TECHNICAL DATA TROUBLE SHOOTING FOR TURNING. N002 CHIP CONTROL FOR TURNING. N004 EFFECTS OF CUTTING CONDITIONS FOR TURNING. N007 FORMULAS FOR CUTTING

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1 TROUBLE SHOOTING FOR TURNING... N002 CHIP CONTROL FOR TURNING... N004 EFFECTS OF CUTTING CONDITIONS FOR TURNING... N005 FUNCTION OF TOOL FEATURES FOR TURNING... N007 FORMULAS FOR CUTTING... N011 TROUBLE SHOOTING FOR MILLING... N012 FUNCTION OF TOOL FEATURES FOR FACE MILLING... N013 FORMULAS FOR MILLING... N016 TROUBLE SHOOTING FOR END MILLING... N017 END MILL FEATURES AND SPECIFICATION... N018 END MILL TYPE AND GEOMETRY... N019 PITCH SELECTION OF PICK FEED... N020 TROUBLE SHOOTING FOR DRILLING... N021 DRILL WEAR CONDITION AND CUTTING EDGE DAMAGE... N022 DRILL TERMINOLOGY AND CUTTING CHARACTERISTICS... N023 FORMULAS FOR DRILLING... N026 TOOL WEAR AND DAMAGE... N027 MATERIAL CROSS REFERENCE LIST... N028 SURFACE ROUGHNESS... N032 HARDNESS COMPARISON TABLE... N033 CUTTING TOOL MATERIALS... N034 GRADE CHAIN... N035 GRADE COMPARISON TABLE... N036 INSERT CHIP BREAKER COMPARISION TABLE... N042 N001

2 TROUBLE SHOOTING FOR TURNING Solutions Insert Grde Selection Cutting Conditions Style nd Design of the Tool Mchine nd Instlltion of Tool Trouble Fctors Select Hrder Grde Select Tougher Grde Select Grde with Better Therml Shock Resistnce Select Grde with Better Adhesion Resistnce Cutting Speed Feed Rte Depth of Cut Up Down Cutting Fluids Do Not Use Wtersoluble Cutting Fluid Determine Dry or Wet Cutting Select Chip Breker Rke Angle Corner Rdius Up Down Led Angle Honing Strengthens the Cutting Edge Clss of Insert (Unground-Ground) Improve Tool Holder Rigidity Instlltion of the Tool nd Workpiece Toolholder Overhng Mchine with Indequte Horsepower nd Rigidity Improper tool grde Rpid insert wer edge geometry Wet Short Tool Life Chipping nd frcturing of cutting edge Improper tool grde Lck of cutting edge strength Therml crcking Dry Built-up edge Wet Lck of rigidity Worsening Dimensionl Accurcy Dimensionl unevenness during mchining Mchining ccurcy not mintined djustment is necessry ech time Improper insert tolernce Lrge cutting resistnce nd cutting edge flnk Improper tool grde Poor Surfce Finish Het Genertion Worsening surfce roughness Cutting het cretes deteriortion in mchining ccurcy nd tool life Welding occurs edge geometry Vibrtion occurs edge geometry Wet N002

3 Solutions Insert Grde Selection Cutting Conditions Style nd Design of the Tool Mchine nd Instlltion of Tool Trouble Fctors Select Hrder Grde Select Tougher Grde Select Grde with Better Therml Shock Resistnce Select Grde with Better Adhesion Resistnce Cutting Speed Feed Rte Depth of Cut Up Down Cutting Fluids Do Not Use Wtersoluble Cutting Fluid Determine Dry or Wet Cutting Select Chip Breker Rke Angle Corner Rdius Up Down Led Angle Honing Strengthens the Cutting Edge Clss of Insert (Unground-Ground) Improve Tool Holder Rigidity Instlltion of the Tool nd Workpiece Toolholder Overhng Mchine with Indequte Horsepower nd Rigidity Notch wer occurs Burr Steel, ( ) Aluminum lloy Wet edge geometry Burr / Chipping / Roughness Chipping (Cst iron) Roughness (Mild steel) edge geometry Vibrtion occurs Improper tool grde edge geometry Wet Vibrtion occurs Wet Uncontrolled, continuous / tngled Wide chip control rnge Chip Control Broken into short lengths nd sctter edge geometry Smll chip control rnge edge geometry Dry N003

4 CHIP CONTROL FOR TURNING ychip BREAKING CONDITIONS IN STEEL TURNING Type Smll Depth of Cut d <.276" A Type B Type C Type D Type E Type Lrge Depth of Cut d=.276".591" Curl Length l Curless l >2inch l <2inch 1 5 Curl i 1 Curl 1 curlhlf curl Note Irregulr continuous shpe Tngle bout tool nd workpiece Regulr continuous shpe Long chips Good Good Chip scttering Chttering Poor finished surfce Mximum Cutting Speed nd Chip Control Rnge of Chip Breker In generl, when cutting speed increses, the chip control rnge tends to become nrrower. vc=165sfm vc=330sfm vc=490sfm Depth of Cut (inch) Workpiece : AISI 1045 (180HB) Insert : TNMG332 Grde : P10Grde Effects of Coolnt on the Chip Control Rnge of Chip Breker If the cutting speed is the sme, the rnge of chip control differs ccording to whether coolnt is used or not. Feed (IPR) Feed (IPR) Feed (IPR) Feed (IPR) Feed (IPR) Depth of Cut (inch) Depth of Cut (inch) Tool : MTJNR2525M16N Dry Cutting Coolnt : Dry cutting Coolnt : Wet cutting (Emulsion) Depth of Cut (inch) Workpiece : AISI 1045 Cutting Condition : vc=330sfm Depth of Cut (inch) N004

5 EFFECTS OF CUTTING CONDITIONS FOR TURNING yeffects OF CUTTING CONDITIONS Idel for cutting re short cutting time, long tool life, nd high cutting ccurcy. In order to obtin these, selection of efficient cutting nd tool, bsed on work mteril, hrdness, shpe nd mchine cpbility is necessry. ycutting SPEED Cutting speed effects tool life gretly. Incresing cutting speed increses cutting temperture nd results in shortening tool life. Cutting speed vries depending on the type nd hrdness of the work mteril. Selecting tool grde suitble for the cutting speed is necessry. Cutting Speed (SFM) Cutting Speed (SFM) Cutting Speed (SFM) AP25N UTi20T NX2525 UE6105 MP3025 MC6025 VP15TF MC6015 NX3035 UE Tool Life (min) P Clss Grde Tool Life MC7025 US735 MC5015 UE6110 AP25N MP7035 UTi20T UTi20T MC5005 UC5115 NX2525 MC7015 UC5105 HTi10 US7020 Tool Life (min) M Clss Grde Tool Life Workpiece : AISI 1045 Tool Life Stndrd : VB =.012inch Depth of Cut :.059inch Feed :.012IPR Holder : MCLNR-164C Insert : CNMG432 Dry Cutting Workpiece : AISI 304 Tool Life Stndrd :.012inch Depth of Cut :.059inch Feed :.012IPR Holder : MCLNR-164C Insert : CNMG432MA Dry Cutting Workpiece : AISI No.45B Cst Iron Tool Life Stndrd :.012inch Depth of Cut :.059inch Feed :.012IPR Holder : MCLNR-164C Insert : CNMG432 Dry Cutting Tool Life (min) K Clss Grde Tool Life Effects of Cutting Speed 1. Incresing cutting speed by 20% decreses tool life to 1/2. Incresing cutting speed by 50% decreses tool life to 1/5. 2. Cutting t low cutting speed ( SFM) tends to cuse chttering. Thus, tool life is shortened. N005

