition of porches (Flemming, 1986) Examples of growing porches. (a) Around left-hand corner, 88 (b) around right-hand corner (Flemming, 1986) Rules for generation of bottom ends of chimney breasts 89 (Flemming, 1986) Examples of bottom ends of chimney breasts generated by 89 application of rules 26 to 32 (Flemming, 1986). 5.1 Ground floor plan First floor plan Second floor plan Plan of the clerestorey above master bedroom Roof plan The front elevation of the house Top: the rear elevation, center: the right elevation, and 103 bottom: the left elevation of the house

9 xv 5.8 Top and center: perspective view from the front, and bottom: 104 perspective view from the east 5.9 Top: bird s eye view, center: perspective view from the north 105 east, and bottom: perspective view from the north west 5.10 View upwards from inside the core (Salinger R., 2007) Left: The structural grid of the house made of a basic unit a 110 with the core indicated by blue shade. Right: a combination of four basic units The diamond shaped roof was actually stretched out from the 114 main hexagonal roof above the second floor. 6.1 The initial object (left) and the initial plane The process flow of the shape grammar of Rudinara Schema 1 applies to create the initial object Schema 2 reflects the initial object at all its three sides Grouping of four initial objects as specified in schema Either of schema 4 (above) and schema 5 (below) is applied to 121 create a basic floor 6.7 Schema 6 applies to reflect a hexagonal shaped basic floor to 122 form a larger floor area 6.8 Rules for locating the core on the basic floor. a) Schema 7, 122 b) schema 8, c) schema 9, and d) schema Schema 11 enumerates all the possible locations of an 123 extension object 6.10 Function of spaces are assigned according to schema Schema 13 (left) and schema 14 (right) are applied to begin 124 the transformation of the verandah floor 6.12 Formation of a verandah as indicated in schema Schemata 16 (above) and 17 (below) apply to create a basic 125 floor of the upper level 6.14 Schema 18 restricts the way upper basic floor extension may 125 be created

10 xvi 6.15 Schema 19 (above) and schema 20 (below) to create a 126 verandah on the upper level 6.16 Schemata 21 (left) and 22 (right) which apply to create a 127 clerestorey and raise the whole design on columns respectively 6.17 Various designs of basic compositional form created using the 130 shape rule schemata 6.18 Schema 24 (above) and schema 25 (below) are both applied to 134 create protrusion to a rectangular wall with a width of two initial objects 6.19 Schemata 26 (left) and 27 (right) specify the ways to create 134 columns for verandah on the lower level and the upper level respectively 6.20 A perfect pyramid roof is created according to the specification 135 of schemata 28 (left) and 29 (right) 6.21 Schema 30 applies to create a perfect pyramid roof at a verandah Schema 31 specifies the way the roof of the immediate level 136 below the clerestorey is to be roofed 6.23 Rules for creating roof for the extension object. a) schema 32, 137 b) schema 33, and c) schema Roof overhangs are created around the building with the 138 application of schemata 35 (left) and 36 (right) 6.25 Connecting roof overhangs at the corner as indicated by schema Modification of lower roof overhangs at a wall protrusion as 139 specified by schema Schema 39 applies to place columns at each segment of the wall Arrangements of windows or doors on the external wall as 140 indicated by schema 40 (above) and schema 41 (below) 6.29 Schema 42 specifies the way to place an empty wall next to any 141 group of windows and doors 6.30 Schema 43 applies to place windows on the clerestorey Schema 44 (top), schema 45 (center) and schema 46 (bottom) 141 are all concern with the placement of windows on the protruded wall

11 xvii 6.32 Glazed panels are placed on the newly created wall according to 142 schema 47 (top), schema 48 (center) and schema 49 (bottom) 6.33 Schema 50 applies to place entrance door on the core wall Basic compositional forms which have been ornamented The process of generating design using the shape grammar of 152 Rudinara 7.1 The process of creating the new Rudinara-style house design Floor plans of the new Rudinara-style house design External perspective images of house The process of creating the new Rudinara-style house design Floor plans of the new Rudinara-style house design Detail plan and external perspective images of house The process of creating the new Rudinara-style house design Floor plans of the new Rudinara-style house design Detail plan and external perspective images of house The process of creating the new Rudinara-style house design Floor plans of the new Rudinara-style house design Detail plan and external perspective images of house The process of creating the new Rudinara-style house design Floor plans of the new Rudinara-style house design Detail plan and external perspective images of house The process of creating the new Rudinara-style house design Floor plans of the new Rudinara-style house design Detail plan and external perspective images of house 6 186

12 xviii LIST OF TERMINOLOGY Corpus - A large collection of building design examples of the usage of a particular design language, employed in design analysis Computation - 1) The calculating of something, or the result of a calculation. 2) The use of a computer, especially for calculation, or something calculated using a computer Formalism - A method of aesthetic analysis that emphasizes structural elements and artistic techniques rather than content, especially in literary works Grammar - The rules for composing or using a particular design style, or an analysis of the rules of a particular aspect of style Interface - Software that links a computer with the set of commands, messages, images, and other features allowing communication between computer and user Implementation - To put something into effect or action Iteration - The repetition of a sequence of instructions in a computer program until a result is achieved Loop - Set of instructions in a computer program that is repeated a particular number of times or until a specific objective has been achieved Manual - Operated by a person rather than a computer, or by human effort rather than executed by computer Parameter - A measurable quantity, e.g. length and height, that determines the result of a scientific experiment and can be altered to vary the result Real time - The time in which a computer system processes and updates data as soon as it is received from some external source such as a user interface. The time available to receive the data, process it, and respond to the external process is dictated by the time constraints imposed by the process.

13 xix Rule - 1) An authoritative principle set forth to guide behavior or action. 2) A mathematical procedure for performing an operation or solving a problem Shape - An arrangement of basic elements in space, anything from a point or a symbol, a line, a hatched area or a three-dimensional object Schema - A diagram or plan showing the basic outline of something. Plural: Schemata Script - A sequence of automated computer commands embedded in a program that tells the program to execute a specific procedure when an interface is clicked Transform - To change something completely, especially improving their appearance Vocabulary - All the elements used in a design language as a whole

14 xx LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A The program script of shape grammar computer 202 implementation experiment 1 B The program script of shape grammar computer 204 implementation experiment 2

R511 ROTCH 2R001. Design by Grammar: Algorithmic Design in an Architectural Context. M. Birgul Colakoglu. M.S. Architectural Design (1990)

R511 ROTCH 2R001. Design by Grammar: Algorithmic Design in an Architectural Context. M. Birgul Colakoglu. M.S. Architectural Design (1990) Design by Grammar: Algorithmic Design in an Architectural Context By M. Birgul Colakoglu M.S. Architectural Design (1990) Yildiz Technical University Submitted to the School of Architecture in Partial