ZUKU DTH INSTALLER TRAINING MANUAL

Transcription

1 ZUKU DTH INSTALLER TRAINING MANUAL

2 CONTENTS WHAT IS A REFLECTOR? REFLECTOR SIZE FACTORS AFFECTING GAIN PAGE 20 PAGE 20 PAGE BEAM WIDTH PAGE CARRIER TO NOISE RATIO PAGE SYMBOL RATE PAGE FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION - FEC PAGE 22 PART 1. THEORY - THE EARLY DAYS OF SATELLITE - DIFFERENT TYPES OF ORBIT - TYPES OF SATELLITE ORBITS - GEO - A CROWDED RESOURCE - TYPES OF FOOTPRINTS - NSS12 FOOTPRINT & PARAMETERS - THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS - 1. THE VOLT - 2. THE AMP & THE WATT - 3. ALTERNATING CURRENT THE SINE WAVE - 4. DIRECT CURRENT - 5. FREQUENCY - 6. FREQUENCY TERMINOLOGY - 7. THE FREQUENCY SPECTRUM - ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM - SATELLITE BANDS - SATELLITE BAND USAGE - 8. THE DECIBEL (db) - 9. LINES OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE THE ELECTRO-MAGNETIC WAVE THE ANALOGUE WAVEFORM THE DIGITAL SIGNAL WHAT IS MODULATION? AMPLITUDE MODULATION FREQUENCY MODULATION QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYED MODULATION BANDWIDTH ATMOSPHERIC NOISE ELECTRONIC NOISE RAIN FADE SUN OUTAGES THE SATELLITE FREQUENCY GROUPS C BAND & Ku BAND COMPARISONS SATELLITE TRANSMISSION POWER FREE SPACE AND ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION LOSSES - POLARIZATION H AND V POLARIZATION PAGE 2 PAGE 2 PAGE 3 PAGE 4-5 PAGE 5 PAGE 6 PAGE 6-8 PAGE 8-26 PAGE 8 PAGE 9 PAGE 9 PAGE 9 PAGE 10 PAGE 10 PAGE PAGE PAGE 12 PAGE 12 PAGE 12 PAGE 13 PAGE 13 PAGE 13 PAGE 14 PAGE 14 PAGE 14 PAGE 15 PAGE 15 PAGE 16 PAGE 16 PAGE 17 PAGE 17 PAGE 17 PAGE 18 PAGE 18 PAGE 18 PAGE 19 PAGE 19 PAGE BIT ERROR RATE BER COMPRESSION THE LNB THE FEED HORN LNB PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION WORKINGS OF THE DOWN CONVERTOR TYPES OF LNB S ELEVATION AND AZIMUTH THE SKEW ENCRYPTION THE COAXIAL CABLE COAXIAL CABLE IMPEDANCE COAXIAL CABLE D.C. RESISTANCE COAXIAL CABLE SIGNAL LOSS UNDERGROUND COAXIAL INSTALLATION PART 2. THE PRACTICAL INSTALLATION - 1. DEALING WITH THE CLIENT - 2. BASIC TEST EQUIPMENT - 3. BASIC TOOL SET - 4. RECEPTION EQUIPMENT - 5. SELECTING THE INSTALLATION POSITION - 6. SETTING POLARISATION OFFSET ( LNB SKEW ) - 7. SELECTING THE INSTALLATION POSITION - 8. SELECTING THE INSTALLATION POSITION - 9. INSTALLING THE MOUNTING BRACKET INSTALLING THE MOUNTING BRACKET ALIGNING THE SATELLITE ANTENNA SETTING THE SKEW THE CABLE INSTALLATION CABLE INSTALLATION CABLE INSTALLATION OUTSIDE WALL CABLE INSTALLATION OUTSIDE WALL CABLE INSTALLATION INSIDE WALL THE F CONNECTORS - 19.THE F CONNECTOR EARTHING INSTALLING THE DECODER SIGNAL SCAN PAGE 22 PAGE 22 PAGE 23 PAGE 23 PAGE 23 PAGE 24 PAGE 24 PAGE 24 PAGE 25 PAGE 25 PAGE 25 PAGE 26 PAGE 26 PAGE 26 PAGE 26 PAGE PAGE 27 PAGE 27 PAGE 28 PAGE 28 PAGE 28 PAGE 28 PAGE 29 PAGE 29 PAGE 29 PAGE 30 PAGE PAGE 31 PAGE 32 PAGE 32 PAGE 32 PAGE 33 PAGE 33 PAGE 33 PAGE 34 PAGE 34 PAGE 34 PAGE 35