6 EFFECTS OF CUTTING CONDITIONS FOR TURNING yfeed In cutting with generl holder, feed is the distnce holder moves per workpiece revolution. In milling, feed is the distnce mchine tble moves per cutter revolution divided by number of inserts. Thus, it is indicted s feed per tooth. Feed rte reltes to finished surfce roughness. Effects of Feed 1. Decresing feed rte results in flnk wer nd shortens tool life. 2. Incresing feed rte increses cutting temperture nd flnk wer. However, effects on the tool life is miniml compred to cutting speed. 3. Incresing feed rte improves mchining efficiency. Flnk Wer (inch) Cutting Conditions Feed (IPR) Workpiece : AISI 4340 Depth of Cut p=.040(inch) Cutting Time Tc=10min Grde : P10 Cutting Speed vc=660(sfm) Feed nd Flnk Wer Reltionship in Steel Turning ydepth OF CUT Depth of cut is determined ccording to the required stock removl, shpe of workpiece, power nd rigidity of the mchine nd tool rigidity. Effects of Depth of Cut 1. Chnging depth of cut doesn't effect tool life gretly. 2. Smll depths of cut result in friction when cutting the hrdened lyer of workpiece. Thus tool life is shortened. Depth of Cut (inch) 3. When cutting uncut or cst iron surfces, the depth of Cutting Conditions Workpiece : AISI 4340 Grde : P10 cut needs to be incresed s much s the mchine Feed f=.008(ipr) Cutting Speed vc=660(sfm) Cutting Time Tc=10min power llows to void cutting impure hrd lyer with the tip of cutting edge which prevents chipping nd Depth of Cut nd Flnk Wer Reltionship in Steel Turning bnorml wer. Flnk Wer (inch) Depth of Cut Uncut Surfce Roughing of Surfce Lyer tht Includes Uncut Surfce N006

7 FUNCTION OF TOOL FEATURES FOR TURNING yrake ANGLE Rke ngle is cutting edge ngle tht hs lrge effects on cutting resistnce, chip disposl, cutting temperture nd tool life. Positive Rke Angle (+) Negtive Rke Angle (-) Positive Insert Chip Disposl nd Rke Angle Effects of Rke Angle Negtive Insert 1. Incresing rke ngle in the positive (+) direction improves shrpness. 2. Incresing rke ngle by 1 in the positive (+) direction decreses cutting power by bout 1%. 3. Incresing rke ngle in the positive (+) direction lowers cutting edge strength nd in the negtive (-) direction increses cutting resistnce. Tool Life (min) Rke Angle 6 Rke Angle -10 Tool Life Stndrd VB =.016 inch Rke Angle 15 Cutting Speed (SFM) Verticl Force (N) Cutting Temperture (C ) Cutting Speed (SFM) Cutting Conditions Grde : P10 Depth of Cut :.039inch Feed :.013IPR Workpiece : Alloy steel Rke Angle nd Tool Life When to Increse Rke Angle in the Negtive (-) Direction u Hrd workpiece. u When cutting edge strength is required such s in interrupted cutting nd uncut surfce cutting. Tool Life Stndrd : VB =.016inch Depth of Cut :.039inch Feed =.013IPR Depth of Cut Feed Cutting Speed Depth of Cut Feed Cutting Speed.079inch.008IPR 330SFM.079inch.008IPR 330SFM Rke Angle ( ) Cutting Resistnce Verticl Force Rke Fce Men Temperture Cutting Conditions Workpiece : Alloy steel Grde : P10 Dry Cutting Effects of Rke Angle on Cutting Speed, Verticl Force, nd Cutting Temperture When to Increse Rke Angle in the Positive (+) Direction u Soft workpiece. u Workpiece is esily mchined. u When workpiece or the mchine hve poor rigidity. yflank ANGLE Flnk ngle prevents friction between flnk fce nd workpiece resulting in smooth feed. Rke Angle 6 Wer Depth Lrge Flnk Wer Wer Depth Smll Flnk Wer Flnk Wer (inch) vc = 655 vc = 330 vc = 165 Frcture $ Flnk Angle $ Smll Flnk Angle D.O.C (Sme) Effects of Flnk Angle 1. Incresing flnk ngle decreses flnk wer occurrence. 2. Incresing flnk ngle lowers cutting edge strength. Lrge Flnk Angle D.O.C (Sme) Flnk ngle cretes spce between tool nd workpiece. Flnk ngle reltes to flnk wer. Cutting Conditions When to Decrese Flnk Angle u Hrd workpieces. u When cutting edge strength is required. Flnk Angle ($) Workpiece : Alloy steel (200HB) Feed :.013IPR Grde : P20 Cutting Time : 20min Depth of Cut :.039inch Flnk Angle nd Flnk Wer Reltionship When to Increse Flnk Angle u Soft workpieces. u Workpieces suffer from work hrdening esily. N007

8 FUNCTION OF TOOL FEATURES FOR TURNING yside CUTTING EDGE ANGLE (LEAD ANGLE) Side cutting edge ngle lower impct lod nd effect feed force, bck force, nd chip thickness. f = Sme f = Sme f = Sme 1.04B 1.15B Workpiece : Alloy steel Grde : P20 Depth of Cut :.118inch Feed :.008IPR Dry Cutting B h 0.97h 0.87h KAPR = 0 KAPR = 15 KAPR = 30 Side Cutting Edge Angle nd Chip Thickness B : Chip Width f : Feed h : Chip Thickness KAPR : Tool Cutting Edge Angle Tool Life (min) Side Cutting Edge Angle 15 Effects of Side Cutting Edge Angle (Led Angle) 1. At the sme feed rte, incresing the side cutting edge ngle increses the chip contct length nd decreses chip thickness. As result, the cutting force is dispersed on longer cutting edge nd tool life is prolonged. (Refer to the chrt.) 2. Incresing the side cutting edge ngle increses force '. Thus, thin, long workpieces suffer from bending in some cses. 3. Incresing the side cutting edge ngle decreses chip control. 4. Incresing the side cutting edge ngle decreses the chip thickness nd increses chip width. Thus, breking chips is difficult. Side Cutting Edge Angle 0 Cutting Speed (SFM) Side Cutting Edge nd Tool Life When to Decrese Led Angle u Finishing with smll depth of cut. u Thin, long workpieces. u When the mchine hs poor rigidity. When to Increse Led Angle u Hrd workpieces which produce high cutting temperture. u When roughing lrge dimeter workpiece. u When the mchine hs high rigidity. A Receive force A. A ' Force A is divided into nd '. yend CUTTING EDGE ANGLE End cutting edge ngle prevents wer on tool nd workpiece surfce nd is usully Effects of End Cutting Edge Angle 1. Decresing the end cutting edge ngle increses cutting edge strength, but it lso increses cutting edge temperture. 2. Decresing the end cutting edge ngle increses the bck force nd cn result in chttering nd vibrtion while mchining. 3. Smll end cutting edge ngle in roughing nd lrge ngle in finishing re recommended. Bck Relief Angle End Cutting Edge Angle Side Flnk Angle y CUTTING EDGE INCLINATION Cutting edge inclintion indictes inclintion of the rke fce. In hevy cutting, the cutting edge receives extremely lrge shock t the beginning of cutting. Cutting edge inclintion keeps the cutting edge from receiving this shock nd prevents frcturing. 3 5 in turning nd in milling re recommended. Effects of Cutting Edge Inclintion 1. Negtive (-) cutting edge inclintion disposes chips in the workpiece direction, nd positive (+) disposes chips in the opposite direction. 2. Negtive (-) cutting edge inclintion increses cutting edge strength, but it lso increses bck force of cutting resistnce. Thus, chttering esily occurs. ( ) Cutting Edge Inclintion Min Cutting Edge Side Cutting Edge Angle True Rke Angle End Cutting Edge Angle Corner Rdius N008

