An Introduction to High Frequency Surface Wave Radar
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1 An Introduction to High Frequency Surface Wave Radar Dr. Hugh Roarty Dr. Scott Glenn Presented by: Trevor Bartleet (Peralex Electronics)
2 The Radar Masters Course at UCT Set up to address the growing need for skilled engineers and scientists in the challenging fields of Radar and Electronic Defence. The programmes are flexible, so a working engineer can pursue the degree over a two or three year period. Students focus on relevant theory, technologies and applications of radar and ED/EW, with coursework and project components. Programme had first intake of students in February 2011
3 Subjects Core subjects include: Mathematics for Radar and EW Introduction to Radar Introduction to EW Radar Signal Processing Radar Systems Modelling Microwave Components & Antennas Microwave Filters Design Applications of Imaging Radar Specialised subjects HF Surface Wave Radar 3
4 The Challenger Glider Mission: A New Generation of Student Based Discovery The Ocean is Our Classroom
5 HISTORY OF HIGH FREQUENCY RADAR
6 HF Radar -- Is It New Technology? British 25-MHz "Chain Home" built 1938 to detect German bombers "Bragg" sea echo from English Channel mistakenly labeled "jammer" These systems preceded microwave radars by several years 380-foot tall metal transmit towers 240-foot tall wooden receive towers
7 Crombie (1955) Dominion Physical Laboratory, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Letters to Nature 175, (16 April 1955)
8 INTRODUCTION TO HOW HOW HIGH FREQUENCY RADAR WORKS
9 Horizon Calculation
10 Speed of Light Speed of Light, c = 299,792,458 m/s c=fλ Approximation is 300/f MHz = Radio Wavelength (m) Radio Frequency (MHz) Radio Wavelength (m) Ocean Wavelength (m) Effective range (km)
11 Bragg Sea Echo Freq mhz λ meters λ/2 meters T seconds λ λ λ/2 λ/2 A B C SeaSonde Principles
12 Bragg Sea Echo Freq mhz λ meters λ/2 meters T seconds λ λ λ/2 λ/2 A B C SeaSonde Principles
13 Bragg Sea Echo Freq mhz λ meters λ/2 meters T seconds λ λ λ/2 λ/2 A B C SeaSonde Principles
14 Bragg Sea Echo Freq mhz λ meters λ/2 meters T seconds λ λ λ/2 λ/2 A B C SeaSonde Principles
15 Bragg Sea Echo Freq mhz λ meters λ/2 meters T seconds λ λ λ/2 λ/2 A B C SeaSonde Principles
16 Bragg Sea Echo Freq mhz λ meters λ/2 meters T seconds λ λ λ/2 λ/2 A B C SeaSonde Principles
17 Bragg Sea Echo Fre q mhz λ meters λ/2 meters T seconds λ λ λ/2 λ/2 A B C SeaSonde Principles
18 Bragg Sea Echo Freq mhz λ meters λ/2 meters T seconds λ λ λ/2 λ/2 A B C SeaSonde Principles
19 Doppler Spectrum Echo Strength (dbm) -fb 0 +fb Doppler Frequency (Hz)
20 Radial Currents
21 Radial Currents Echo Strength (dbm) -fb 0 +fb Doppler Frequency (Hz)
22 The Doppler Spectrum Noise Floor Negative Bragg peaks (Waves receding) Positive Bragg peaks (Waves approaching) Loop 1 (A1) Loop 2 (A2) Monopole (A3) Negative Doppler: Targets moving away from Antennas 0 Hz Doppler Offset a.k.a. DC Positive Doppler: Targets moving towards Antennas
23 Physical Mechanism Behind Current Mapping from First- Order Doppler Sea-Echo Spectral Peaks
24 What does an HF RADAR consist of? loop box monopole (A3) loop box (A1 & A2) radial whips loop 1 (A1) loop 2 (A2) Computer and Monitor Transmitter Receiver
25 13 MHz Transmit and Receive Antenna 4 meters
26
27 Direction Finding Amplitude s A1/A3 A2/A3 P1- P3 Phases P2- P
28 Direction Finding Amplitude s A1/A3 A2/A3 P1- P3 Phases P2- P
29 SeaSonde Waveform T Sweep T PulsePeriod F SweepWidth
30 Radial Vector Output of MUSIC Processing Output of MUSIC processing: radial vectors Vectors are in polar coordinate system centered at receive antenna 1 radial map per averaged cross spectra file into one hourly map
31 APPLICATION: OCEANOGRAPHY, SEARCH AND RESCUE, OIL SPILLS
32 Surface Current Mapping Capability 25 MHz Radar λ: 12 m Ocean λ: 6 m Range: 30 km Resolution: 1 km 13 MHz Radar λ: 23 m Ocean λ: 12 m Range: 80 km Resolution: 3 km 05 MHz Radar λ: 60m Ocean λ: 30 m Range: 180 km Resolution: 6 km
