High-Voltage Test and

Transcription

1 Eberhard Wolfgang Hauschild Lemke High-Voltage Test and Measuring Techniques ^ Springer

2 Contents 1 Introduction Development of Power Systems and Required High-Voltage Test Systems The International Electrotechnical Commission and Its Standards Insulation Coordination and Its Verification by HV Testing Tests and Measurements in the Life Cycle of Power Equipment 12 2 Basics of High-Voltage Test Techniques External and Internal Insulations in the Electric Field Principles and Definitions HV Dry Tests on External Insulation Including Atmospheric Correction Factors HV Artificial Rain Tests on External Insulation HV Artificial Pollution Tests on External Insulation HV Tests on Internal Insulation Hints to Further Environmental Tests and HV Tests of Apparatus HV Test Systems and Their Components HV Measurement and Estimation of the Measuring Uncertainty HV Measuring Systems and Their Components Approval of a HV Measuring System for an Accredited HV Test Field Calibration by Comparison with a Reference Measuring System Estimation of Uncertainty of HV Measurements HV Measurement by Standard Air Gaps According to IEC 60052: Field Probes for Measurement of High Voltages and Electric Field Gradients Breakdown and Withstand Voltage Tests and Their Statistical Treatment Random Variables and the Consequences 59 xi

3 xjj Contents HV Tests Using the Progressive HV Tests Using the Multiple-Level Stress Method 63 Method HV Tests for Selected Quantiles Using the Up-and-Down Method Statistical Treatment of Life-Time Tests Standardized Withstand Voltage Tests 77 3 Tests with High Alternating Voltages Generation of HVAC Test Voltages HVAC Test Systems Based on Test Transformers (ACT) HVAC Test Systems Based on Resonant Circuits (ACR) HVAC Test Systems for Induced Voltage Tests of Transformers (ACIT) Requirements to AC Test Voltages and Selection of HVAC Test Systems Requirements for AC Test Voltages Test Systems for Multi-purpose Application AC Resonant Test Systems (ACRL; ACRF) for Capacitive Test Objects HVAC Test Systems for Resistive Test Objects HVAC Test Systems for Inductive Test Objects: Transformer Testing Procedures and Evaluation of HVAC Tests HVAC Tests for Research and Development HVAC Quality Acceptance Tests and Diagnostic Tests HVAC Test Voltage Measurement Voltage Dividers Measuring Instruments Requirements for Approved Measuring Systems Partial Discharge Measurement PD Occurrence PD Models Capacitive PD Model Dipole Model PD Pulse Charge Measurement Decoupling of PD Signals PD Measuring Circuits According to IEC PD Signal Processing PD Measuring Instruments Calibration of PD Measuring Circuits Performance Tests of PD Calibrators 186

4 Contents xiii Maintaining the Characteristics of PD Measuring Systems PD Test Procedure PD Fault Localization Noise Reduction Sources and Signatures of Noises Noise Reduction Tools Visualization of PD Events PD Detection in the VHF/UHF Range General Design of PD Couplers Basic Principles of PD Detection in the VHF/UHF Range Comparability and Reproducibility of UHF/VHF PD Detection Methods Acoustic PD Detection Measurement of Dielectric Properties Dielectric Response Measurements Loss Factor and Capacitance Measurement Schering Bridge Automatic C-tan<5 Bridges Tests with High Direct Voltages Circuits for the Generation of HVDC Test Voltages Half-Wave Rectification (One-Phase, One-Pulse Circuit) Doubler and Multiplier Circuits (Greinacher/Cockcroft-Walton Cascades) Multiplier Circuits for Higher Currents Multiplier Circuits with Cascaded Transformers Requirements to HVDC Test Voltages and Selection of HVDC Test Systems Requirements of IEC to HVDC Test Voltages General Requirements to Components of HVDC Test Systems Interaction Between HVDC Test System and Test Object Procedures and Evaluation of HVDC Tests HVDC Test Voltage Measurement PD Measurement at DC Test Voltages Tests with High Lightning and Switching Impulse Voltages Generation of Impulse Test Voltages 286

5 xjv Contents Classification of Impulse Test Voltages Basic and Multiplier Circuits for Standard LI/SI Test Voltages Circuits for Oscillating Impulse Voltages OSI Test Voltage Generation by Transformers Circuits for Very Fast Front Impulse Voltages Requirements to LI/SI Test Systems and Selection of Impulse Voltage Test Systems LI Test Voltage and the Phenomenon of Over-shoot SI Test Voltages Procedures and Evaluation of LI/SI Voltage Tests Breakdown Voltage Tests for Research and Development LI/SI Quality Acceptance Tests Measurement of LI and SI Test Voltages Dynamic Behaviour of Voltage Dividers Design of Voltage Dividers Digital Recorders Measurement of High Currents in LI Voltage Tests Resistive Converting Device (Shunt) Inductive Converting Device (Rogowski Coil) PD Measurement at Impulse Voltages SI Test Voltages DAC Test Voltages Short Impulse Voltages (LI and VFF Test Voltages) Tests with Combined and Composite Voltages Combined Test Voltage Generation of Combined Test Voltages Requirements to Combined Test Voltages Measurement of Combined Test Voltages Examples for Combined Voltage Tests Composite Voltages Generation and Requirements Measurement of Composite Test Voltages Example for a DC/AC Composite Voltage Test High-Voltage Test Laboratories Requirements and Selection of HV Test Systems Objective of a Test Field Selection of Test Equipment Clearances and Test Area Control, Measurement and Communication HV Test Building Design 387

6 Contents xv Required Rooms and Principle Design Grounding and Shielding Power Supply and High-Frequency Filtering Auxiliary Equipment for HV Testing Auxiliary Equipment and Transportation Facilities Safety Measures Outdoor HV Test Fields Updating of Existing HV Test Fields Updating of HV Test Systems Improvement of HV Test Rooms High-Voltage Testing On Site General Requirements to HV Test Systems Used On Site Quality Acceptance Tests Diagnostic Tests Overall Design of Mobile HV Test Systems Test Voltages Applied On Site Voltages for Withstand Tests Voltages for Special Tests and Measurements PD Measurement and Diagnostics On Site Examples for On Site Tests Testing of Gas-Insulated Systems (GIS, GIL) Testing of Cable Systems Testing of Power Transformers Testing of Rotating Machines 463 Biography of W. Hauschild 471 Biography of E. Lemke 473 References 475 Index 499