9 yhoning AND LAND Honing nd lnd re cutting edge shpes tht mintin cutting edge strength. Honing cn be round or chmfer type. The optiml honing or / nd lnd width is pproximtely 1/2 of the feed. Lnd is the nrrow flt re on the rke or flnk fce. Honing Width Honing Width Lnd Width EDR Honing Angle Round Honing Chmfer Honing Flt Lnd Tool Life (Number of Impcts) Round Honing Chmfr Honing Tool Life (min) Round Honing Chmfr Honing Principl Force (N) Feed Force (N) Honing Size (inch) Workpiece : Alloy steel (280HB) Grde : P10 Cutting Conditions : vc=655sfm p=.059inch f=.013ipr Honing Size nd Tool Life Due to Frcturing Honing Size (inch) Workpiece : Alloy steel (220HB) Grde : P10 Cutting Conditions : vc=525sfm p=.059inch f=.018ipr Honing Size nd Tool Life Due to Wer Bck Force (N) Round Honing Chmfr Honing Honing Size (inch) Workpiece : Alloy steel (220HB) Grde : P10 Cutting Conditions : vc=333sfm p=.059inch f=.017ipr Honing Size nd Cutting Resistnce Effects of Honing 1.Enlrging the honing increses cutting edge strength, nd reduces frcturing. 2.Enlrging the honing increses flnk wer occurrence. Honing size doesn't ffect rke wer. 3.Enlrging the honing increses cutting resistnce nd chttering. When to Decrese Honing Size u When finishing with smll depth of cut nd smll feed. u Soft workpieces. u When the workpiece nd the mchine hve poor rigidity. When to Increse Honing Size u Hrd workpieces. u When the cutting edge strength is required such s for uncut surfce cutting nd interrupted cutting. u When the mchine hs high rigidity. N009

10 FUNCTION OF TOOL FEATURES FOR TURNING ycorner RADIUS Corner rdius effects the cutting edge strength nd finished surfce. In generl, corner rdius 2 3 times the feed is recommended. Depth of Cut Feed Feed Theoreticl Surfce Roughness Finished Surfce (!inch) Feed (IPR) Depth of Cut Theoreticl Surfce Roughness Corner Rdius (inch) Workpiece : Alloy steel (200HB) Grde : P20 Cutting Speed : vc=395sfm p=.020inch Corner Rdius nd Finished Surfce Tool Life (Number of Impcts) Corner Rdius (inch) Workpiece : Alloy steel (280HB) Grde : P10 Cutting Conditions : vc=330sfm p=.079inch f=.013ipr Flnk Wer Width (inch) Flnk Wer Crter Wer (Crter Depth) Corner Rdius (inch) Crter Wer Depth (inch) Workpiece : Alloy steel (200HB) Grde : P10 Cutting Conditions : vc=460sfm p=.079inch f=.008ipr Tc=10min Corner Rdius Size nd Tool Life Due to Frcturing Corner Rdius Size nd Tool Wer Effects of Corner Rdius 1.Incresing the corner rdius improves the surfce finish. 2.Incresing the corner rdius improves cutting edge strength. 3.Incresing the corner rdius too much increses the cutting resistnce nd cuses chttering. 4.Incresing the corner rdius decreses flnk nd rke wer. 5.Incresing the corner rdius too much results in poor chip control. Corner Rdius nd Chip Control Rnge When to Decrese Corner Rdius u Finishing with smll depth of cut. u Thin, long workpieces. u When the mchine hs poor rigidity. When to Increse Corner Rdius u When the cutting edge strength is required such s in interrupted cutting nd uncut surfce cutting. u When roughing workpiece with lrge dimeter. u When the mchine hs high rigidity. R1 Feed (IPR) Workpiece : AISI 1045 (180HB) Insert : TNGG331R TNGG332R TNGG333R (P10) (Side Cutting Edge ngle 3 ) Cutting Speed : vc=330sfm Dry Cutting Depth of Cut (inch) (Note) Plese refer to pge N004 for chip shpes (A, B, C, D, E). N010

11 FORMULAS FOR CUTTING ycutting SPEED (vc) yfeed (f) (SFM) vc (SFM) : Cutting Speed Dm (inch) : Workpiece Dimeter ) (3.14) : Pi n (min -1 ) : Min Axis Spindle Speed (IPR) f (IPR) : Feed per Revolution I (inch/min) : Cutting Length per Min. n (min -1 ) : Min Axis Spindle Speed (Problem) Wht is the cutting speed when the min xis spindle speed is 700 min -1 nd externl dimeter is &2"? (Answer) Substitute )=3.14, Dm=2, n=700 into the formul. The nswer is 365SFM. 365SFM (Problem) Wht is the feed per revolution when the min xis spindle speed is 500min -1 nd cutting length per minute is 4.72 inch/min? (Answer) Substitute n=500, I=4.72 into the formul. The nswer is.009ipr..009ipr f l ødm n n ycutting TIME (Tc) y THEORETICAL FINISHED SURFACE ROUGHNESS (h) (min) Tc (min) : Cutting Time Im (inch) : Workpiece Length I (inch/min) : Cutting Length per Min. 8RE (!inch) h (!inch) : Finished Surfce Roughness f (IPR) : Feed per Revolution RE (inch) : Insert Corner Rdius (Problem) Wht is the cutting time when 4 inch workpiece is mchined t 1000min -1 with feed=.008ipr? (Answer) First, clculte the cutting length per min. from the feed nd spindle speed. I = f n = = 8inch/min Substitute the nswer bove into the formul. Tc = Im = 4 = 0.5min l 8 0.5x60=30 (sec.) The nswer is 30 sec. (Problem) Wht is the theoreticl finished surfce roughness when the insert corner rdius is.031inch nd feed is.008ipr? (Answer) Substitute f=.008 IPR, RE=.031 into the formul. Depth of Cut The nswer is 258!inch. Feed Theoreticl Surfce Roughness Depth of Cut!inch Feed Theoreticl Surfce Roughness N011

12 TROUBLE SHOOTING FOR MILLING Solutions Insert Grde Selection Cutting Conditions Style nd Design of the Tool Mchine nd Instlltion of Tool Trouble Fctors Select Hrder Grde Select Tougher Grde Select Grde with Better Therml Shock Resistnce Select Grde with Better Adhesion Resistnce Cutting Speed Feed Rte Up Down Depth of Cut Engge Angle Up Cutting Fluids Do Not Use Wtersoluble Cutting Fluid Determine Dry or Wet Cutting Rke Angle Corner Angle Honing Strengthens the Cutting Edge Cutter Dimeter Up Down Decrese the Number of Teeth Wider Chip Pocket Use of Wiper Insert Run-out Accurcy Improve Cutter Rigidity Instlltion of the Tool nd Workpiece Shorten Tool Overhng Mchine with Indequte Horsepower nd Rigidity Improper tool grde Short Tool Llfe Rpid insert wer Chipping nd frcturing of cutting edge edge geometry Improper tool grde Lck of cutting edge strength Therml crcking occurs Built-up edge occurs Wet Dry Wet Lck of rigidity Chip Control Burr / Chipping Poor Surfce Finish Worsening surfce roughness Not prllel or irregulr surfce Burr Chipping Poor chip disposl, chip jmming nd chip pcking Welding occurs Poor run-out ccurcy Vibrtion occurs Workpiece bending Tool clernce Lrge bck force Chip thickness is too lrge Cutter dimeter is too lrge Poor shrpness A lrge corner ngle Poor shrpness Corner ngle is too smll Vibrtion occurs Welding occurs Chip thickness is too thin Cutter dimeter is too smll Poor chip disposl Wet Wet N012