3 PART 1. THEORY Different Types of Orbit Power at Satellite = Transmission Loss Atmospheric Loss Initial Power = 1,000 Satellite Transmits = 100 Transmission Path Loss Power to Receiving Earth Station = THREE MAIN TYPES OF ORBIT FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS: GEOSTATIONARY EARTH ORBIT (GSO): 90% of the time, Geostationary Earth Orbit satellites will be the object of your attention. They are a long way from Earth (22,237 miles) but they appear stationary when seen from the Earth s surface. A signal takes about a quarter of a second to do a round trip from the Earth to the satellite and then back to Earth, so there is a noticeable voice delay. NON-GEOSTATIONARY (NGSO) POLAR GSO - ORBITAL SLOTS: The location of a satellite is called an orbital slot. The orbital slot is measured in degrees of longitude from the Greenwich Meridian. Other Losses: RF Inefficiencies Noise from other RF sources: - The Sun - The Earth Power Dissipation Inefficient Amplification Figure 1. The Satellite Transmission Path THE EARLY DAYS OF SATELLITE Arthur. C. Clarke 1945 Extra-Terrestrial Relays +/-36,000 km above Earth and appear to be standing still Only by the early 1960 S were rockets powerful enough to launch satellites to this orbit Figure 2. Total Global Coverage LEO - Low Earth Orbit MEO - Medium Earth Orbit GEO - Geostationary Earth Orbit 2. 3.

4 TYPES OF SATELLITE ORBITS 5. GEO-STATIONARY ORBIT 1. LOW AND MEDIUM EARTH ORBIT 2. POLAR ORBIT 36,000 km from the Earth Above equator Appears stationary Satellites orbiting the Earth make one orbit every 90 minutes and cover a circumference of about 40,000 kilometers. This works out to about 445 kilometers per minute or 26,000 kilometers/hour which is 17,000 miles per hour Does not require tracking Used mostly for DTH and VSAT Figure 7. Geo-Stationary Orbit Figure 3. Low Earth Orbit Figure 4. Polar Orbit GEO - a Crowded Resource +/- 300 km s above the Earth Fast orbit Needs tracking Telecomm use Orbits across North and South Pole Fast orbit Needs tracking Telecomms use 3. INCLINED ORBIT 4. HIGH EARTH ORBIT Figure 5. Inclined Orbit Figure 6. High Earth Orbit Mostly used by Russians to get signals to and from polar regions (i.e. Siberia) Fast orbit Requires tracking Further than 40,000 km Slow orbit Space exploration 4. 5.

5 TYPES OF FOOTPRINTS GLOBAL Covers 1/3 of Earth s surface (low power) HEMI Covers 1/6 of Earth s surface (low power) ZONE Covers part of a continent (e.g. W7 CA Beam) (medium power) SPOT Covers a small area (e.g. NSS-12 spot over East Africa) (high power) Figure 8. Types of Satellite Footprints NSS12 FOOTPRINT & PARAMETERS THE SATELLITE TRANSMISSION CHAIN Figure 9. The Satellite Link Chain THE SATELLITE UPLINK UPLINK Transmits the programmes to the satellite SATELLITE Converts the uplink frequencies to lower frequencies and amplifies them before transmitting back to Earth TVRO Receives the signals and converts to a lower frequency RECEIVER De-modulates signal and decrypts for viewing on TV set Incoming feed for live feeds Carousel for movie play outs Other FCCs for live shows etc A/D convertors MUX for multiplexing data streams Modulator to place programmes onto carrier Transmitter to amplify carrier Uplink antenna for transmission to satellite Figure 10. Simple Uplink Site & Studio Satellite ZUKU Satellite Parameters NSS-12 THE SATELLITE TRANSPONDER Orbital Position 57 E Symbol Rate (ksym/sec or kbaud) 45,000 Modulation QPSK Forward Error Correction (FEC) 3/5 Polarisation H Homing Channel Frequency (MHz) 11,518 Converts uplink frequencies to lower frequencies Amplifies the frequencies to transmit back to Earth Solar panels and batteries for power Up to 40 transponders on one satellite Hydrazine thrusters for stability Telemetry for station keeping Transmit and receive antennas Figure 11. Satellite Transponder 6. 7.

