MICROCONTROLLER BASED ULTRASONIC STICK FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED

Transcription

1 MICROCONTROLLER BASED ULTRASONIC STICK FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED AN INTERNSHIP REPORT Submitted by CALEB RUBIN S P ( ) PRASANTH V ( ) THEYANESHWARAN J ( ) DIVAKAR M ( ) in summer internship project of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING GUINDY ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI MAY 2018 i

2 COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING GUINDY ANNA UNIVERSITY :: CHENNAI MAY 2018 INTERNSHIP CERTIFICATE Certified that this internship report MICROCONTROLLER BASED ULTRASONIC STICK FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED is the work of CALEB RUBIN S P ( ), PRASANTH V ( ), THEYANESHWARAN J ( ) and DIVAKAR M ( ) who carried out the internship project work under my supervision from 8th May, 2018 to 31st May, DR. S. MUTTAN HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT Professor ECE Department College of Engineering Guindy Anna University, Chennai 25. DR. D. SRIDHARAN CO-ORDINATOR Professor ECE Department College of Engineering Guindy Anna University Chennai - 25 DR. N.RAMADOSS SUPERVISOR Associate Professor ECE Department College of Engineering Guindy Anna University Chennai - 25 ii

3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and we are extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion of this project. All that we have done is only due to such supervision and assistance and we would not forget to thank them. We respect and thank our Dean Dr. T.V.Geetha for providing us with this Summer Internship opportunity as it was a great learning experience for all of us. We respect and thank the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering and Dr.Muttan the HOD, Department of ECE, for providing us the infrastructure for the completion of our internship project. We thank Dr.D.Sridharan for co-ordinating us throughout the internship program and for guiding us to optimize our project more efficiently. We owe our deep gratitude to our project guide and coordinator Dr.N.Ramadass, who took keen interest on our project work and guided us all along, till the completion of our project work by providing all the necessary information for developing a good system and without the Grace of God we would not have completed this project successfully. Caleb Rubin S P Prasanth V Theyaneshwaran J Divakar M. iii

4 ABSTRACT Visually impaired persons find themselves challenging to go out independently. There are millions of visually impaired or blind people in this world who are always in need of helping hands. In this technology controlled world, where people strive to live independently, this project proposes an ultrasonic stick for visually impaired people to help them gain personal independence. Since this is economical and not bulky, one can make use of it easily. This project helps visually challenged people to navigate with ease using advance technology. The blind stick is integrated with ultrasonic sensors, Location Tracker using NodeMCU, application software that would give the blind people s location, RF Transmitter, RF Receiver along with light and water sensing which are controlled by microcontroller. The implementation is done and the entire setup functions using the microcontroller. 1

5 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO. ABSTRACT 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS 2 LIST OF FIGURES 5 1. OVERVIEW 1.1 Introduction Objective of This Project Literature Survey 7 2. ULTRASONIC SENSOR 2.1 Introduction Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Configuration Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Features HC-SR04 Working Principle HC-SR04 Procedure Distance Calculation MOISTURE SENSOR 3.1 Introduction Moisture Sensor Pin Configuration Moisture Sensor Pin Features Hardware and Software Required 13 2

6 3.5 Moisture Sensor Working Moisture Sensor Circuit Connection STICK FINDER USING RF COMMUNICATION 4.1 Introduction RF Module RF Module Specifications RF Transmitter RF Transmitter Pin Description RF Transmitter Features RF Receiver RF Receiver Pin Description RF Receiver Features Circuit Configuration ANDROID STUDIO 5.1 Introduction Creating App using Android Studio ARDUINO 6.1 Introduction Arduino Nano Arduino Nano Specifications Arduino Nano Interfacing 27 7 NODEMCU 7.1 Introduction NodeMCU Specifications 29 3

7 8 WEB HOSTING 8.1 Introduction Website Viewing Webhost Steps required to create a Domain Accessing Database through Public Url Accessing Location through Android Studio 33 9 LOCATION TRACKING USING NODEMCU 9.1 Introduction Working of Google Geolocation Getting API key RESULT & CONCLUSION 10.1 Result Conclusion 37 REFERENCES 37 4

