Regional differences in phosphorus management challenges and solutions within the EU

Transcription

1 Sustainable P use in the EU 2 nd Scientific European PhosphorusWorkshop 6 th and 7 th February 2013, Wageningen University and Research centre Regional differences in phosphorus management challenges and solutions within the EU István SISÁK University of Pannonia, Georgikon Faculty 16 Deák F. st. H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary talajtan@georgikon.hu

2 Simplified model of P flow within the watershed of Lake Balaton WATERSHED LAKE BALATON WASTEWATER outflow fish catch etc. P input P output SOIL Soil test-p. not sol.p.. RUNOFF. R. ZALA. river sediment.. lake sediment food chain algal P sediment

3 Deterioration of water quality started in the late 1960 s Worst year: 1995 Keszthely basin 2008: hypertophic again!! Main reason: external phosphorus load (point sources and non-point sources) Main possibility of regulation: reducing external P load River Basin Management Plan includes protection against erosion as possibility but no operative measures Agri-environmental Scheme 3 farmers with 132 ha area have chosen erosion prevention on the 5200 sqkm watershed WFD water quality target for 2015 will fall short

4 Simplified model of P flow within the watershed of Lake Balaton WATERSHED LAKE BALATON WASTEWATER outflow fish catch etc. P input P output SOIL AL-P. not sol.p.. RUNOFF. R. ZALA. river sediment.. lake sediment food chain algal P sediment

5 content in suspensions prepared with soils from long-term fertilizer experiments (0-150 kg/ha/yr P2O5) at various soil to solution ratios (1-256 g/l) research site: Bicsérd (average of several deposition times) mg/l N1P0 unfert. P1 P2 P3 AL-P2O5 in soil (function of fertilizer treatment) mg/kg P2O5

6 Sources of variance in the experiment suspended solids Main effects P treatment of soil % n.s. Soil to water ratio % % Experimental site 3.69 % 1.68 % Deposition time 0.26 % % Two way interactions Soil to water r. X P treatment % Experimental site X P treatment 7.26 % Soil to water r. X exp. site 1.47 % Deposition time X P treatment 1.25 % Deposition time X exp. site 0.47 %

7 General form of the equation describing P release from soils = A * soil-test-p * erosion (B + C*soil-test-P) R 2 ~ A, B, C: soil-specific parameters : dissolved P content in suspension Soil-test-P: ammonium-lactate soluble P, Olsen P, strip-p, Mehlich P erosion: soil to solution ratio in the experiment Conclusion: if erosion rate and soil test P are known, P release can be estimated However: the method is not validated at catchment level

8 content in suspensions prepared from differently treated soils (0-150 kg/ha/yr P2O5) (average of several soil to solution ratios and deposition times) at 7 sites mg/l AL-P2O5 in soils (function of fertilizer treatment) mg/kg P2O5 We have target values for soil test P produced with chemical fertlizers but no soil P targets for recycled organic wastes

9 P balance and trend analysis approach WATERSHED LAKE BALATON WASTEWATER outflow fish catch etc. P input P output SOIL AL-P. not sol.p.. RUNOFF. R. ZALA. river sediment.. lake sediment food chain algal P sediment

10 P2O5 kg/ha P inputs and outputs in the southern sub-watershed of Lake Balaton chemical fertilizer P2O5 input P2O5 uptake P2O5 balance years ~ 20 % of total P in plough layer in 1990 was coming from accumulated P supluses

11 median annonium-lactate soluble P2O5 in soil mg/kg Change of soil test-p (ammonium-lactate soluble P) in arble soils in the southern sub-watershed of Lake Balaton years

12 The agricultural systems in East and West are the same in the sence that they behave similarly in similar conditions If they are different it is just because their operation conditions are different

13 dry matter yield t/ha Average dry matter production with major arable crops in Hungary and Denmark 7 Denmark Denmark 6 5 wheat barley triticale rye oat sugar beet potato rapeseed Hungary 4 3 Hungary 2 1 wheat maize barley rapeseed sunflower years

14 total sum of N, P2O2 and K2O kg/ha Total chemical fertilizer NPK use calculated for the whole agricultural area Denmark Hungary years

15 annual rainfall mm Annual rainfalls and 5 period rolling averages in Hungary and Denmark 1000 Denmark Hungary years

16 living mass t/ha agricultural area Living mass of animals (corrected for production cycles) and human population calculated for the total agricultural area Denmark-animals Hungary-animals Denmark-humans Hungary-humans years We, humans, are in the same bag with our animals

17 N, P2O5 and K2O kg/ha Long-term NPK use in Denmark and Hungary calculated for the whole agricultural area N-Denmark P2O5-Denmark K2O-Denmark N-Hungary P2O5-Hungary K2O-Hungary years

18 percent Percentage of major crops in arable land 80 Denmark Denmark Hungary wheat barley triticale rye oat sugar beet potato rapeseed 65 Hungary wheat maize barley rapeseed sunflower years

19 correlation Ten-year rolling correlations between average maize yields total nutrient amounts and selected weather indicators in the Hungarian agriculture sharp decrease in fertilizer use and dry and warm weather made yields extremely weather sensitive total N total P2O5 total K2O rainfall sum April-August temperature sum April-August significance level + significance level - -1 as the long term correlations between yield and P2O5 and K2O use dropped to zero, long term PK-fertilizer use started to decrease -1.5 years

20 correlation Ten-year rolling correlations between dry matter yield and some production factors in Denmark sum of N, P2O5 and K2O rates significance level + significance level - annual precipitation ev years

21 DPSIR model for analyzing environmental problems (OECD, EU) D driving forces P pressures S state I impact R responses

22 Added value per hectare for agricultural area HU PT FR AT NL