13 FUNCTION OF TOOL FEATURES FOR FACE MILLING yfunction OF EACH CUTTING EDGE ANGLE IN FACE MILLING True Rke Angle Wiper Edge Rdil Rke Angle (GAMF) Corner Angle (KAPR) Axil Rke Angle Led (GAMP) Angle Min Cutting Edge Cutting Edge Inclintion Ech Cutting Edge Angle in Fce Milling Type of Angle Symbol Function Effect Determines chip Axil Rke Angle GAMF Positive : Excellent mchinbility. disposl direction. Rdil Rke Angle Corner Angle True Rke Angle Cutting Edge Inclintion GAMP KAPR T I Determines shrpness. Determines chip thickness. Determines ctul shrpness. Determines chip disposl direction. Negtive : Excellent chip disposl. Lrge : Thin chips nd smll cutting impct. Lrge bck force. Positive(lrge) : Excellent mchinbility. Miniml welding. Negtive(lrge) : Poor mchinbility. Strong cutting edge. Positive (lrge) : Excellent chip disposl. Low cutting edge strength. ystandard INSERTS Positive nd Negtive Rke Angle Stndrd Cutting Edge Shpe Negtive Rke Angle Neutrl Rke Angle Positive Rke Angle Axil Rke Angle Axil Rke Angle Axil Rke Angle Stndrd Cutting Edge Combintions Rdil Rke Angle Rdil Rke Angle Rdil Rke Angle Insert shpe whose cutting edge precedes is positive rke ngle. Insert shpe whose cutting edge follows is negtive rke ngle. Double Positive (DP Edge Type) Axil Rke Angle (GAMP) Positive ( + ) Rdil Rke Angel (GAMF) Insert Used Work Mteril Steel Cst Iron Aluminum Alloy Difficult-to-Cut Mteril Positive ( + ) Double Negtive (DN Edge Type) Negtive/Positive (NP Edge Type) Negtive ( ) Positive ( + ) Negtive ( ) Negtive ( ) Positive Insert (One Sided Use) Negtive Insert (Double Sided Use) Positive Insert (One Sided Use) ycorner ANGLE (KAPR) AND CUTTING RESISTANCE Cutting Resistnce (N) Corner Angle : 0 Corner Angle : 15 Corner Angle : 45 Principl Force Feed Force Principl Force Feed Force Bck Force Principl Force Bck Force fz(ipt) fz(ipt) fz(ipt) Workpiece : Alloy Steel (281HB) Tool : ø4" Single Insert Cutting Conditions : vc=410sfm p=.157inch e=4.33inch p Feed Force Bck Force Cutting Resistnce Comprison between Different Corner Angles Principl Force Feed Force Bck Force Tble Feed Three Cutting Resistnce Forces in Milling e Corner Angle 0 Corner Angle 15 Corner Angle 45 Bck force is in the minus direction. Lifts the workpiece when workpiece clmp rigidity is low. Corner ngle 15 is recommended for fce milling of workpieces with low rigidity such s thin workpieces. The lrgest bck force. Bends thin workpieces nd lowers cutting ccurcy. Prevents workpiece edge chipping in cst iron cutting. Corner Angle 0 Corner Angle 15 Corner Angle 45 Principl force: Force is in the opposite direction of fce milling rottion. Bck force: Force tht pushes in the xil direction. Feed Force: Force is in the feed direction nd is cused by tble feed. N013

14 FUNCTION OF TOOL FEATURES FOR FACE MILLING y CORNER ANGLE AND TOOL LIFE Corner Angle nd Chip Thickness When the depth of cut nd feed per tooth, fz, re fixed, the lrger the corner ngle (KAPR) is, then the thinner the chip thickness (h) becomes (for 45 KAPR, it is pprox. 75% tht of 0 KAPR). This cn be seen in below. Therefore s the KAPR increses, the cutting resistnce decreses resulting in longer tool life. Note however, if the chip thickness is too lrge then the cutting resistnce cn increse leding to vibrtions nd shortened tool life. KAPR KAPR KAPR Effects on chip thickness due to the vrition of corner ngles Corner Angle nd Crter Wer Below shows wer ptterns for different corner ngles. When compring crter wer for 0 nd 45 corner ngles, it cn be clerly seen tht the crter wer for 0 corner ngle is lrger. This is becuse if the chip thickness is reltively lrge, the cutting resistnce increses nd so promotes crter wer. As the crter wer develops then cutting edge strength will reduce nd led to frcturing. 0 Corner Angle 15 Corner Angle 45 Corner Angle vc=330sfm Tc=69min vc=410sfm Tc=55min vc=525sfm Tc=31min Workpiece : AISI 4340 (287HB) Tool : DC=4.92inch Insert : M20 Cutting Conditions : p=.118inch e=4.33inch fz=.008ipt Coolnt : Dry Cutting yup CUT AND DOWN CUT MILLING Which method to be used will depend on the mchine nd the fce mill cutter tht hs been selected. Generlly down cut mchining offers longer tool life thn up cut milling. Up Cut Milling Down Cut Milling Tool rottion Workpiece movement direction Portion mchined Tool rottion Workpiece movement direction Milling cutter inserts Milling cutter inserts Portion mchined N014

15 y FINISHED SURFACE Cutting Edge Run-out Accurcy Cutting edge run-out ccurcy of indexble inserts on the cutter body gretly ffects the surfce finish nd tool life. Peripherl Cutting Edge Minor Cutting Edge Run-out Lrge Smll Poor Finished Surfce Good Finished Surfce Chipping Due to Vibrtion Rpid Wer Growth Stble Tool Life Shorten Tool Life Cutting Edge Run-out nd Accurcy in Fce Milling Improve Finished Surfce Roughness D.O.C Usully the minor cutting edges re set prllel to the fce of milling cutter nd theoreticlly the finished surfce ccurcy should be mintined, even if run-out ccurcy is poor. Actul Problems Countermesure Feed per Tooth Feed per Revolution Cutting Edge No. Sub Cutting Edge Run-out nd Finished Surfce Tble Feed Cutting edge run-out. Minor cutting edge inclintion. Cutter body ccurcy. Spre prts ccurcy. Welding, vibrtion, chttering. Wiper Insert Mchine surfce tht hs lredy been mchined by norml insert in order to produce smooth finished surfce. Replce one norml insert with wiper insert. Wiper inserts re set to protrude by inch from the stndrd inserts. Vlue depends on the cutting edge nd insert combintion. N015

