Александров С.В. Атлантический научно-исследовательский институт рыбного хозяйства и океанографии, г. Калининград, Россия,

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1 Многолетний комплексный мониторинг ФГУП «АтлантНИРО» экологического состояния и загрязнения Вислинского и Куршского заливов Long-term monitoring of FSUE "AtlantNIRO" of the ecological state and pollution of the Vistula and Curonian Lagoons Александров С.В. Атлантический научно-исследовательский институт рыбного хозяйства и океанографии, г. Калининград, Россия, Sergey Aleksandrov Atlantic Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography, Dm. Donskoy Str., Kaliningrad, Russia

2 MONITORING RESEARCHES OF THE CURONIAN LAGOON AND VISTULA LAGOONS AAAaa A AA A Curonian Lagoon С Vistula Lagoon RESEARCH PROGRAM I. Hydrological parameters temperature, salinity, transparency II. Hydrochemical parameters ph, oxygen, OD, nutrients, detergents, oil products Fig.. Sampling location in the Lagoons in 99 III. Hydrobiological parameters chlorophyll, phytoplankton, primary production, zooplankton, benthos, fish IV. Radioecological researches Technogenic 9Sr, 7Cs in water Technogenic (9Sr, 7Cs), natural (K, Ra, Th) in sediments The Curonian and Vistula Lagoon are the largest coastal lagoons of the altic Sea. These lagoons are quite different in continental runoff and salinity. The ecological state and pollution were carried out monthly (since 99 to ) from March - April to November at stations in the Curonian Lagoon and at 9 stations in the Vistula Lagoon. Collection, preservation and processing of hydrobiological samples were carried out using a standard methods accepted by Russia and Countries of European Communities (Edler, 977; HELCOM, 988; ICES techniques,, etc.). The database includes stations in the Curonian Lagoon, 7 stations in the Vistula Lagoon complex hydrochemical and hydrobiological researches for the period 99-

3 Curonian and Vistula Lagoons are located in the densely populated areas with developed industry, agriculture. Lagoons are subject to the strong impact of the CAUSES of EUTROPHICATION. Nutrient loading (Vistula Lagoon) b Fig.. Load of nitrogen (a) and phosphorus (б) in the Vistula Lagoon with Pregolia river runoff: from the catchment area upstream Kaliningrad, including the Kaliningrad waste water ááa % %% 9% Phosphorus % àb %% 7% % % % % % 7% Nitrogen 7% % anthropogenic factors (nutrients and pollutants input with river flow and waste water). 7% Vistula Lagoon 9 P total, μg P/l 8 μg P/l N total, μg N/l a ton Р/year ton N/year 8 Curonian Lagoon 7 8 μg P/l N total, μg N/l P total, μg P/l Fig.. The contribution of various sources to receipt of phosphorus (a) and nitrogen (b) with river flow into the Vistula Lagoon: - waste water, - arable lands, - pastures, - forests,, - other) Fig.. Long-term variability of the average for the vegetation season (April-October) concentrations of total phosphorus and total nitrogen in the lagoons

4 . «looming» of A Cyanobacteria N:P = Febr March Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov IV V Cyanophyta Others Vistula Lagoon looming of Cyanobacteria Chl a / m N:P = 7 Jan Febr March Apr May June July Aug Sept VI VII VIII IX acillariophyta Chlorophyll "a" X XI Chlorophyta 7 mg N, P/m Oct Nov Fig.. Seasonal changes of the concentrations mineral forms of nitrogen (), phosphorus () and chlorophyll a () in - Phytoplankton, g/m 9 looming of Cyanobacteria 7 Chl a / m Hyperblooming of Cyanobacteria Phytoplankton, g / m mg Chl a /m mg Chl a /m CAUSES of EUTROPHICATION. Concentrations of nutrients and their ratio mg N, P/m Curonian Lagoon IV V Cyanophyta Others VI VII VIII IX acillariophyta Chlorophyll "a" X XI Chlorophyta Fig.. iomass of phytoplankton and chlorophyll concentration in the Curonian Lagoon (A) and Vistula () Lagoon in