8 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 Figure 6.1 Figure 6.2 Figure 7.1 Figure 7.2 Figure 8.1 Figure 8.2 Figure 9.1 Figure 10.1 Ultrasonic Working Principle Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 HC-SR04 Timing Diagram Moisture Sensor Moisture Sensor Connection with Arduino RF Communication Block Diagram RF Transmitter Pin Configuration RF Receiver Pin Configuration RF Transmitter Configuration RF Receiver Configuration CLICKME Button to activity main App Created using Android Studio Arduino Nano Pin out Arduino Code for getting location NodeMCU NodeMCU Pin Configuration Public URL Displaying Location CLICKME Button pressed Displaying API key Final Completed Setup 5

9 CHAPTER 1 OVERVIEW 1.1 INTRODUCTION According to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, around 30 billion people are blind on the earth. This project proposes to design and develop a portable unit (stick) for them for easy usage and navigation in public places. Our proposed project first uses NodeMCU to track blind people s location using Google s Geolocation API and this data is communicated with others by using a application software in smartphone created by using Android Studio. Whenever blind people met with a obstacle it would alert them by using vibration using ultrasonic sensors. The stick is interfaced with other features like LDR, Moisture sensor. The system has one more advanced feature integrated to help the blind find their stick if they forget where they kept it. A wireless RF based remote is used for this purpose. In order to control all these sensors we use the popular Arduino as microcontroller. 1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THIS PROJECT The objective of this project is to develop a stick interfacing with ultrasonic sensors, NodeMCU, Moisture sensor, RF Transmitter and Receiver and LDR controlled using microcontroller and to create an application software using Android Studio which tracks our location. 6

10 1.3 LITERATURE SURVEY 1. S.Gangwar (2011) designed a smart stick for blind which can give early warning of an obstacle using Infrared (IR) sensors. After identifying the obstacles, the stick alerts the visually impaired people using vibration signals. However the smart stick focused only for obstacle detection but it is not assisting for emergency purposes needed by the blind. And also the IR sensors are not really efficient enough because it can detect only the nearest obstacle in short distance. 2. S.Chew (2012) proposed the smart white cane, called Blind spot that combines GPS technology, social networking and ultrasonic sensors to help visually impaired people to navigate public spaces. The GPS detects the location of the obstacle and alerts the blind to avoid them hitting the obstacle using ultra-sonic sensors. But GPS did not show the efficiency in tracing the location of the obstacles since ultra-sonic tells the distance of the obstacle. All the studies show that, there are many techniques of making a smart stick for blind people. However, the study conclusion shows that, using the ultrasonic sensors would be an efficient solution to detect the obstacles with maximum range of 7 meters and 45 degree coverage. 7

11 CHAPTER 2 ULTRASONIC SENSOR 2.1 Introduction The ultrasonic sensor works on the principle of SONAR and RADAR system which is used to determine the distance to an object.an ultrasonic sensor generates the high-frequency sound (ultrasound) waves. When this ultrasound hits the object, it reflects as echo which is sensed by the receiver. By measuring the time required for the echo to reach to the receiver, we can calculate the distance. Fig 2.1 Ultrasonic Working Principle. 8

12 2.2 Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Configuration: ` Fig 2.2 Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 Pin Number 1 Vcc Pin Name 2 Trigger 3 Echo 4 Ground Description The Vcc pin powers the sensor, typically with +5V Trigger pin is an Input pin. This pin has to be kept high for 10us to initialize measurement by sending US wave. Echo pin is an Output pin. This pin goes high for a period of time which will be equal to the time taken for the US wave to return back to the sensor. This pin is connected to the Ground of the system Table 2.1 Pin Description of Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04. 9

13 2.3 Ultrasonic Sensor Pin Features: 1. Operating voltage : +5V 2. Theoretical Measuring Distance : 2cm to 450cm 3. Practical Measuring Distance : 2cm to 80cm 4. Accuracy : 3mm 5. Measuring angle covered : <15 6. Operating Current : <15mA 7. Operating Frequency : 40Hz 2.4 HC-SR04 Working Principle: HC-SR-04 has an ultrasonic transmitter, receiver and control circuit. In ultrasonic module HCSR04, we have to give trigger pulse, so that it will generate ultrasound of frequency 40 khz. After generating ultrasound i.e. 8 pulses of 40 khz, it makes echo pin high. Echo pin remains high until it does not get the echo sound back. So the width of echo pin will be the time for sound to travel to the object and return back. Once we get the time we can calculate distance, as we know the speed of sound. 10