16 FORMULAS FOR MILLING y CUTTING SPEED (vc) vc = ) DC n 12 (SFM) vc (SFM) : Cutting Speed DC (inch): Cutter Dimeter ) (3.14) : Pi n (min -1 ) : Min Axis Spindle Speed (Problem) Wht is the cutting speed when min xis spindle speed is 350min -1 DC (Answer) nd cutter dimeter is &5"? Substitute ) 3.14, DC=5", n=350 into the formul. vc = ) DC n = 3.14 x 5" x 350 = SFM The nswer is 457.9SFM. yfeed PER TOOTH (fz) fz = vf z n Feed per Tooth (IPT) Feed Direction Wiper Edge Angle Tooth Mrk fz (IPT) : Feed per Tooth z : Insert Number vf (inch/min) : Tble Feed per Min. n (min -1 ) : Min Axis Spindle Speed (Feed per Revolution fr=z x fz) (Problem) (Answer) Wht is the feed per tooth when the min xis spindle speed is 500min -1, insert number is 10, nd tble feed is 20inch/min? Substitute the bove figures into the formul. fz = Vf = 20 =.004 IPT z x n 10 x 500 The nswer is.004ipt. ytable FEED (vf) vf = fz z n (inch/min) vf (inch/min) : Tble Feed per Min. fz (IPT) : Feed per Tooth z : Insert Number n (min -1 ) : Min Axis Spindle Speed (Problem) Wht is the tble feed when feed per tooth is.004ipt, with 10 inserts nd min xis spindle speed is 500min -1? (Answer) Substitute the bove figures into the formul. vf = fz x z x n =.004IPT x 10 x 500 = 20inch/min The nswer is 20inch/min. ycutting TIME (Tc) Tc = L vf (min) Tc (min) : Cutting Time vf (inch/min) : Tble Feed per Min. L (inch) : Totl Tble Feed Length (Workpiece Length(l)+Cutter Dimeter(DC)) DC L I (Problem) Wht is the cutting time required for finishing 4" width nd 12" length surfce of cst iron (GG20) block when cutter dimeter is &8", the number of inserts is 16, the cutting speed is 410SFM, nd feed per tooth is.01". (spindle speed is 200min -1 ) (Answer) Clculte tble feed per min vf=.01 x 16 x 200=32inch/min Clculte totl tble feed length. L=12+8=20inch Substitute the bove nswers into the formul. Tc = 20 = (min) x 60 = 37.5 (sec.) The nswer is 37.5 sec. N016

17 TROUBLE SHOOTING FOR END MILLING Short Tool Life Poor Surfce Finish Burr / Chipping / Burrs Chip Control Trouble Lrge wer t the peripherl cutting edge Chipping Brekge during cutting Vibrtion during cutting Poor wll surfce roughness Poor bottom surfce roughness Out of verticl Poor surfce finish ccurcy Burr, workpiece chipping Quick burr formtion Chip pcking Solutions Fctors Non-coted insert is used Not enough flutes Up cut milling Frgile cutting edge Insufficient clmping force Poor clmping rigidity Poor end mill rigidity Overhng longer thn necessry Chip pcking Poor end mill rigidity Poor clmping rigidity Lrge cutting edge wer Chip jmming The end cutting edge does not hve concve ngle Lrge pick feed Lrge cutting edge wer Poor end mill rigidity Poor clmping rigidity Lrge helix ngle Notch wer occurs Metl removl too lrge Lck of flute chip spce Insert Grde Selection Coted Tool Cutting Speed Feed Rte Up Down Cutting Conditions Depth of Cut Decrese Pick Feed Rte Down Cut Down Cut Air Blow Cutting Fluids Increse Coolnt Quntity Do Not Use Wtersoluble Cutting Fluid Determine Dry or Wet Cutting Wet Helix Angle Style nd Design of the Tool Number of Flutes Up Down Concvity Angle of End Cutting Edge Tool Dimeter Improve End Mill Rigidity Wider Chip Pocket Mchine nd Instlltion of Tool Shorten Tool Overhng Tool Instlltion Accurcy Spindle Collet Run-out Accurcy Collet Inspection nd Exchnge Increse Chuck Clmping Power Mchine Stbility, Rigidity N017

18 END MILL FEATURES AND SPECIFICATION y NOMENCLATURE Cutter sweep Neck Body (Cutting prt) Shnk (Hndle) Dimeter Shnk dimeter Length of cut Overll length Lnd width Relief width (Flnk width) Rdil primry relief ngle Rdil secondry clernce ngle Rdil rke ngle Corner End cutting edge End gsh Axil rke ngle Concvity ngle of end cutting edge Peripherl cutting edge Helix ngle Axil primry relief ngle Axil secondry clernce ngle y COMPARISON OF SECTIONAL AREA OF CHIP POCKET 2-flutes 50% 3-flutes 45% 4-flutes 40% 6-flutes 20% ycharacteristics AND APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENT-NUMBER-OF-FLUTE END MILLS Feture Fult Advntge 2-flutes Effective chip disposl. Horizontl feed milling possible. Low rigidity. 3-flutes Effective chip disposl. Horizontl feed milling possible. Dimeter is not mesured esily. High rigidity. 4-flutes Chip disposl is poor. 6-flutes High rigidity. Superior cutting edge durbility. Chip disposl is poor. Usge Vrious cutting modes including slotting, shoulder milling nd drilling. Slotting, shoulder milling Hevy cutting, finishing Shllow slotting, shoulder milling Finishing Mchining hrdened steels. Shllow slotting, shoulder milling. N018

19 END MILL TYPE AND GEOMETRY yperipheral CUTTING EDGE Type Ordinry Flute Shpe Feture Regulr flute geometry s shown is most commonly used for roughing nd finishing of side milling, slotting nd shoulder milling. Tpered Flute A tpered flute geometry is used for specil pplictions such s mould drfts nd for pplying tper ngles fter conventionl stright edged milling. Roughing Flute Formed Flute Roughing type geometry hs wve like edge form nd breks the mteril into smll chips. Additionlly the cutting resistnce is low enbling high feed rtes when roughing. The inside fce of the flute is suitble for regrinding. Specil form geometry s shown is used for producing corner rdii on components. There re n infinite number of different geometry's tht cn be mnufctured using such style of cutters. yend CUTTING EDGE Type Squre End (With Center Hole) Shpe Feture Generlly used for side milling, slotting nd shoulder milling. Plunge cutting is not possible due to the center hole tht is used to ensure ccurte grinding nd regrinding of the tool. Squre End (Center Cut) Generlly used for side milling, slotting nd shoulder milling. Plunge cutting is possible nd greter plunge cutting efficiency is obtined when using fewer flutes. Regrinding on the flnk fce cn be done. Bll End Geometry completely suited for curved surfce milling. At the extreme end point the chip pocket is very smll leding to inefficient chip evcution. Corner Rdius End Used for rdius profiling nd corner rdius milling. When pick feed milling n end mill with lrge dimeter nd smll corner rdius cn be efficiently used. yshank AND NECK PARTS Type Stndrd (Stright Shnk) Shpe Most widely used type. Feture Long Shnk Long Neck Tper Neck Long shnk type for deep pocket nd shoulder pplictions. Long neck geometry cn be used for deep slotting nd is lso suitble for boring. Long tper neck fetures re best utilized on deep slotting nd mold drft pplictions. N019

20 PITCH SELECTION OF PICK FEED ypick FEED MILLING (CONTOURING) WITH BALL NOSE END MILLS, END MILLS WITH CORNER RADIUS End mill h=r 1cos sin -1 R : Rdius of Bll Nose(PRFRAD), Corner Rdius(RE) P : Pick Feed h : Cusp Height ycorner R OF END MILLS AND CUSP HEIGHT BY PICK FEED P Pitch of Pick Feed (P) Unit : inch R P Pitch of Pick Feed (P) R N020