6 THE DOMESTIC RECEIVE ONLY TELEVISION SITE 2. THE AMP & THE WATT REFLECTOR Concentrates Ku Band signals LNB Amplifies and downconverts signals SATELLITE RECEIVER De-modulates and decrypts signals The AMP can be regarded as the volume of electricity in a wire or circuit. The WATT is the amount of power generated when the volts and amps are multiplied together. Watts are used for the power transmitted by the satellite, but not for the signals received as these are too small. The footprint is rated in Watts, but this relates to the power transmitted from the satellite. TV/MONITOR Displays the programmes Figure 12. TVRO (Down Link Site) THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS 3. ALTERNATING CURRENT THE SINE WAVE The value varies between a positive and equal negative value over time This is the type of waveform transmitted to and from the satellite Figure 14. The AC Waveform 1. THE VOLT Electrical force or pressure Received satellite signals are small 4. DIRECT CURRENT Use the millivolt (one thousandth of a volt) Use the microvolt (one millionth of a volt) Figure 13a. Volt vs millivolt Figure 13b. Millivolt vs microvolt The one port of the supply always stays positive and the other always stays negative Used for power and switching to the LNB Think of D.C. as the way a car battery works Figure 15. The D.C. Waveform ONE VOLT = 1,000 MILLIVOLTS ONE MILLIVOLT = 1,000 MICROVOLTS 8. ONE VOLT = 1,000,000 MiCROVOLTS 9.

7 ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM 5. FREQUENCY Figure 16a. Frequency of 1Hz (one cycle per second) Number of cycles per second is known as the frequency Figure 16b. Frequency of 5Hz (five cycle per second) 6. FREQUENCY TERMINOLOGY 1 HERTZ = 1 CYCLE PER SECOND 1,000 HERTZ = 1 KILOHERTZ = 1,000 CYCLES PER SECOND 1,000,000 HERTZ = 1 MEGAHERTZ = 1,000,000 CYCLES PER SECOND 1,000,000,000 HERTZ = 1 GIGAHERTZ = 1,000,000,000 CYCLES PER SECOND 7. THE FREQUENCY SPECTRUM All these frequencies are sine waves It is only the number of oscillations per second that are different Figure 17. Frequency Spectrum (simplified)

8 SATELLITE BANDS L-BAND: Exclusively reserved for mobile satellite services (MSS). Currently Inmarsatand Globalstar, ICO and others to follow. C-BAND: Fixed Satellite Services (FSS) and television broadcast (BSS). Mainly used in areas of high rainfall, Asia, Africa and Latin America, due to its tolerance to rain fade. Often used in beams with widely dispersed power, e.g. Global beams. Ku-BAND: FSS and BSS, primarily used in North America and Europe, not least because it avoids terrestrial C-band interference. Often configured as high powered spot beams. Ka-BAND: The path for broadband services via satellite. Very susceptible to atmospheric attenuation. Commercial use is small today, but many future projects plan Ka-Band systems. 9. LINES OF LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE The lines of LATITUDE run parallel to the Equator The lines of LONGITUDE run from the North to the South Poles and converge at the Poles These lines decide the ELEVATION, AZIMUTH and SKEW of every satellite installation Figure 18. Latitude and Longitude SATELLITE BAND USAGE Band Frequencies Spectrum Available Typical Applications L GHz 50 MHz Mobile satellite communications S 2.5 GHz 70 MHz Mobile satellite communications C 4-6 GHz 500 MHz Trunk telephony / data / DTH X 7-8 GHz 30 MHz Military / Feeder links 10. THE ELECTRO- MAGNETIC WAVE All sine waves have a magnetic and electric part at right angles to each other The electrical part determines the polarization Figure 19. Electro Magnetic Wave Ku GHz 2 GHz DTH / data Ka GHz 2 GHz Broadband applications Q/V GHz 3 GHz Broadband applications W GHz 3 GHz Broadband applications 8. THE DECIBEL (db) 54 dbuv= ¼ Millivolt 57 dbuv= ½ Millivolt 60 dbuv= 1 Millivolt 63 dbuv= 2 Millivolt 66 dbuv= 4 Millivolt REMEMBER THIS IS HOW IT READS ON YOUR FIELD STRENGTH METER! 11. THE ANALOGUE WAVEFORM The voltage level of this waveform varies with time This is the type of waveform that is transmitted to and from the satellite Figure 20. Analogue Signal

