Coordina(on Game Tournament

Transcription

1 Coordina(on Game Tournament Human-Human Mean = Human-Computer Mean=

2 Coordina(on Game Computer-Computer Mean =

3 Robots & Ethical Theory: U(litarianism COGS Peter Danielson Jan

4 Ethical Theory Robot Ethical Theory (Applied next 2 lec) How does existence of new ar(ficial moral agents and pa(ents fit into ethical theory? U(litarianism: Values Values and decisions Constraints Projects (agents) Rights (pa(ents) 4

5 Value Moralized Decision Theory: Right is Maximizing Pleasure (Bentham) Happiness (J.S. Mill) Happy pig vs. dissa(sfied Socrates Ideal goods (G.E. Moore) Preferences (modern economics) Primary Goods (J. Rawls) Quality Adjusted Life Years (medical cost-benefit) 5

6 COGS Friendly Ethics The French have already discovered that the blackness of skin is no reason why a human being should be abandoned without redress to the caprice of a tormentor. It may come one day to be recognized, that the number of legs, the villosity of the skin, or the termina(on of the os sacrum, are reasons equally insufficient for abandoning a sensi(ve being to the same fate. What else is it that should trace the insuperable line? Is it the faculty of reason, or perhaps, the faculty for discourse?...the ques(on is not, Can they reason? nor, Can they talk? but, Can they suffer? Bentham, Principles of Morals and Legisla2on I(1823) 6

7 Vs. Yuck and Cute "U(litarians... fought for... reason against mere tradi(on, dogma(sm, and vested interests" (624) A) Strong Yes B) Weak Yes C) Neutral D) Weak No E)Strong No

8 Harm vs. Wrong General idea of consequen(alism: Values prior to constraints E.g. Harm Reduc(on Strategies Open injec(on sites reduce death & disease Vs. reward/enable wrong ac(on Reminder: Ethics not poli(cally neutral U(litarian Radicals Vs. Conserva(ves

9 Gau s Plan 1. Del s objec(on: calcula(ng u(lity Cuteness, QALY s & rescue 2. Williams objec(on: personal projects 3. Rawls objec(on: rights for us; Nozick: u(litarianism for (robots and) animals Conclusion: design constraints on robots 9

10 Easy Case A Rescue bot can only save one group of innocent humans in an earthquake; A It should go East and save 1. B It should go West and save 5. 10

11 Q1 What is true about u(litarianism? A) Hedonis(c u(litarianism is the most influen(al version of u(litarianism. B) When faced with a variety of possible ac(ons, u(litarians will select the ac(on that produces the greatest net happiness. C) U(litarianism allows for ac(ons which most would consider immoral for the sake of the greater good. D) All of the above. E) A & B Lisa 11

12 Rate Quiz Ques(on 1 A. Excellent B. Very Good C. Good D. Acceptable E. Poor 12

13 Discussion I Robot, 1:04-07 Ought a u(litarian robot save: A. Del (with a.45 chance of success) or B. Sarah, the liple girl (with an.11 chance of success) 13

14 Choice under uncertainty Expected U(lity: Value x probability 1 (person) x.11 < 1 x.45 Exclude: Cuteness Include: Age & Quality of Life Girl s QALYs = ~ = 70 x qual = 1 Del s QALYs = ~80 40 = 40 x qual =.5 70 x.11 = 7.7 < 20 x.45 = 9.0 Exclude Will s Choice? 14

15 QALYs Life (value) Years (quan(ta(ve) Quality (qualita(ve) Probability hpp:// About_SMC/Policy_Statements/ A_Guide_to_Quality_Adjusted_Life_Years E.g which expensive medicines should a public health care system provide? 15

16 Quiz 2 Which of the op(ons below is NOT true? A) Grau supports the idea that moral sainthood can be disrup(ve to the Self (the self that is men(oned in the ar(cle). B) Grau is only concerned about the implica(ons of the u(litarian agent's effects on others, namely people. C) Grau thinks that robots should not have human-like traits, especially the no(on of the Self, if they are going to have U(litarian morals. D) Grau believes that the presence of Self could conflict with the needs of morality. E) Grau discusses that it is possible and reasonable to have U(litarian robots from the agent's perspec(ve, since robots have the plas(city that would enable us to prevent them from having the conflicts that a human may have. Gulipek 16

17 Rate Quiz Ques(on 2 A. Excellent B. Very Good C. Good D. Acceptable E. Poor 17

18 Quiz 3 Where do troubles arise when integra(ng u(litarianism mindsets into ar(ficial intelligent robots? a) Robots become the equivalent of slaves. b) U(litarianism does not benefit the majority of the popula(on, but focuses on the benefit of a few. c) They will not recognize the importance humans place on individual iden(ty. d) They will lead to "existen(al" robots. e) A and C Pavit 18

19 Rate Quiz Ques(on 3 A. Excellent B. Very Good C. Good D. Acceptable E. Poor 19

20 Personal Projects vs. Demands of Morality Williams one thought too many What is that thought? Role (wife/husband) overrides impersonal morality What about pet owner (Santa Barbara) W/o personal projects, robots can be held to a higher standard E.g self-defense; kin privilege 20

21 Rights Constrain Value Maximizing Would be *best* but free speech, due process, ownership Rawls contract constraint on u(litarianism Separate persons Restrict sacrifice of one for other(s) Absolutely for human rights unless all (worst off) benefits for economics But would we choose to restrict organ transfers? E.g avoidable kidney deaths due to opt in consent 21

22 Applying Rights But our results on Human Trolley1/Switch: Kill 1 Let 5 Die 22

23 Quiz 4 According to Christopher Grau, we should program robots such that: a) They would make morally u(litarian decisions when dealing with humans b) They would make morally u(litarian decisions when dealing with other robots c) They would not be capable of moral reasoning, sen(ence, or individuality at the same level as humans d) a only if c e) b only if c Vesta 23

24 Rate Quiz Ques(on 4 A. Excellent B. Very Good C. Good D. Acceptable E. Poor 24

25 Next Ethics of Lethal Military Robots Sparrow, Robert Killer Robots. Journal of Applied Philosophy 24, no. 1: Robot Ethics Survey 33

26 References Grau, C. (2011) There is No I in Robot : Robots and Utilitarianism (In Machine Ethics, (Eds, Susan, A. & Michael, A.) Cambridge University Press, pp Haidt, J. (2012) The righteous mind : why good people are divided by politics and religion. Pantheon Books, New York. Nozick, R. (1974) Anarchy, state, and utopia. Basic Books, New York. Rawls, John A Theory of Justice. Cambridge Mass: Harvard University Press. 34