21 TROUBLE SHOOTING FOR DRILLING Short Tool Life Poor Hole Accurcy Burr Chip Control Trouble Drill brekge Lrge wer t the peripherl cutting edge Chipping of the peripherl cutting edge Chisel edge chipping Solutions Fctors Lck of drill rigidity Lrge deflection of the tool holder Workpiece fce is inclined Increse in temp. t cutting point Poor run-out ccurcy lmproper cutting Lrge deflection of the tool holder Chttering, vibrtion The chisel edge width is too lrge Poor entry Chttering, vibrtion Lck of drill Hole dimeter rigidity increses Improper drill geometry Increse in temp. t cutting point Hole dimeter becomes smller Improper drill geometry Lck of drill rigidity Poor Lrge deflection strightness of the tool holder Poor guiding properties Lck of drill Poor hole rigidity positioning Poor entry ccurcy, roundness nd surfce finish Lrge deflection of the tool holder Improper drill Burrs t the geometry hole exit Long chips Poor chip disposl Chip pcking Poor chip disposl Cutting Speed Up Feed Rte Down Cutting Conditions Lower the Feed t Initil Entry Lower the Feed when Exiting Step Feed Increse the Accurcy nd the Depth of the Pre-hole Increse Oil Rtio Cutting Fluids Increse Volume Increse Coolnt Pressure Chisel Width Style nd Design of the Tool Honing Width Lrge Smll Core Thickness Shorten the Flute Length Decrese the Lip Height Use Drill with Coolnt Holes Chnge to Drill with X Type Thinning Mchine nd Instlltion of Tool Tool Instlltion Accurcy Shorten Tool Overhng Fltten the Workpiece Fce Workpiece Instlltion Accurcy Mchine Stbility, Rigidity N021

22 DRILL WEAR CONDITION AND CUTTING EDGE DAMAGE y DRILL WEAR CONDITION The digrm below shows simple drwing depicting the wer of drill's cutting edge. The genertion nd the mount of wer differ ccording to the workpiece mterils nd cutting used. But generlly, the peripherl wer is lrgest nd determines drill tool life. When regrinding, the flnk wer t the point needs to be ground wy completely. Therefore, if there is lrge wer, more mteril needs to be ground wy to renew the cutting edge. We Wf We : Chisel edge wer width Wf : Flnk wer width (The middle of the cutting edge) Wo : Outer corner wer width Wo Wm : Mrgin wer width Wm' : Mrgin wer width (Leding edge) Wm Wm' y CUTTING EDGE DAMAGE When drilling, the cutting edge of the drill cn suffer from chipping, frcture nd bnorml dmge. In such cses it is importnt to tke closer look t the dmge, investigte the cuse nd tke countermesures. b c b c N022

23 DRILL TERMINOLOGY AND CUTTING CHARACTERISTICS y NAMES OF EACH PART OF A DRILL Point length Functionl length Clernce ngle Flnk Led Helix ngle Stright cylindricl shnk Drill dimeter Shnk dimeter Outer corner Point ngle Flute length Shnk length Center line Overll length Mrgin width Mrgin Depth of body clernce Body clernce Chisel edge ngle Lnd width Flute Flute width Cutting edge y SHAPE SPECIFICATION AND CUTTING CHARACTERISTICS Helix Angle Is the inclintion of the flute with respect to the xil direction of drill, which corresponds to the rke ngle. The rke ngle of drill differs ccording to the position long the cutting edge. The rke ngle is lrgest t the periphery nd smllest towrds the center of the cutting edge. The chisel edge hs negtive rke ngle, crushing the work. High-hrdness mteril Smll Rke Angle Lrge Soft mteril (Aluminum, etc.) Flute Length It is determined by depth of hole, guide bush length, nd regrinding llownce. Since the influence on the tool life is gret, it is necessry to minimize it s much s possible. Point Angle Web Thickness Mrgin Dimeter Bck Tper In generl, the ngle is 118 for high speed steel drills nd for crbide drills. Soft mteril with good mchinbility Smll Point ngle Lrge For hrd mteril nd high-efficiency mchining It is n importnt element tht determines the rigidity nd chip disposl performnce of drill. The web thickness is set ccording to pplictions. Low cutting resistnce Low rigidity Good chip disposl performnce Mchinble mteril Thin Web thickness Thick Lrge cutting resistnce High rigidity Poor chip disposl High-hrdness mteril, cross hole drilling, etc. The mrgin determines the drill dimeter nd functions s drill guide during drilling. The mrgin width is decided tking into considertion the friction within the hole to be drilled. Poor guiding performnce Smll Mrgin width Lrge Good guiding performnce To reduce friction with the inside of the drilled hole, the portion from the point to the shnk is tpered slightly. The degree is usully represented by the quntity of reduction in the dimeter with respect to the flute length, which is pprox..0016".016"/4". N023

24 DRILL TERMINOLOGY AND CUTTING CHARACTERISTICS y CUTTING EDGE GEOMETRY AND ITS INFLUENCE As shown in tble below, it is possible to select the most suitble cutting edge geometry for different pplictions. If the most suitble cutting edge geometry is selected then higher mchining efficiency nd higher hole ccurcy cn be obtined. Typicl Cutting Edge Geometries Grinding Nme Geometry Fetures nd Effect Use Conicl The flnk is conicl nd the clernce ngle increses towrd the center of the drill. For generl use. Flt The flnk is flt nd fcilittes cutting. Minly for smll dimeter drills. Three Rke Angles As there is no chisel edge, the results re high centripetl force nd smll hole oversize. Requires specil grinding mchine. Requires grinding of three sides. For drilling opertions tht require high hole ccurcy nd positioning ccurcy. Spirl Point Rdil Lip Center Point Drill To increse the clernce ngle ner the center of the drill, conicl grinding combined with irregulr helix. S type chisel edge with high centripetl force nd mchining ccurcy. The cutting edge is ground rdil with the im of dispersing lod. High mchining ccurcy nd finished surfce roughness. For through holes, smll burrs on the bse. Requires specil grinding mchine. This geometry hs two-stge point ngle for better concentricity nd reduction in shock when exiting the workpiece. For drilling tht requires high ccurcy. For cst iron nd light lloy. For cst iron pltes. Steel For thin sheet drilling. y WEB THINNING The rke ngle of the cutting edge of drill reduces towrd the center, nd it chnges into negtive ngle t the chisel edge. During drilling, the center of drill crushes the work, generting 5070% of the cutting resistnce. Web thinning is very effective for reduction in the cutting resistnce of drill, erly removl of cut chips t the chisel edge, nd better initil bite. Geometry Fetures Mjor Applictions X type XR type S type N type The thrust lod substntilly reduces, nd the bite performnce improves. This is effective when the web is thick. Generl drilling nd deep hole drilling. The initil performnce is slightly inferior to tht of the X type, but the cutting edge is tough nd the pplicble rnge of workpiece mterils is wide. Generl drilling nd stinless steel drilling. Populr design, esy cutting type. Generl drilling for steel, cst iron, nd non-ferrous metl. Effective when the web is comprtively thick. Deep hole drilling. N024