14 2.5 HC-SR04 Procedure: We need to transmit trigger pulse of at least 10 us to the HC-SR04 Trig Pin. Then the HC-SR04 automatically sends Eight 40 khz sound wave and wait for rising edge output at Echo pin. When the rising edge capture occurs at Echo pin, start the Timer and wait for falling edge on Echo pin. As soon as the falling edge is captured at the Echo pin, read the count of the Timer. This time count is the time required by the sensor to detect an object and return back from an object. Fig 2.3 HC-SR04 Timing Diagram 2.6 Distance Calculation: Distance = Speed x Time. The speed of sound waves is 343 m/s. So, Total Distance = (343 x Time of High(Echo) Pulse)/2 Total distance is divided by 2 because signal travels from HC-SR04 to object and returns to the module HC-SR

15 CHAPTER 3 MOISTURE SENSOR 3.1 Introduction: The Moisture sensor is used to measure the water content of soil. A typical Soil Moisture Sensor consists of two components. A two legged Lead, that goes into the soil or anywhere else where water content has to be measured. This has two header pins which connect to an Amplifier/ A-D circuit which is in turn connected to the Arduino. The Amplifier has a Vin, Gnd, Analog and Digital Data Pins. This means that you can get the values in both Analog and Digital forms. Fig 3.1 Moisture Sensor 12

16 3.2 Moisture Sensor Pin Configuration : The soil Moisture sensor FC-28 has four pins 1. VCC : For power 2. A0 : Analog output 3. D0 : Digital output 4. GND : Ground 3.3 Moisture Sensor Pin Features: The specifications of the soil moisture sensor FC-28 are as follows: 1. Input Voltage : 3.3-5V 2. Output Voltage : 0-4.2V 3. Input Current : 35mA 4. Output Signal : Both Analog and Digital. 3.4 Hardware and Software Required: Moisture Sensor Module. Arduino Uno. Arduino IDE(1.0.6 Version). 13

17 3.5 Moisture Sensor Working: The soil moisture sensor consists of two probes which are used to measure the volumetric content of water. The two probes allow the current to pass through the soil and then it gets the resistance value to measure the moisture value. When there is more water, the soil will conduct more electricity which means that there will be less resistance. Therefore, the moisture level will be higher. Dry soil conducts electricity poorly, so when there will be less water, then the soil will conduct less electricity which means that there will be more resistance. Therefore, the moisture level will be lower. This sensor can be connected in two modes; Analog mode and digital mode. The Module contains a potentiometer which will set the threshold value and then this threshold value will be compared by the LM393 comparator. The output LED will light up and down according to this threshold value. To connect the soil moisture sensor FC-28 in the digital mode, Connect the digital output of the sensor to the digital pin of the Arduino. When the sensor value will be greater than the threshold value, then the digital pin will give us 5V and the LED on the sensor will light up and when the sensor. 14

18 3.6 Moisture Sensor Circuit Connection: The connections for connecting the soil moisture sensor FC-28 to the Arduino in digital mode are as follows: 1. VCC of FC-28-5V of Arduino 2. GND of FC-28 - GND of Arduino 3. D0 of FC-28 - pin 12 of Arduino 4. Vibrator positive - pin 13 of Arduino 5. Vibrator negative - GND of Arduino Fig 3.2 Moisture Sensor with Arduino 15

19 CHAPTER 4 STICK FINDER USING RF COMMUNICATION 4.1 Introduction Wireless communication is among technology s biggest contributions to mankind. Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors. The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television s remote control) and thousands of kilometres (for example, radio communication). In this technology, the information can be transmitted through the air without requiring any cable or wires or other electronic conductors, by using electromagnetic waves like IR, RF, satellite, etc. Fig 4.1 RF Communication Block Diagram 16