9 12. THE DIGITAL SIGNAL 15. FREQUENCY MODULATION Only has two values 1 or 0 The modulation signal changes the value of the frequency and the amplitude 1 Can be any value Immune to noise This is the form used for the television signal that is modulated onto the satellite frequency Figure 21. Digital Signal Used in the earlier analogue Satellite transmission Figure 23. The Frequency Modulated Signal 13. WHAT IS MODULATION? This is the term used whereby the shape of the carrier is changed by another waveform 1,000,000,000 HERTZ = 1 GIGAHERTZ = 1,000,000,000 CYCLES PER SECOND. In the case of satellite television, this means the change of shape of the carrier (or signal) that is used to transmit the programmes to the satellite by the signal that contains the picture information. 16. QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYED MODULATION 14. AMPLITUDE MODULATION Phase shift used instead of frequency shift Each phase shift gives two symbols Reduces bandwidth for digital television The amplitude or level of the carrier is changed by the information signal Prone to noise interference Not used in satellite transmission Figure 22. The Amplitude Modulated Signal Figure 24. QPSK

10 19. ELECTRONIC NOISE 17. BANDWIDTH Every electronic circuit generates noise The higher the gain, the more noise is generated This noise is also caused by molecular movement The noise figure (N.F.) on the side of the LNB shows the amount of noise the LNB generates The lower this figure, the better it is The carrier without modulation is only a sharp spike When modulation is added the signal spreads on either side of the centre frequency The more information required, the wider the bandwidth gets Bandwidth is the limiting technical and financial restraint in satellite transmission Figure 25a. Frequency with no Modulation 20. RAIN FADE The rain drops are much larger than the wave length of the Ku Band signals Some of the signal is absorbed in the rain drops and the energy is lost in heat as it warms the rain drops Some of the signal is reflected Figure 25b. Frequency with 1MHz Modulation 18. ATMOSPHERIC NOISE This noise is created by small molecules rubbing together in the atmosphere Cannot be seen or heard Ground noise comes from the ground The hotter and drier it is the more ground noise is available Figure 26. Noise and Signal 21. SUN OUTAGES The sun is the biggest generator of noise In March and September the sun is directly behind the satellite The noise level is much higher than the signal level Figure 27. Sun Outage NB: THE SATELLITE SIGNAL HAS TO TRAVEL THROUGH THIS NOISE

