Why Robo6cs is HOT now. Robots and Society. Robo6cs in the Present. Using Robots to look for life on Mars 6/4/13

Transcription

1 6/4/13 Why Robo6cs is HOT now Robots and Society Robo6cs in the Present Factory Automa6on Gene6c research (scien6fic breakthroughs) Auto factory (job losses) Consumer Robo6cs Roomba (important because of mass exposure) Mars Rover Control: a really challenging problem of temporal coordination 1. Sensors, effectors, and bodies are becoming very sophis6cated. We are crea6ng the most complex robots yet, with bodies that mimic biological form and afempt to model biological func6on. 2. Computers are faster and cheaper than ever before. This means robot brains can be more sophis6cated than ever, allowing them to think and act efficiently in the real world. 3. Wireless communica6on is everywhere. This means robots can communicate with other computers in the environment, so they can be befer informed, and therefore smarter. Using Robots to look for life on Mars Special Guest Lecture on Thursday Professor Jeffrey Bada Dis6nguished Professor of Marine Chemistry at Scripps Ins6tu6on of Oceanography Playing with rover in the sand box 1

2 6/4/13 Hard and soft technologies: Scientific Operations Meeting Two Rovers, Three time frames Spirit is in Gusev Crater Opportunity is on Meridiani Planum. That is about half a revolution or 12hr19min (earth time) away. So, even if you are on Mars time, there is a different Mars time for the two Rovers. Most scientists work with only one rover team, but some work with both. Some scientists were observed wearing THREE watches. One for each rover and one for California s time zone on earth. Science is hard (but we love it!) Working on Rover time The activity of the rovers is synchronized with the Martian day/night cycle. Scientists working with a rover get up and go to bed on a Martian schedule. The Martian day is 24 hours plus 39 minutes (earth time) long. This means that after three weeks, Martian sunrise, for example, has moved earth hours. A scientist who started out getting up at 8am (PST, in Pasadena), will be getting up a bit before 10 pm three weeks later. Some scientists commissioned the construction of special Mars Time watches. Adapting the technology Special purpose watches Heavy blinds Rest facilities Food service Surgical Robo6cs Well robot- assisted surgery. 2

3 Reconfigurable Robots Humanoid Robo6cs Human- Robot Interac6on Problems facial recogni6on facial expression recogni6on language understanding intent inferencing proxemics mood sensing Assis6ve Robo6cs Assis6ve robo6cs refers to robot systems capable of helping people with special needs, such as individuals convalescing from an illness, needing rehabilita6on following an accident or trauma, learning or training in a special se[ng, or aging at home or in a managed care facility. Ethical Implica6ons Safety Privacy AFachment Trust The Future of Robo6cs? Autonomous cars hfp:// technology/self- driving- cars- for- tes6ng- are- supported- by- us.html?pagewanted=1&hpw Reinven6ng the aircrac wheel Robo6c weapons systems UN resolu6on on lethal robots hfp:// europe/united- na6ons- armed- robots.html?_r=0 3

4 Autonomous Automobiles Aircrac Automa6on Crew requirement Pilot Copilot Flight engineer Navigator Radio operator Modern airplanes as robo6c systems Systems management Pressuriza6on Fuel Toilets Autoflight Speery autopilot (1914) Autoflight Sensors Airspeed, AoA, barometric pressure, temperature IRU, GPS. Effectors Rudder, Ailerons, elevator, pitch trim, thrust, speed brakes and wheel brakes (on landing), Processor Flight Management Computer System (FMCS) Interfaces MCP, CDU Complex control loop Here s the loop, where is the human? Sensors, set points, effectors. Set points. Route specifica6on, performance factors. Constraints on set points. Planning in advance to avoid situa6ons where the control system cannot achieve desired goals. Descent planning. Top of descent determina6on. Autoland. 4

5 Automa6on Philosophies: Airbus vs Boeing Killer Robots Airbus Humans make mistakes, they get 6red, automa6on does not. Hard flight envelope protec6ons: PALS Pitch, Angle of AFack, Load, Speed Boeing Authority must be commensurate with authority. Bend the airplane if necessary. Soc flight envelope margins Asimov s three rules 1. A robot may not injure a human being or, through inac6on, allow a human being to come to harm. 2. A robot must obey the orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the First Law. 3. A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protec6on does not conflict with the First or Second Laws. Three levels of autonomy in weapons systems Human- in- the- Loop Weapons: Robots that can select targets and deliver force only with a human command; Human- on- the- Loop Weapons: Robots that can select targets and deliver force under the oversight of a human operator who can override the robots ac6ons; and Human- out - of - the- Loop Weapons: Robots that are capable of selec6ng targets and delivering force without any human input or interac6on. Losing Human Judgment Militaries value these weapons because they require less manpower, reduce the risks to their own soldiers, and can expedite response 6me. fully autonomous weapons would lack the human quali6es necessary to meet the rules of interna6onal humanitarian law. These rules can be complex and entail subjec6ve decision making, and their observance ocen requires human judgment. 5

6 Losing the protec6on of human compassion Robots would not be restrained by human emo6ons and the capacity for compassion, which can provide an important check on the killing of civilians. Reducing the cost of war Second, although relying on machines to fight war would reduce military casual6es a laudable goal it would also make it easier for poli6cal leaders to resort to force since their own troops would not face death or injury. The likelihood of armed conflict could thus increase, while the burden of war would shic from combatants to civilians caught in the crossfire. Losing accountability Finally, the use of fully autonomous weapons raises serious ques6ons of accountability, which would erode another established tool for civilian protec6on. Given that such a robot could iden6fy a target and launch an afack on its own power, it is unclear who should be held responsible for any unlawful ac6ons it commits. Op6ons include the military commander that deployed it, the programmer, the manufacturer, and the robot itself, but all are unsa6sfactory. Can a robot be punished? Recommenda6ons to states Prohibit the development, produc6on, and use of fully autonomous weapons through an interna6onal legally binding instrument. Adopt na6onal laws and policies to prohibit the development, produc6on, and use of fully autonomous weapons. Commence reviews of technologies and components that could lead to fully autonomous weapons. These reviews should take place at the very beginning of the development process and con6nue throughout the development and tes6ng phases. Recommenda6ons to robo6cists Establish a professional code of conduct governing the research and development of autonomous robo6c weapons, especially those capable of becoming fully autonomous, in order to ensure that legal and ethical concerns about their use in armed conflict are adequately considered at all stages of technological development. 6