20 4.1.1 RF Module The 433MHz wireless module is one of the cheap and easy to use modules for all wireless projects. These modules can be used only in pairs and only simplex communication is possible. Meaning the transmitter can only transmit information and the receiver can only receive it. The module could cover a minimum of 3 meters and with proper antenna a power supplies it can reach upto 100 meters. The module itself cannot work on its own as it required some kind of encoding before being transmitter and decoding after being received; so it has to be used with an encoder or decoder IC or with any microcontroller on both ends. The simplest way to use it is with the HT12E Encoder IC and HT12D Decoder IC. The module uses ASK (Amplitude shift keying) and hence it s easy to interface with microcontrollers as well RF Module Specifications 1. Wireless (RF) Simplex Transmitter and Receiver 2. Transmitter Operating Voltage : +5V only 3. Transmitter Operating current : 9mA to 40mA 4. Operating frequency : 433 MHz 5. Modulating Technique : ASK (Amplitude shift keying) 6. Data Transmission speed : 10Kbps 7. Circuit type : Saw resonator 8. Low cost and small package. 17

21 4.2 RF Transmitter Fig 4.2 RF Transmitter Pin Configuration RF Transmitter Pin Description 1. Data : Data to be transmitted is sent to this pin 2. Vcc : Power supply 3. Ground : Connected to the ground of the circuit 4. Antenna : Solder wire/antenna to improve range RF Transmitter Features The Vcc pin has a wide range input voltage from 3V to 12V. The transmitter consumes a minimum current of 9mA and can go as high as 40mA during transmission. The center pin is the data pin to with the signal to be transmitted is sent. This signal is then modulated using the ASK (Amplitude Shift Keying) and then sent on air at a frequency of 433MHz. The speed at which it can transmit data is around 10Kbps. 18

22 4.3 RF Receiver Fig 4.3 RF Receiver Pin Configuration RF Receiver Pin Description 1. Vcc : Power supply (3V to 12V) 2. Data : Data received can be obtained from this pin 3. Data : It serves the same purpose (any one can be used) 4. Ground : Connected to the ground of the circuit 5. Antenna : Solder wire/antenna to improve range RF Receiver Features The Vcc pin should be powered with a regulated 5V supply. The operating current of this module is less than 5.5mA. The pins Dout and Linear out is shorted together to receive the 433Mhz signal from air. This signal is then demodulated to get the data and is sent out through the data pin. 19

23 4.4 Circuit Configuration The circuit is divided into transmitter and receiver sections. The transmitter section consists of an RF Transmitter, HT12E encoder IC and push button. A 680 KΩ resistor is connected between the oscillator terminals of encoder IC. This is to enable the oscillator Fig 4.4 RF Transmitter Configuration The receiver section consists of RF Receiver, HT12D Decoder IC and LED. An extra LED is connected to VT (Valid Transmission) pin of the decoder IC. This is used to indicate a successful transmission of data. A 33 KΩ resistor is connected between the oscillator pins of decoder IC. Fig 4.5 RF Receiver Configuration 20

24 CHAPTER 5 ANDROID STUDIO 5.1 Introduction Android Studio is an integrated development environment (IDE) from Google that provides developers with tools needed to build applications for the Android OS platform. Android Software Development Kit (SDK) is a toolset that enables developers to create apps for Android OS. It includes the required libraries to build Android apps, a debugger, an emulator, Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and sample projects with source code, so you can have everything you need to start making your own apps. The Android Virtual Device Manager provides a graphical user interface to test your app on a virtual device. 5.2 Creating App using Android Studio Step 1: Install Android Studio 1. Go to to download Android Studio. 2. Use the installer to install Android Studio. 21