11 22. THE SATELLITE FREQUENCY GROUPS L BAND C BAND DOWN LINK C BAND UP LINK 25. FREE SPACE AND ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION LOSSES E.I.R.P FROM SATELLITE WATTS = 44dBW TRANSMISSION LOSS THROUGH SPACE 200 db SIGNAL RECEIVED ON EARTH -157 dbw = 0,0003 pw One Pico Watt is one millionth of a Watt! So we are receiving close to nothing! Ku BAND DOWN LINK Ku BAND UP LINK Figure 28 The L Band frequency is a much lower frequency so that the signal can be transmitted down the coax cable. POLARIZATION H and V If the signals at C Band and Ku Band were transmitted down the coax cable, the signal losses would be too high. 23. C BAND & Ku BAND COMPARISONS C BAND Minimal rain fade Reflectors are much larger Prone to terrestrial interference Lower frequency Ku BAND Suffers from rain fade Smaller reflectors required No terrestrial interference High frequency 24. SATELLITE TRANSMISSION POWER LOW POWER TRANSPONDERS 2,5 Watts per channel MEDIUM POWER TRANSPONDERS 55 Watts per channel HIGH POWER TRANSPONDERS >110 Watts per channel This power is not enough and is increased by the antenna gain (effective isotropic radiated power) Typical E.I.R.P used across Africa can be 44 dbw (25120 Watts)

12 26. POLARIZATION Satellite transmission can re-use the same frequencies but on two different polarities The polarity refers to the electrical part of the signal Polarity can be vertical, horizontal, right hand circular or left hand circular Figure 29. Vertical & Horizontal Signals 29. FACTORS AFFECTING GAIN The higher the frequency, the higher the gain (a 2m reflector will have a gain of 36 DB at C Band and 45 DB at Ku Band) The accuracy of the reflector surface Over-illumination Under-illumination 30. BEAM WIDTH 27. WHAT IS A REFLECTOR? This is defined as the angle between the half power points The larger the reflector, the smaller the beam width PRIME FOCUS Usually used for C Band Signal blockage not that important due to reflector size OFF-SET The smaller the beam width, the harder it is to find the signal but the higher the signal level Figure 32. Beam Width Usually used on Ku Band No signal blockage Figure 30. The Difference between Off-set & Prime Focus 31. CARRIER TO NOISE RATIO 28. REFLECTOR SIZE The larger the reflector, the more of the wave front can be intercepted THis means more gain focuses all the signal onto the LNB This is the ratio used to express the level of the signal to the level of the noise The better this level the better the reception When the ratio is low the receiver cannot discriminate between the signal and the noise Figure 33. Carrier to Noise Figure 31. Wave concentration at LNB IN DIGITAL MEASUREMENT, ANOTHER MEASUREMENT KNOWN AS SIGNAL-TO-NOISE IS USED, BUT THE 20. CARRIER-TO-NOISE IS STILL VERY IMPORTANT AS A GOOD C/N CREATES A GOOD S/N. 21.

13 32. SYMBOL RATE SYMBOL RATE The symbol rate can be defined as the number of digital symbols modulated onto a carrier in one second With QPSK there are two digital BITS per symbol With 8PSK there are three digital BITS per symbol DVB-S2 allows QPSK as well as higher order modulation schemes including 8PSK; 16-APSK; 32-APSK In a 36 MHZ transponder the rate is usually 27,5 million to 30 million symbols per second 33. FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION - FEC 36. THE LNB Acronym for Low Noise Block Down Convertor Situated in front of the reflector at the focal point Does not tune to single frequency but receives a group of frequencies Amplifies this group of frequencies to a high level without introducing excessive noise Converts this group of frequencies to a lower frequency called L-Band 37. THE FEED HORN These refer to the extra bits transmitted for correcting errors in the signal received There is a standard set of values expressed as a fraction 1/2 = One of every two bits used for error correction 2/3 = One of every three bits used for error correction 3/4 = One of every four bits used for error correction 5/6 = One of every six bits is used for error correction 7/8 = One of every eight bits is used for error correction The higher the carrier-to noise ratio, the less error correction bits are needed 34. BIT ERROR RATE BER It is the tube in front of the LNB also known as a waveguide Contains the two probes (antennas) for the vertical and horizontal polarization This is the only part of the installation that can discriminate between horizontal and vertical polarization Figure 34. Front of LNB Feed Horn This read out shows the proportional rate of incorrect bits that are received in the bit-stream Bit-error rates ( BER ) can be measured before error correction (pre-corrected) or after (post corrected). Obviously the BER post correction will be better EXAMPLES: 3 x 10-2 = 3 Incorrect bits per 100 bits 3 x 10-3 = 3 Incorrect bits per 1,000 bits 3 x 10-4 = 3 Incorrect bits per 10,000 bits 3 x 10-5 = 3 Incorrect bits per 100,000 bits 3 x 10-6 = 3 Incorrect bits per 1,000,000 bits 3 x 10-7 = 3 Incorrect bits per 10,000,000 bits 35. COMPRESSION This is the term used in digital transmission to reduce the bandwidth requirements This is achieved by only transmitting the required information as per scene changes or the movement within a scene 38. LNB PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION The switch selects between vertical (13V) and horizontal (18V) polarity The LNA low noise amplifier amplifies the low Ku Band signal The Down Convertor converts the Ku Band to L-Band Figure 35. LNB Block Diagram