25 y DRILLING CHIPS Types of Chips Geometry Fetures nd Ese of Rking Conicl Spirl Fn-shped chips cut by the cutting edge re curved by the flute. Chips of this type re produced when the feeding rte of ductile mteril is smll. If the chip breks fter severl turns, the chip rking performnce is stisfctory. Long Pitch Long pitch chips exit without coiling nd will coil round the drill. Fn This is chip broken by the restrint cused by the drill flute nd the wll of drilled hole. It is generted when the feed rte is high. Segment A conicl spirl chip tht is broken before the chip grows into the long-pitch shpe by the restrint cused by the wll of the drilled hole due to the insufficiency of ductility. Excellent chip disposl nd chip dischrge. Zigzg A chip tht is buckled nd folded becuse of the shpe of flute nd the chrcteristics of the mteril. It esily cuses chip pcking in the flute. Needle Chips broken by vibrtion or broken when brittle mteril is curled with smll rdius. The rking performnce is stisfctory, but these chips cn become closely pcked jms. N025

26 FORMULAS FOR DRILLING ycutting SPEED (vc) ) DC n (SFM) vc (SFM) : Cutting Speed DC(inch) : Drill Dimeter ) (3.14) : Circulr Constnt n (min -1 ): Rottionl Speed of the Min Spindle Unit trnsformtion (from "mm" to "m") (Problem) Wht is the cutting speed when min xis spindle speed is 1350min -1 n nd drill dimeter is.500inch? (Answer) Substitute )=3.14, DC=.500inch, n=1350 into the formul vc = ) DC n = = 176.6SFM The nswer is 176.6SFM DC y FEED OF THE MAIN SPINDLE (vf) vf (inch/min) n vf (inch/min) : Feed Speed of the Min Spindle (Z xis) fr (IPR) : Feed per Revolution n (min -1 ) : Rottionl Speed of the Min Spindle (Problem) Wht is the spindle feed (v f) when feed per revolution is.008ipr nd min xis spindle speed is 1350min -1? (Answer) Substitute fr=.008, n=1350 into the formul vf = fr n = = 10.8inch/min The nswer is 10.8inch/min. fr ydrilling TIME (Tc) Tc (min) : Drilling Time n (min -1 ) : Spindle Speed ld (inch) : Hole Depth fr (IPR) : Feed per Revolution i : Number of Holes (Problem) Wht is the drilling time required for drilling 1.2inch length hole in lloy steel t cutting speed of 165SFM nd feed.006ipr? (Answer) Spindle Speed n ld The nswer is 11.2 sec. N026

27 TOOL WEAR AND DAMAGE CAUSES AND COUNTERMEASURES Tool Dmge Form Cuse Countermesure Flnk Wer Tool grde is too soft. Cutting speed is too high. Flnk ngle is too smll. Feed rte is extremely low. Tool grde with high wer resistnce. Lower cutting speed. Increse flnk ngle. Increse feed rte. Crter Wer Tool grde is too soft. Cutting speed is too high. Feed rte is too high. Tool grde with high wer resistnce. Lower cutting speed. Lower feed rte. Chipping Frcture Plstic Deformtion Tool grde is too hrd. Feed rte is too high. Lck of cutting edge strength. Lck of shnk or holder rigidity. Tool grde is too hrd. Feed rte is too high. Lck of cutting edge strength. Lck of shnk or holder rigidity. Tool grde is too soft. Cutting speed is too high. Depth of cut nd feed rte re too lrge. Cutting temperture is high. Tool grde with high toughness. Lower feed rte. Increse honing. (Round honing is to be chnged to chmfer honing.) Use lrge shnk size. Tool grde with high toughness. Lower feed rte. Increse honing. (Round honing is to be chnged to chmfer honing.) Use lrge shnk size. Tool grde with high wer resistnce. Lower cutting speed. Decrese depth of cut nd feed rte. Tool grde with high therml conductivity. Welding Therml Crcks Notching Flking Cutting speed is low. Poor shrpness. Unsuitble grde. Expnsion or shrinkge due to cutting het. Tool grde is too hrd. Especilly in milling. Hrd surfces such s uncut surfce, chilled prts nd mchining hrdened lyer. Friction cused by jgged shped chips. (Cused by smll vibrtion) Cutting edge welding nd dhesion. Poor chip disposl. Increse cutting speed. (For ANSI 1045, cutting speed 260 SFM.) Increse rke ngle. Tool grde with low ffinity. (Coted grde, cermet grde) Dry cutting. (For wet cutting, flood workpiece with cutting fluid) Tool grde with high toughness. Tool grde with high wer resistnce. Increse rke ngle to improve shrpness. Increse rke ngle to improve shrpness. Enlrge chip pocket. N027

28 MATERIAL CROSS REFERENCE LIST ycarbon STEEL USA Jpn Germny U. K. Frnce Itly Spin Sweden Chin AISI/SAE JIS W-nr. DIN BS EN AFNOR UNI UNE SS GB A STKM 12A STKM 12C RSt C E 24-2 Ne C15 080M15 CC12 C15, C16 F C22 050A20 2C CC20 C20, C21 F SUM SMn28 230M07 1A S250 CF9SMn28 F SMn Y15 12L13 SUM22L SMnPb28 S250Pb CF9SMnPb28 11SMnPb SPb20 10PbF2 CF10Pb20 10SPb SMn36 240M07 1B S300 CF9SMn36 12SMn35 Y13 12L SMnPb36 S300Pb CF9SMnPb36 12SMnP S15C Ck15 080M15 32C XC12 C16 C15K S25C Ck25 25 A StE E FeE390KG C35 060A35 CC35 C35 F C45 080M46 CC45 C45 F S20 212M36 8M 35MF4 F210G Mn4 150M M5 40Mn 1335 SMn438(H) Mn5 40M5 36Mn Mn SCMn Mn6 150M28 14A 20M5 C28Mn 30Mn 1035 S35C Cf35 060A35 XC38TS C Mn 1045 S45C Ck45 080M46 XC42 C45 C45K 1672 Ck S50C Cf53 060A52 XC48TS C C55 070M55 9 C C60 080A62 43D CC55 C S55C Ck55 070M55 XC55 C50 C55K S58C Ck60 080A62 43D XC60 C Mn Ck A96 XC100 F W1 SK C105W1 BW1A Y105 C36KU F W210 SUP C105W1 BW2 Y120 C120KU F yalloy STEEL USA Jpn Germny U. K. Frnce Itly Spin Sweden Chin AISI/SAE JIS W-nr. DIN BS EN AFNOR UNI UNE SS GB A SM400A, SM400B SM400C St C E SM490A, SM490B Fe52BFN St B E36-3 SM490C Fe52CFN St M19 20MC5 Fe52 F Si7 250A S7 55Si8 56Si Si2Mn SiCr7 60SC7 60SiCr8 60SiCr8 ASTM SUJ Cr6 534A C6 100Cr6 F Gr15, 45G ASTM A204Gr.A Mo D3 16Mo3KW 16Mo Mo Mo5 16Mo5 ASTM A350LF Ni6 16N6 14Ni6 15Ni6 ASTM A X8Ni X10Ni9 XBNi SNC NiCr6 640A35 111A 35NC SNC415(H) NiCr10 14NC11 16NiCr11 15NiCr , 3310 SNC815(H) NiCr14 655M13 36A 12NC SNCM220(H) NiCrMo2 805M NCD2 20NiCrMo2 20NiCrMo SNCM NiCrMo Type 7 40NiCrMo2(KB) 40NiCrMo CrNiMo6 820A16 18NCD6 14NiCrMo SCr415(H) Cr3 523M15 12C3 15Cr N028