5 , С С 9 8 (а) Vistula Lagoon 9,7 R =,7, n = 7 ΣA =,9 t - - гс м мес 8,8 ΣA =, t R =,7, n = 7 8 С С Fig. 7. Correlation total primary production of phytoplankton per day (a) and monthly (b) and average monthly water temperature in the Curonian Lagoon and Vistula Lagoon 8 8 A IV 7 (б) - - R =,8, n = 8 гс м сут ΣA =, t - V 8 8 VI VII VIII IX X XI Month 8 8 IV V VI VII VIII IX t, С R =,8, n = 8 (б) X t, С гс м мес -, ΣA =, t гс м сут PP, gc/(m day) Curonian (а) Lagoon Water temperature is the key environment factor determining the seasonal and long-tern variability of abundance of phytoplankton and primary production in the lagoons. The optimal temperature causing the reproduction outburst of the Aphanizomenon flos-aquae ( hyperblooming in the Curonian Lagoon), is observed at water warming-up to -ºС Chlorophyll a, mg/m CAUSES of EUTROPHICATION :. Climate changes (increase of water temperature) XI Month Fig. 8. The temperature of water and A) concentration of chlorophyll a, ) primary production in the Curonian Lagoon in (, ) and (, )

6 = Aphanizomenon flos-aquae 7 PP, gс/(m year) t,c,, 8, Hyperblooming of Cyanobacteria, 7,, TP, µg/l t, C, Hyperblooming of Cyanobacteria 7,,,,, 8, Fig.. The mean for the growing season (April - October) total phosphorus () and temperature of water (),,,,, Fig.. The mean for the growing season (April - October) chlorophyll () and temperature of water () Fig. 9. Total primary production () and mean for the growing season (April - October) temperature of water (), 8 TN, µg/l t, C Hyperblooming of Cyanobacteria,,,,, 8, In the Curonian Lagoon the water temperature exceeds ºС only in some warm years. In these warm years Aph. flosaquae formed high biomass in summer and autumn, which results in hyperblooms. In the years when temperature does not reach С "hyperblooming" is not observed. t, C Chl a, µg/l 9 Hyperblooming of Cyanobacteria looming of Cyanobacteria in the Curonian Lagoon Fig.. The mean for the growing season (April October) total nitrogen () and temperature of water ()

7 CAUSES of EUTROPHICATION :. Climate changes in the Curonian Lagoon, t, C A,,,, Figure. The mean for the growing season (April - October) temperature of water in the Curonian Lagoons, , Table. Primary production in the Curonian Lagoon Year Mean А, gс/ (m year) t, С,9,,,7,7,,7,8,,9,,7 The trend towards increase number of warm years has been observed. The mean for the growing season water temperature above.с, typical to hyperblooming, was observed times in 97s, times in 98s, times in 99s, and times in s. The trend to increase the mean water warming-up during a decade was recorded (from. С in 97s to.7 С in s, i.е. equaled to.с) Hyperblooming of Cyanobacteria was observed during years in 98s in the period of the most intensive nutrients loading, while years hyperblooming of Cyanobacteria were observed in 99s and s when the nutrients loading from lagoon catchment area multiple decreased. The years with hyperblooming coincide with the years of the maximum water warming-up. The more intensive water warming and the increase in the number of warm years in 99-s created favorable conditions for Cyanobacteria. The local climate warming in the altic region is a probable reason of the ongoing eutrophication of the Curonian Lagoon despite of significant reduction of external nutrients loading.

8 CAUSES of EUTROPHICATION Fig.. The environmental factors determining level of biological production and the trophic status of the lagoon «close type» (Curonian Lagoon). Hypertrophic water body PP = - gc m- year-, Chl = -9 mg/m S > дней Fig.. Salinity of water (the data from Ferrarin et al., 8) Freshwater (. ) «Hyperbloom» of Cyanobacteria (Aph. flos-aquae) High concentrations of total phosphorus (87- μgр/l) and total nitrogen (99- μgn/l) High external Silts with high nut- nutrients loading (.8-. gp/m, rients - gn/m concentfig.. Grounds and zones of transitrations in year) and accumulation (Ferrarin et al., 8) Weak water exchange on most part of lagoon Fig. 7. Water exchange (the (< year-)data from Ferrarin et al., 8) Strong summer warming-up of water (до - С) Shallow (mean depth.8 m) Local climate warming in 99- Fig. 8. athymetrical map (Gudelis, 99)