14 39. WORKINGS OF THE DOWN CONVERTOR When the 22KHz tone is selected, the higher oscillator (10600 MHz) is selected. When there is no 22KHz tone the lower oscillator (9750 MHz) is selected The oscillator frequency is subtracted from the incoming Ku Band frequency to provide an L-Band frequency. i.e = 1380 MHz = 1962 MHz The result falls within the L-Band ( MHz) If the wrong oscillator is selected, the resultant frequency falls outside the L-Band 40. TYPES OF LNB S SINGLE UNIVERSAL - This LNB has a single output that switches between high band and low band, vertical and horizontal 42. THE SKEW The skew aligns the two probes with the electrical part of the received satellite signal The gives maximum discrimination between horizontal and vertical signals Has to be done to provide the best BER and C/N 43. ENCRYPTION Figure 38. The idea of Skew TWIN UNIVERSAL This LNB has two outputs and each port switches independently between horizontal, vertical, high band and low band QUAD - This LNB has four ports that all switch independently QUATTRO This LNB has four dedicated ports HIGH VERT HIGH HOR LOW VERT LOW HOR Figure ELEVATION AND AZIMUTH 170 degrees 44. THE COAXIAL CABLE Centre conductor can be solid copper or copper clad steel skin effect Dielectric is usually air blown P.E. foam 31 degrees Shield is usually a combination of aluminium foil and braid for cost saving THE AZIMUTH IS THE ANGLE CLOCKWISE TO THE RIGHT OF NORTH THE ELEVATION IS THE ANGLE ABOVE THE HORIZON Outer sheath is usually PVC, but has to be P.E. for underground use Figure 40. Cable Cross Section

15 45. COAXIAL CABLE IMPEDANCE THE PRACTICAL INSTALLATION TV Cable has an impedance of 75 ohm This is written on the side of the cable d and D play a big part in the calculation Sharp bends and too small cable clips compress the outer sheath and changes the impedance Figure 41. Impedance 1. DEALING WITH THE CLIENT YOU ARE NOT ONLY REPRESENTING YOURSELF, BUT ALSO Zuku TV. NB. IMPEDANCE CHANGES CAUSES MISMATCHES AND MISMATCHES CAUSE SIGNAL LOSSES, RELECTIONS AND ALL SORTS OF SIGNAL PROBLEMS!! 46. COAXIAL CABLE D.C. RESISTANCE This is measured with a multimeter A good cable should have a reading between 15 and 20 ohm per 100m Solid copper core has a lower D.C. resistance than copper clad steel When voltage is supplied to the LNB, a high D.C. resistance causes a volt drop If the 18V (horizontal) is supplied to the LNB, the voltage at the LNB might be too low and the LNB will stay in vertical mode. Result = no reception on H 47. COAXIAL CABLE SIGNAL LOSS All coaxial cables have a signal loss The higher the frequency, the higher the signal loss Use a cable with a loss of +/-30 db per 100m at 2150 MHz Avoid 75 OHM video cable (stranded inner core) as this does not work at all PLEASANT TELEPHONE MANNERS ALWAYS RETURN CALLS A.S.A.P. DON T ARGUE WITH THE SUBSCRIBER ARRIVE ON TIME DRESS NEATLY SPEAK TO THE SUBSCRIBER COURTEOUSLY DON T LIE REMEMBER 1ST IMPRESSIONS COUNT!! 2. BASIC TEST EQUIPMENT Figure 42. Happy & Friendly Installers 48. UNDERGROUND COAXIAL INSTALLATION PVC PE Direct burial has armoured sheath Other underground coax always in conduit PVC absorbs moisture causes signal loss Field strength meter Minimum requirements: signal level indication, carrier to noise, pre- and post- bit error correction and spectrum analyser Multimeter (for voltage and continuity checks) Compass (to indicate azimuth) Inclinometer (to indicate elevation)