29 USA Jpn Germny U. K. Frnce Itly Spin Sweden Chin AISI/SAE JIS W-nr. DIN BS EN AFNOR UNI UNE SS GB 5140 SCr Cr4 42Cr Cr 5155 SUP9(A) Cr3 527A C3 20CrMn SCM415(H) CrMo5 12CD4 12CrMo ASTM A CrMo Gr27 15CD3.5 14CrMo45 14CrMo45 F11, F12 15CD4.5 ASTM A CrMo CD9 12CrMo9 TU.H F.22 Gr31, 45 12CD10 12CrMo MoV MoCrV CrMoV M39 40C 36CrMoV CrNiMo4 816M NCD3 38NiCrMo4(KB) 35NiCrMo CrNiMo6 817M NCD6 35NiCrMo6(KB) CrNiMoA 5132 SCr430(H) Cr4 530A32 18B 32C4 34Cr4(KB) 35Cr4 35Cr 5140 SCr440(H) Cr4 530M C4 41Cr4 42Cr4 40Cr MnCr5 (527M20) 16MC5 16MnCr5 16MnCr CrMn 4130 SCM CrMo4 1717CDS110 25CD4 25CrMo4(KB) Cr3 SCM M20 30CrMn 4137 SCM SCCRM CrMo4 708A37 19B 35CD4 35CrMo4 34CrMo CrMo SCM CrMo4 708M40 19A 42CD4TS 41CrMo4 42CrMo CrMoA 4140 SCM440(H) CrMo4 708M40 19A 42CD4 42CrMo4 42CrMo CrMo 42CrMnMo CrMo12 722M24 40B 30CD12 32CrMo12 F.124.A SUP CrV4 735A CV4 50CrV4 51CrV CrVA CrAlMo7 905M39 41B 40CAD6 40CAD2 41CrAlMo7 41CrAlMo L Cr6 BL3 Y100C6 100Cr6 CrV, 9SiCr SKS WCr6 105WC13 100WCr6 105WCr SKS2, SKS3 107WCr5KU CrWMo L6 SKT NiCrMoV6 BH224/5 55NCDV7 F.520.S 5CrNiMo ASTM A X8Ni X10Ni9 XBNi Ni19 Z18N NiCrMo M13 36C 15NiCrMo13 14NiCrMo131 D3 SKD X210Cr12 BD3 Z200C12 X210Cr13KU X210Cr12 ASTM D3 X250Cr12KU Cr12 D2 SKD X153CrMoV12 BD2 X160CrMoV12 Cr12MoV A2 SKD X100CrMoV5 BA2 Z100CDV5 X100CrMoV5 F Cr5Mo1V H13 SKD X40CrMoV51 BH13 Z40CDV5 X35CrMoV05KU X40CrMoV ASTM H13 X40CrMoV51 X40CrMoV51KU 40CrMoV5 SKD X210CrW12 X215CrW121KU X210CrW S WCrV7 BS1 45WCrV8KU 45WCrSi H21 SKD X30WCrV93 BH21 Z30WCV9 X28W09KU X30WCrV9 30WCrV X165CrMoV12 X165CrMoW12KU X160CrMoV W210 SKS V1 BW2 Y1105V V T4 SKH S BT4 Z80WKCV X78WCo1805KU HS W18Cr4VCo5 T1 SKH S BT1 Z80WCV X75W18KU HS SCMnH/ G-X120Mn12 Z120M12 Z120M12 XG120Mn12 X120MN12 HW3 SUH X45CrSi93 401S45 52 Z45CS9 X45CrSi8 F.322 X45CrSi93 D3 SUH S BA2 Z40CSD10 15NiCrMo M2 SKH9, SKH S6/5/2 BM2 Z85WDCV HS F M S HS2-9-2 HS M35 SKH S6/5/2/5 BM HS F N029

30 MATERIAL CROSS REFERENCE LIST ystainless STEEL (FERRITIC, MARTENSITIC) USA Jpn Germny U. K. Frnce Itly Spin Sweden Chin AISI/SAE JIS W-nr. DIN BS EN AFNOR UNI UNE SS GB 403 SUS X7Cr13 403S17 Z6C13 X6Cr13 F OCr13 1Cr X7Cr14 F SUS X12CrS13 416S21 Z11CF13 X12CrS13 F SUS X10Cr13 410S21 56A Z10C14 X12Cr13 F Cr SUS X8Cr17 430S15 60 Z8C17 X8Cr17 F Cr17 SCS G-X20Cr14 420C29 56B Z20C13M SUS420J X46Cr13 420S45 56D Z40CM X40Cr14 F Cr13 Z38C13M S17 Z8CA12 X6CrAl S37 Z8CA12 X20Cr SUS X22CrNi17 431S29 57 Z15CNi6.02 X16CrNi16 F Cr17Ni2 430F SUS430F X12CrMoS17 Z10CF17 X10CrS17 F Y1Cr SUS X6CrMo17 434S17 Z8CD17.01 X8CrMo Cr17Mo CA6-NM SCS X5CrNi C11 Z4CND13.4M (G)X6CrNi SUS X10CrA S17 Z10C13 X10CrA112 F.311 OCr13Al 430 SUS X10CrA S15 60 Z10CAS18 X8Cr17 F.3113 Cr17 HNV6 SUH X80CrNiSi20 443S65 59 Z80CSN20.02 X80CrSiNi20 F.320B 446 SUH X10CrA124 Z10CAS24 X16Cr Cr25N EV8 SUH X53CrMnNiN S54 Z52CMN21.09 X53CrMnNiN219 5Cr2Mn9Ni4N S X1CrMoTi X20CrMoV12-1 X20CrMoNi Z7CNU17-04 ystainless STEEL (AUSTENITIC) USA Jpn Germny U. K. Frnce Itly Spin Sweden Chin AISI/SAE JIS W-nr. DIN BS EN AFNOR UNI UNE SS GB 304L SUS304L X2CrNi S11 Z2CN18.10 X2CrNi OCr19Ni SUS X5CrNi S11 58E Z6CN18.09 X5CrNi1810 F OCr18Ni9 F.3541 F SUS X12CrNiS S21 58M Z10CNF18.09 X10CrNiS18.09 F Cr18Ni9MoZr SUS304L 304C12 Z3CN L SCS X2CrNi S12 Z2CrNi1810 X2CrNi18.11 F SUS X12CrNi177 Z12CN17.07 X12CrNi1707 F Cr17Ni7 304LN SUS304LN X2CrNiN S62 Z2CN SUS X5CrNiMo S16 58J Z6CND17.11 X5CrNiMo1712 F Cr17Ni11Mo2 SCS G-X6CrNi C15 Z6CN18.10M SCS G-X6CrNiMo C16 F.8414 SCS G-X5CrNiMoNb C17 Z4CNDNb1812M XG8CrNiMo LN SUS316LN X2CrNiMoN1813 Z2CND OCr17Ni13Mo 316L S13 Z2CND17.12 X2CrNiMo L SCS X2CrNiMo S OCr27Ni12Mo3 Z2CND17.12 X2CrNiMo1712 SUS316L S13 Z6CND X8CrNiMo , L SUS317L X2CrNiMo S12 Z2CND19.15 X2CrNiMo OOCr19Ni13Mo UNS V X1NiCrMo Z6CNT A 321 SUS S12 58B Z6CNT18.10 X6CrNiTi1811 F X10CrNiTi189 F Cr18NI9Ti 347 SUS S17 58F Z6CNNb18.10 X6CrNiNb1811 F X10CrNiNb189 F Cr18Ni11Nb 316Ti X10CrNiMoTi S17 58J Z6CNDT17.12 X6CrNiMoTi1712 F Cr18Ni12Mo2T X10CrNiMoNb1812 Z6CNDNb1713B X6CrNiMoNb1713 Cr17Ni12Mo3Mb N030