33 MARACOOS HF RADAR NETWORK U Mass WHOI U Conn URI Stevens Rutgers Delaware ODU/CIT UNC 5 MHz 13 MHz 25 MHz Stations in Total
34 Winter Storm Nemo February 9, 2013
35 Transition Objective Operational Use of HF Radar Surface Currents for Search And Rescue Surface Currents Data Acquisition (MARACOOS ) Data Product Generation & Management (U.S. IOOS) Environmental Data Server (EDS) Search And Rescue Optimal Planning System (SAROPS) 35
36 SAROPS Test Case 5000 Virtual Drifters + 1 Real Drifter (Black Line): Search Area After 96 Hours 154 km 100 km 232 km 123 km HyCOM HF Radar 36,000 km 2 12,000 km 2
37 Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Coordinated Rapid Response Contributed Assets: HF Radar Networks USF, USM Gliders irobot, Mote, Rutgers, SIO, UDel, USF, Navy Drifters & Profilers Horizon Marine, Navy Satellite Imagery CSTARS, UDel, Rutgers Ocean Forecasts Navy, NCSU Data/Web Services ASA, Rutgers, SIO Tropical Storm Bonnie crosses the Gulf of Mexico TS Bonnie USM HFR USF HFR USM HFR validation of SABGOM Forecast in region with satellite detected oil slicks HFR used for Oil Slick Forecasts by NOAA/NOS/OR&R
38 APPLICATION: MARITIME DOMAIN AWARENESS AND VESSEL DETECTION
39 Doppler Spectra from all Range Cells with Detection Threshold above Background Applied Fixed Objects & Direct Signals Bragg Waves Bragg Waves Vessel Vessel Doppler Frequency (Target Speed)
40 Ships in Spectra
41 Ships in Spectra
42 The Center for Secure and Resilient Maritime Commerce (CSR) HF Radar Team Rutgers University - Scott Glenn, Josh Kohut, Hugh Roarty, Mike Crowley, John Kerfoot, Ethan Handel, Mike Smith, Colin Evans CODAR Ocean Sensors - Don Barrick, Pete Lilleboe, Chad Whelan Belinda Lipa, Bill Rector, Jimmy Isaacson University or Puerto Rico Mayaguez Jorge Corredor, Julio Morell, Miguel Canals Applied Mathematics, Inc - Bill Browning University of Alaska Fairbanks Tom Weingarter, Hank Statscewich Ocean Power Technologies Debbie Montagna, Bruce Downie Naval Research Laboratory Michael Lovellette, Dan Newton Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI) Terje Johnsen, Walther Asen CODARNor Anton Kjelaas Rutgers University CODAR Ocean Sensors Academic Industry Partnership since 1998 ONR Institutions
43 Step 1 Detection: Range (km) Radial Velocity (m/s) Bearing ( CWN )
44 Step 2 Association: MAAS TRADER DOLPHIN
45 Surface Current Mapping Capability 25 MHz Radar λ: 12 m Ocean λ: 6 m Range: 30 km Resolution: 1 km 13 MHz Radar λ: 23 m Ocean λ: 12 m Range: 80 km Resolution: 3 km 05 MHz Radar λ: 60m Ocean λ: 30 m Range: 180 km Resolution: 6 km
46 HF Radar Alaska Alaska
47
48 Detection of Russian Navy Ship with HF Radar Russian navy ship was shadowing the Research Vessel Westward Wind during its research cruise The Russian navy ship was within the EEZ of the United States Photos of the navy ship were taken on August 27, 2014 from the Westward Wind Position data from the Westward Wind were taken from Chukchi Science page
49 Length: 49 m Height: 20 m Westward Wind
50 Russian Navy, Pribaltika Photo taken from the Westward Wind at approximately 8/27/14 08:38 (16:38 GMT)
51 Russian Navy, Pribaltika Photo taken from the Westward Wind at approximately 8/27/14 08:55 (16:55 GMT)
52 Location of Westward 8/27/14 09:05 (17:05 GMT) 156 km Radar Station at Wainwright 108 km Radar Station at Point Lay
53 Detections by HF Radar at PTLY 14:00-20:00 GMT Time of Photos
54 Detections by Radar at PTLY 20:00-02:00 GMT 4 3
55 AIS at Time of Encounter with Russian Ship (08:38 am local) No other vessels in vicinity of Westward Wind at 08:38 therefore the Russian vessel was not on AIS and detection 4 by HF radar is the Russian Ship
56 2015 IEEE Radar Conference Out of Africa always something new Sandton Convention Centre, Johannesburg October
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