16 3. BASIC TOOL SET Hammer/electric drill with masonry and steel bits Side cutter Glue gun Amalgamating tape Fish tape Set of star and flat screw drivers Long nose pliers Plumb line Hammer Extension lead 4. RECEPTION EQUIPMENT Set of ring and flat spanners Knife Spirit level Short and long ladder Adjustable spanner 7. SELECTING THE INSTALLATION POSITION Ensure that there are no obstructions in the signal path Remember that the received signals are weak and will not provide good results when there are obstructions! Figure 44a. Wrong! Signal Blocked Use the correct size reflector for your country as specified by Zuku TV A smaller reflector will provide a useable signal but will not be reliable and cause premature loss of signal 5. SELECTING THE INSTALLATION POSITION Find the azimuth, elevation and skew from the city tables Try and find a place at the back or side of the building to install the dish Do not install the dish at the front close to front door Avoid a line of sight to the satellite that has a tree or other obstacle in the way If there is no other installation area, first discuss this with the client 8. SELECTING THE INSTALLATION POSITION Clear path with no obstruction Figure 44b. Right! Clear Signal 6. Setting Polarisation Offset ( LNB Skew ) Check the city tables for the polarization offset (LNB skew ) Don t forget to do final skew adjustment for best BER when antenna has been aligned! 9. INSTALLING THE MOUNTING BRACKET Spirit level 4X wall plugs and bolts Hammer Correct size masonry drill bit Hammer drill It is important that this bracket be installed vertically as it looks neat and allows for correct antenna alignment! Figure 45. Bracket with Spirit Level

17 10. INSTALLING THE MOUNTING BRACKET Drill one hole and fit the bracket to the wall Place the spirit level on the side of the bracket, move until vertical and mark the other three holes Drill the three remaining holes and fit the bolts Tighten the bracket securely THE BRACKET MUST BE TIGHT AS ANY MOVEMENT WILL CAUSE SIGNAL LOSS - ESPECIALLY IN WINDY CONDITIONS! 11. ALIGNING THE SATELLITE ANTENNA STEP FIVE Connect your field strength meter and cable to the LNB STEP SIX Set your field strength meter to the parameters found in the installation spec STEP SEVEN Select the spectrum facility or signal level reading on the field strength meter Ensure that the elevation adjustment is set on the side of the antenna Use a compass to obtain the approximate azimuth Move antenna slowly left and right until a peak signal is found If not, adjust elevation up or down and repeat the process STEP ONE Assemble the antenna according to the manufacturer s instructions STEP TWO Refer to attached elevation appendix and set the elevation marked on the side of the antenna to the approximate elevation setting DO NOT OVER TIGHTEN THE BOLTS, BUT ALLOW FOR SOME MOVEMENT! Satellite NSS-12 Orbital Position 57 E Symbol Rate (ksym/sec or kbaud) 45,000 Modulation Zuku TV Satellite Parameters QPSK STEP EIGHT When a peak is found, move the antenna slowly up and down and left and right until you are satisfied that the antenna is peaked Tighten all the bolts on the antenna STEP NINE Now use the field strength meter to read the C/N, the pre- and post- BER and the signal level. Write this down for future reference STEP TEN In areas of high elevation pour a cup of water into the reflector If some of the water remains then drill a 5mm hole in the antenna Paint this hole with rust proofing afterwards 12. SETTING THE SKEW Forward Error Correction (FEC) 3/5 THIS IS THE ONLY WAY OF CHOOSING BETWEEN VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL! Polarisation Homing Channel Frequency (MHz) STEP THREE Set the skew on the LNB to the value for your city per the city tables H 11,518 Use the spectrum facility on the field strength meter, choose 13V for vertical and rotate LNB until spectrum is at its lowest OR Use the BER reading on the meter and rotate LNB until the pre-ber is at its best OR Look at the signal quality reading on the decoder. Rotate the LNB for the best reading STEP FOUR Mount the antenna on the mounting bracket and tighten the mounting bolts - but not too tight as the antenna still needs to be moved on the pole THIS IS VERY IMPORTANT!!!!!!!!