9 EUTROPHICATION of the LAGOON: Trophic status of the Curonian Lagoon Klaipeda A Zelenogradsk Kaliningrad 9 7. Polessk RUSSIA. 9 Zelenogradsk Table.Trophic classification for altic Sea Chl a, А, Type - - mg/m gс m year <,8,8- - > Zelenogradsk Polessk Polessk 8 9 Kaliningrad 9 RUSSIA. POLAND Fig. 9. Trophic status of the Vistula and Curonian Lagoons and the South-Eastern altic Sea based on mean for growing season (April October) chlorophyll concentration (μg/l) in 99- (A) and () Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Hypertrophic. 9 RUSSIA POLAND Trophic status.. Kaliningrad.. Klaipeda Klaipeda < > Fig.. Trophic status of the Vistula and Curonian Lagoons in - based on primary production for year, gс m- year- The Curonian Lagoon may be characterized as hypertrophic water body. The primary production and chlorophyll concentration in this Lagoon are one of greatest in water bodies of basin of the altic Sea. Mean annual primary production in s ( gc/m) is considerable higher, than in the middle of 97s, when annual primary production was gc/m). That, probably, can testify about significant eutrophication for last thirty years.

10 О, g / m mgchl /m Date Fig.. Contents of oxygen () and chlorophyll () in the coastal part during the hyperbloom of Cyanobacteria (July - August ). Fig.. The spatial distribution of oxygen in the euphotic layer (August ) In the coastal zone concentration and decomposition of Cyanobacteria leads to the oxygen deficit (till anoxic conditions) and death of fish. These phenomena are of local Fig.. Primary production (), mineralization () nature and determined by and contents of oxygen () in the photic layer in the direction of the wind during the coastal part during the hyperbloom. blooming period..9. July July July Aug Aug Aug Aug (day)(evening)... О, g / m gc m hour - NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF EUTROPHICATION: oxygen deficit and... death of fish Date Fig.. Concentration and decomposition of Cyanobacteria and death of fish in the coastal part during the hyperbloom

11 NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF EUTROPHICATION: toxins of Cyanobacteria looming of Cyanobacteria in the Curonian Lagoon + = Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs The species of Cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae which blooming in the Curonian Lagoon can produce toxins (Kaebernick & Neilan, ). During the Cyanobacteria blooming concentration microcystins varied between. and μg l- in water of the Curonian Lagoon whereas safe level of. μg l- for drinking water (Paldaviciene et al., 9, WHO, 998). Intoxication by Cyanobacteria results in pathological damages. In the period of Cyanobacteria blooming in the Curonian Lagoon the morphopathological and histopathological changes were found in 7-8% of mature bream (Abramis brama). Fig.. Chemical structures of the most common cyanobacterial hepatotoxins and neurotoxins (Source: Kaebern, Neilan, ) The detected pathological changes in zooplankton and fish were similar to the symptoms of affected by toxins of Cyanobacteria. This indicates the possible toxic impact of Cyanobacteria on fish and pollution effect on the ecosystem of the Curonian Lagoon.

12 Climate change in the Vistula Lagoon Trend of the water temperature The local climate warming in 99s-s affected the water temperature in the Vistula Lagoon also. The trend towards the mean water temperature increase in the Vistula Lagoon was more pronounced as compared to the Curonian Lagoon. The mean water temperature for the growing season above.с was observed times in 97s, times in 98s, times in 99s, and 8 times in s. The trend to increase the mean water warming-up during a decade was recorded (from. С in 97s to. С in s, i.е. equaled to.с). Fig.. The mean for the growing season (April - October) temperature of water in the Vistula Lagoon and Curonian Lagoons t, C Curonian Lagoon Vistula Lagoon ,,,,,,,,,,

