Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design. Problem-Solving Technique: Diode Circuits. Block Diagram for ac to dc Converter 9/12/2013
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1 Microelectronics Circuit Analysis and Design Donald A. Neamen Chapter 2 Diode Circuits n this chapter, we will: Determine the operation and characteristics of diode rectifier circuits, which is the first stage of the process of converting an ac signal into a dc signal in the electronic power supply. Apply the characteristics of the Zener diode to a Zener diode voltage regulator circuit. Apply the nonlinear characteristics of diodes to create waveshaping circuits known as clippers and clampers. Examine the techniques used to analyze circuits that contain more than one diode. Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-1 Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-2 Block Diagram for ac to dc Converter Problem-Solving Technique: Diode Circuits 1. Determine the input voltage condition such that the diode is conducting (on). a. Find the output signal for this condition. 2. Determine the input voltage such that the diode is not conducting (off). a. Find the output signal for this condition. The diode rectifier, filter, and voltage regulator are diode circuits. Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-3 Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-4 1
2 Half-Wave Rectifier Signals of Half Wave Rectifier nput voltage Output voltage Voltage Transfer Characteristics Diode voltage Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-5 Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-6 Half-Wave Rectifier as Battery Charger Half-Wave Rectifier with Filter = ( ) = / Diode conducts for > = ( ) & =180 = 360 Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-7 Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-8 2
3 Half-Wave Rectifier with Filter For RC >> T and if = Then = / 1 1 = = % = 100% % = 1 100% Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-9 Full-Wave Rectifier Voltage transfer characteristics nput and output waveforms Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-10 Full-Wave Bridge Rectifier Output Voltage of Full-Wave Rectifier with RC Filter When v S is positive, D 1 and D 2 are turned on (a). When v S is negative, D 3 and D 4 are turned on (b). n either case, current flows through R in the same direction, resulting in an output voltage, v O, shown in (c). Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-11 Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter
4 Output Voltage of Full-Wave Rectifier with RC Filter Output Voltage of Full-Wave Rectifier with RC Filter The ripple on the dc output is VM Vr = 2 frc where f 1 = 2T P The average dc output is / = 1 /2 2 Diode conducts current for only a small portion of the period. Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-13 Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-14 Demodulation of AM Signal Voltage Regulator Modulated input signal Detector circuit Demodulated output signal The characteristics of the Zener diode determines V L. L Z V = R V = = PS Z L V R i L Z Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-15 Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter
5 Design DC Power Supply Circuit Example Select a diode and resistor to supply a steady 9 V to a radio which draws 0 to 0.1 A. The source is an unsteady 12V supply. 0< <0.1 Zener diode voltages range from 2.0 to 25 volts, at power rating from 0.3 to 5 watts. Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-17 Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter Choose a zener diode voltage: Select 9V zener for this example. Example 2. Determine max. circuit current: The load requires 100mA, plus we need at least 10 ma for the zener diode. Since the supply is unstable, we can add 20-50% margin to obtain a safe value. Let s choose max = 200mA. 3. Select zener diode power rating: Pz = Vz*max = 9*0.2 = 1.8W => select 1.8W or higher rated zener Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter Select the resistor: = =.. = Ω 5. Select the resistor power rating: Pr = Vr * max = 3.6 * 0.2 = 0.72W => select 0.72W or higher rated resistor. Example Would the circuit be adequate if the source voltage varied up to 15.5V? Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter
6 Voltage Rectifier with nonzero Zener resistance Single Diode Clipper The Zener diode begins to conduct when V PS = V Z. When V PS V Z : V L = V Z L = V Z /R L,, but V Z constant 1 = (V PS V Z )/R i < + the diode is open and = + the diode conducts and = + Z = 1 - L Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-21 Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-22 Additional Diode Clipper Circuits Parallel-Based Diode Clipper Circuit Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-23 Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter
7 Series-Based Diode Clipper Circuits Diode Clamper Circuit The clamper circuit shifts the entire signal voltage by a DC level. is clamped to. The output is a shifted replica of input. = = ( 1) assume ideal diode clamped to 0V. Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-25 Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-26 Diode Clamper Circuit with Voltage Source The clamper circuit shifts the entire signal voltage by a DC level. is clamped to + ( =0 ). 2 Diode Circuit 1. & = 2. & = 3. & =. = Voltage transfer characteristics Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-27 Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter
8 Problem-Solving Technique: Multiple Diode Circuits 1. Assume the state of the diode. a. f assumed on, V D = V γ b. f assumed off, D = Analyze the linear circuit with assumed diode states. 3. Evaluate the resulting state of each diode. 4. f any initial assumptions are proven incorrect, make new assumption and return to Step 2. Exercise problem D 1 is not on. D 2 is on. This pins V O to -0.6V Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-29 Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-30 Diode Logic Circuits: 2-nput OR Gate Diode Logic Circuits: 2-nput AND Gate V 1 (V) V 2 (V) V O (V) V 1 ( V ) V 2 ( V ) V O ( V ) V γ = 0.7V V γ = 0.7V Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter 2-31 Neamen Microelectronics, 4e Chapter
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