18 13. The Cable Installation Use a long masonry drill that can go straight through the wall Use a vacuum cleaner or tape a bag under the hole that is being drilled Make sure there are no water pipes or electrical conduits in the wall Do not press to hard on the drill Fill the hole around the cable with filler once the cable is installed ONLY USE A GOOD QUALITY 75 OHM 7mm CABLE. A GOOD CABLE HAS A SIGNAL LOSS OF +/-30DB PER 100m AT 2 GHZ 16. CABLE INSTALLATION OUTSIDE WALL Use a spirit level to draw horizontal lines on the wall for the cable installation Figure 48b. Using a Spirit Level for Horizontal Cable 14. CABLE INSTALLATION Placing bag or vacuum cleaner under the hole Figure 47. Vacuum or Bag Placement for Drilling 17. CABLE INSTALLATION INSIDE WALL Do not install the cable in the middle of the wall Install the cable on the skirting board or in the corners of the room Use a hot glue gun instead of cable clips wherever possible DO NOT BEND THE CABLE SHARPLY AS THIS CAUSES MISMATCHES ONLY USE THE CORRECTLY SIZED CABLE CLIPS AS SMALL CABLE CLIPS COMPRESS THE CABLE AND CAUSE MISMATCHES 18. THE F CONNECTORS 15. CABLE INSTALLATION OUTSIDE WALL Use a plumb bob for installing the cable vertically on the outside wall Figure 48a. The Plumb Line Figure 49a. Coax Cutting Measurements Figure 49b. Coax Cutting Measurements These are the approximate cutting dimensions Twist the braid to one side as modern cables have a small amount of braid and this provides some strength Cut the cable with a knife or a special cutting tool

19 19.THE F CONNECTOR 22. SIGNAL SCAN ZUKU Satellite Parameters for Installation Menu Fit only the right size connector Satellite NSS-12 Compression or crimp type connectors may be used but require the correct tools The centre core only needs to protrude by 1 mm Figure 49c. F Connector Centre Core Orbital Position 57 E Symbol Rate (ksym/sec or kbaud) 45,000 Modulation QPSK Forward Error Correction (FEC) 3/5 Polarisation H Homing Channel Frequency (MHz) 11, EARTHING Must be done in accordance with the local laws and regulations Perform signal scan via the menu When completed, note the signal strength and signal quality values and note them on the installation form Make sure that these values are higher than the minimum pass / fail specification. If not, you need to re-optimise the antenna adjustments ( azimuth, elevation and skew ) until the decoder passes the required signal quality level Diagram shows a simple method Earthing must always be done Figure 50. Earthing BEFORE DOING ANYTHING ELSE PERFORM A FORCED DOWNLOAD TO ENSURE THAT THE DECODER HAS THE LATEST SOFTWARE PARAMETERS FOR SIGNAL RECEPTION. 21. INSTALLING THE DECODER FINISHING OFF: Make sure the client has completed and signed the subscriber agreement form Connect satellite cable to LNB in on the back of decoder Connect the AV leads and RF cable from decoder to TV set Insert batteries into remote control Ensure that the smartcard is in the slot Switch on decoder and TV set Select the installation menu on the decoder remote and configure the necessary parameters for signal reception Complete the post-installation-sign-off form with the signal level and quality levels and make sure the subscriber signs this form Phone the local customer service office and have the subscriber s decoder enabled CLEAN UP YOUR MESS!!!!!

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21 ELEVATE. Contact Details Miriam Limo Marketing & Sales Coordinator Zuku TV Wananchi Satellite Limited Tel: or