13 Fig. 7. The environmental factors determining level of biological production and the trophic status of the Lagoons. Curonian Lagoon Vistula Lagoon Hypertrophic water body Eutrophic water body PP = - gc m- year-, Chl = - mg/m, phyt = -7 g/m PP = -7 gc m- year-, Chl = 8- mg/m, phyt = - g/m Freshwater (. ) «Hyperbloom» of Cyanobacteria (Aph. flos-aquae) High concentrations of total phosphorus (87- μgр/m) and total nitrogen (9- μgn/m) High external Silts with nutrients loading high nut(.8-. gp/m, rients - gn/m concentin year) rations A Slow-flow ravelocity ckish on the most (-8 ) part of lagoon Shallow (mean depth.8 м) The biological productivity and eutrophication of the Vistula Lagoon does not attain its potentially possible level. Local climate warming in 99- High-flow velocity No «hyperbloom» of Cyanobacteria High concentrations of total phosphorus (- μgр/l) and total nitrogen (-9 μgn/l) Strong summer warming-up of water (- С) High external nutrients loading (.-. gp/m, - gn/m in year) Silts with high nutrients concentrations (8.9 year-) Strong summer warming-up A of water (- С) Shallow (mean depth.7 м) Local climate warming in 99- Curonian Lagoon (A) and Vistula Lagoon () The water exchange between the Vistula Lagoon and the altic Sea is very important for the water body trophic level decrease. Hydrodynamic activity and brackish water due to intensive inflow of the sea water prevent the prolonged intensive development of Cyanobacteria, in particular, no hyperblooming Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Microcystis aeruginosa.

14 с.ш..7 À 8 EUTROPHICATION.7 À с.ш. с.ш Á Á в.д Mineralization in the water column, gс/(m year) Chlorophyll in.. surfer, mg/m Á в.д.. в.д Á À 7. À 9.8 в.д.. с.ш.9.7 в.д..7 с.ш Mineralization in the photic zone, gс/(m year) Primary production, gс/(m year) с.ш. в.д...7с.ш с.ш..7с.ш. Â Â.7.. Salinity, Chlorophyll in water column, mg/m Fig. 8. Spatial distribution average for vegetative period values in the Vistula Lagoon for period of thelagoon: Effects salinity on the spatial distribution.

15 EUTROPHICATION of the LAGOON: Trophic status of the Curonian Lagoon Klaipeda A Zelenogradsk Kaliningrad 9 7. Polessk RUSSIA. 9 Zelenogradsk Table.Trophic classification for altic Sea Chl a, А, Type - - mg/m gс m year <,8,8- - > Zelenogradsk Polessk Polessk 8 9 Kaliningrad 9 RUSSIA. POLAND Fig. 9. Trophic status of the Vistula and Curonian Lagoons and the South-Eastern altic Sea based on mean for growing season (April October) chlorophyll concentration (μg/l) in 99- (A) and () Oligotrophic Mesotrophic Eutrophic Hypertrophic. 9 RUSSIA POLAND Trophic status.. Kaliningrad.. Klaipeda Klaipeda < > Fig.. Trophic status of the Vistula and Curonian Lagoons in - based on primary production for year, gс m- year- In the central area of the Vistula Lagoon, which is under the influence of sea waters, the level of eutrophication is reduced with "hypertrophic" to "eutrophic" according to the values of chlorophyll and primary production. In eastern part of the Vistula Lagoon at similar concentrations of nutrients the intensity of development of Cyanophyta is many times higher, and "hypertrophic" level are stably observed.

16 Water body Type Trophic status Effects of the climate change, eutrophication and algal blooms in the Lagoons Curonian Lagoons Choked lagoon Hypertrophic. Hyperblooming of freshwater Cyanobacteria is observed long period (July-October). Dominant species of Cyanobacteria is the toxic and the concentrations of toxins may exceed safe levels.. Accumulation and decomposition of Cyanobacteria results in oxygen deficiency and death of fish in local areas of the coastal zone.. The pathological changes in zooplankton and fish were similar to the symptoms of affected by toxins of Cyanobacteria.. Phytoplankton production ( gс/(m year) exceeds mineralization of organic matter (on %) that leads to accumulation of organic matter in water and sediments and further eutrophication.. Deterioration of hydrochemical parameters (exceeded MPC continually for OD and periodically local for nutrients). Vistula Lagoon Restricted lagoon Eutrophichypertrophic. The blooming of brackish-water Cyanobacteria (sometimes to level of hyperblooming) is observed briefly in the summer.. Phytoplankton production (-9 gс/(m year)) exceeds mineralization of organic matter (on %). In restricted lagoon that leads outwelling organic matter and nutrients in the marine waters.. Deterioration of hydrochemical parameters (exceeded MPC continually for OD and periodically local for nutrients). SouthEastern altic Coastal zone Eutrophic. The blooming of brackish-water Cyanobacteria is observed locally and briefly in the summer. The concentrations of Cyanobacteria toxins are small and have no effect on aquatic organisms.. Deterioration of hydrochemical parameters (exceeded MPC for OD