25 Step 2: Open a New Project 1. Open Android Studio. 2. Under the "Quick Start" menu, select "Start a new Android Studio project." 3. On the "Create New Project" window that opens, name your project. 4. Click "Next." 5. Make sure on that "Phone and Tablet" is the only box that is checked. 6. If you are planning to test the app on your phone, make sure the minimum SDK is below your phone's operating system level. 7. Click "Next." 8. Select "Blank Activity." 9. Click "Next." 10. Leave all of the Activity name fields as they are. 11. Click "Finish." Step 3: Add a Button to the Main Activity 1. Navigate to the Design tab of the activity_main.xml display. 2. In the Palette menu to the left of the phone display, find Button (under the heading Widgets). 3. Click and drag Button to be centered underneath your welcome message. 4. Make sure your button is still selected. 5. In the Properties menu (on the right side of the window), scroll down to find the field for "text." 6. Change the text from "New Button" to "Clickme." 22

26 Step 4: Access Location from Database 1. Get the location from database when the database receives latitude and longitude. Fig 5.1 CLICKME Button to activity_main. Step 5: Write the Button s onclick method 1. Once the location received press the CLICKME button to navigate the person to the blind one. Fig 5.2 App Created using Android Studio. 23

27 Step 6: Build and run app. 1. In Android Studio, click the Run menu option (or the play button icon) to run app. 2. When prompted to choose a device, choose one of the following options: 3. Select the Android device that is connected to computer via USB. 4. Alternatively, select the LAUNCH EMULATOR button and choose virtual device that is previously configured. 5. Click ok. Android Studio will invoke Gradle to build app, and the display the results on the device or on the emulator. It could take a couple of minutes before the app opens. 24

28 CHAPTER 6 ARDUINO 6.1 Introduction Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller) and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer code to the physical board. The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with electronics, and for good reason. Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to program. What you will need: 1. A computer (Windows, Mac, or Linux) 2. An Arduino-compatible microcontroller 3. A USB A-to-B cable, or another appropriate way to connect your Arduino-compatible microcontroller to your computer. 25

29 6.2 Arduino Nano Fig 6.1 Arduino Nano Pinout The Arduino Nano, as the name suggests is a compact, complete and bread-board friendly microcontroller board. 6.2 Arduino Nano Specifications: Microcontroller Architecture Operating Voltage Flash Memory Clock Speed : ATmega328P : AVR : 5 Volts : 32 KB of which 2 KB used by BootLoader : 16 MHz Analog I/O Pins : 8 EEPROM Input Voltage : 1 KB : 7-12 Volts. 26

30 6.4 Arduino Nano Interfacing Step 1: Install Arduino Software 1. Go to to download Arduino Software. 2. Use the installer to install Arduino Software. Step 2: Install Drivers for Arduino. Step 3: Upload Code in Arduino. Fig 6.2 Arduino Code for getting location. 1. Once arduino IDE is installed on the computer, connect the board with computer using USB cable. 2. Now open the arduino IDE and choose the correct board by selecting Tools>Boards>Arduino/Nano, 3. Choose the correct Port by selecting Tools>Port. 4. Once the code is loaded into your IDE, click on the upload button given on the top bar. 27

31 CHAPTER 7 NODEMCU 7.1 Introduction NodeMCU is an open source IoT platform. It includes firmware which runs on the ESP8266 Wi-Fi SoC from Espressif Systems, and hardware which is based on the ESP-12 module. The term "NodeMCU" by default refers to the firmware rather than the development kits. It is an Open source, Interactive, Programmable, Low cost, WiFi enabled, USB-TTL included System on Chip. Fig 7.1 NodeMCU 28

32 7.2 NodeMCU Specifications 1. Wi-Fi Module ESP-12E module similar to ESP-12 module but with 6 extra GPIOs. 2. USB micro USB port for power, programming and debugging 3. Headers 2x 2.54mm 15-pin header with access to GPIOs, SPI, UART, ADC, and power pins 4. Power 5V via micro USB port 5. Dimensions 49 x 24.5 x 13mm 6. Memory: 128kb 7. Storage: 4Mb 8. Type: Single Board Microcontroller Fig 7.2 NodeMCU Pin Configuration 29

33 CHAPTER 8 WEB HOSTING 8.1 Introduction Web hosting is a service that enables individuals and companies to make their website available and accessible to the whole world via World Wide Web. It is a kind of internet hosting service whereby a web hosting company grants its users space on servers and provides internet connectivity. Thus, through the use of webhost services, web pages consisting of contents, data, images etc. can be viewed on the internet through varied technologies and services. 8.2 Website viewing The only thing required to make your website accessible to internet users is to have a domain for your website. The moment any internet user types your domain or website address, the computer would automatically detect it and would connect to your server. Consequently, the web pages would be delivered to them through the browser. 30

34 Webhost 000Webhost is a website hosting service provider that helps to host your own website and create a domain. 000Webhost, provides you with Free Website hosting. It is one of the oldest; free web hosting providers in the industry. Featured with distinctive features, this web host provides its users with an opportunity to initiate something amazing via accessing web pages online. It s great for the start-up holders. It still continues to be a good source for bringing ideas into reality. 8.4 Steps required to create a Domain. 1. Enter 2. Sign in with account. 3. Enter website name as blindstick.com 4. Click Manage database and click New database. 5. Enter database name, Username, Password 6. Click phpmyadmin. 7. Enter table name = geolocationfinal, No. of Columns = 3 (Id, Latitudegeo, Longitudegeo) 8. Open new file in notepad++, save as web1.php. 31

35 9. To find whether database is created or not, i. Enter $mysql host = local host ii. User = id testing. iii. Password = testing. iv. Data base name =id testing 10. Now create web2.php such that it gets Latitude and Longitude from our database 11. Make the values in json format save as web3.php. 8.5 Accessing Database through Public URL. 1. Login to 000webhost.com 2. Click File Manager. 3. Create New Folder as api. 4. Upload the files of web1.php, web2.php, web3.php in api. 5. If we click and view web3.php, it would open as, Blindstick.000webhostapp.com/api/web3.php Fig 8.1 Public URL Displaying Location 6. It is public accessible URL, wherever we type this URL, we would get updated database values 32

36 8.6 Accessing Location through Android Studio. 1. Now Open Android Studio. 2. Change json_url= 3. Run the app on our phone, 4. On pressing CLICKME button, it would display the contents of json_url 5. This app is made as public accessible by everyone on any networks. Fig 8.2 CLICKME Button pressed. 33

37 CHAPTER 9 LOCATION TRACKING USING NODEMCU 9.1 Introduction Yes it s possible to get the location with just our tiny little ESP8266 board. We don t need anything other than ESP board not even GPS module to get our live co-ordinates. Yes but we do require one screen to display the co-ordinates. So how is Geolocation using ESP8266 possible? This is possible with Google s Geolocation API. 9.2 Working of Google Geolocation As you know google takes the input of our nearby WiFi routers and in response gives us the coordinates. For that, google provides API and in that API we need to provide some inputs like details of nearby wifi routers, detail of nearby cell towers etc. Before using that API you need to get your API key working. 34

38 9.3 Getting API key 1. Go to key 2. Enter project name as ESP Get API key which will be necessary to get location. Fig 9.1 Displaying API key 4. Add the API key to the application. = API key. 5. In order to display the location, install the libraries WiFiClientSource, Arduino Json, Esp8266WiFi. 6. In order to request URL, we need internet connection, connect with mobile s hotspot for that enter our hotspot name, password in code. 7. When WiFi is connected, it gets our nearby WiFi, routers, cell towers Mac Address using NodeMCU. 8. When the URL is requested, it gives the latitude and longitude of our location. 35

39 CHAPTER 10 RESULT &CONCLUSION 10.1 Results The stick is successfully integrated to detect obstacles using ultrasonic sensor, water sensing using moisture sensor, stick finder using RF transmitter and RF Receiver, Location tracking using NodeMCU and a application software is created using Android Studio to access the blind people s location. Fig 10.1 Final Completed Setup 36

40 10.2 Conclusion The goal of the ultrasonic walking stick for visually impaired is to reduce the difficulty faced by the visually impaired while maintaining its affordable price. Blind person s location can be tracked whenever needed which will ensure additional safety. REFERENCES [1] Microprocessor Architeture, Programming and Applications with 8085 Ramesh S Gaonkar [2] Microprocessor and Interfacing, Programming and Hardware Douglas V Hall [3] The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems Muhammad Ali Mazidi [4] Arduino : 101 Beginners Guide Erik Savasgard [5] [6] [7] sr [8] [9] 37