5 5 mm &330 V. (10 na

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2 Fig. 1. Structure of an APD. Table 1 Parameters of APDs Active area Operating voltage Capacitance Series resistance Dark current Quantum e$ciency 55 mm &330 V 75 pf 3 Ω (10 na 70%@40 nm

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4 K. Deiters et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 44 (000) 193} Fig. 5. Temperature coe$cient of the gain versus gain. Fig. 3. Gain versus bias voltage. Fig. 4. Voltage coe$cient of the gain versus gain. Fig. 6. Excess noise factor versus gain. F"kM# M 1! (1!k). 5. E4ect of irradiation E E N e F 1 = δ N 0M N 0,

5 K. Deiters et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 44 (000) 193} # 160.0# 140.0# 10.0# 100.0# 80.0# 60.0# 40.0# 0.0# 0.0# 0# 50# 100# 150# 00# 50# 300# 350# 400# 450# Fig. 5. Temperature coe$cient of the gain versus gain. Fig. 3. Gain versus bias voltage. Fig. 4. Voltage coe$cient of the gain versus gain. Fig. 6. Excess noise factor versus gain. F"kM# M 1! (1!k). 5. E4ect of irradiation E E N e F 1 = δ N 0M N 0,

6 K. Deiters et al. / Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research A 44 (000) 193} # 160.0# 140.0# 10.0# 100.0# 80.0# 60.0# 40.0# 0.0# 0.0# 0# 50# 100# 150# 00# 50# 300# 350# 400# 450# Fig. 5. Temperature coe$cient of the gain versus gain. Fig. 3. Gain versus bias voltage. Fig. 4. Voltage coe$cient of the gain versus gain. Fig. 6. Excess noise factor versus gain. F"kM# M 1! (1!k). 5. E4ect of irradiation E E N e F 1 = δ N 0M N 0,

7 E E = N e F δ N 0M N 0, F"kM#! 1 M (1!k).

8 180.0# " 160.0# 140.0# 10.0# 10000" 1000" 100" 100.0# 80.0# 60.0# 40.0# 0.0# 0.0# 0# 50# 100# 150# 00# 50# 300# 350# 400# 450# 10" 1" 0" 50" 100" 150" 00" 50" 300" 350" 400" 450" 500"

9 1000" 100" 10" (105" (0" 0" 0" 40" 60" 1" 00" 50" 300" 350" 400" 450" 500"

10 1000" y"="51.74e x R²"=" " 350" 100" y"="74.931e +0.0x R²"=" y"="16.973e x R²"=" " 90" 50" 00" (375)" 10" y"="13.058e +0.01x R²"=" (350)" (300)" (90)" y"="5.836e x R²"=" (50)" (00)" 1" y"=".09e x R²"=" " +100" +80" +60" +40" +0" 0" 0" 40" 60" 80"

11 Gain T=100K T=170K T=5K T=95K Counts Bias [V] 0.01 SES-McIntyre (M=8000, k=0.0064) Measured spectrum (S8148 APD) Amplitude [el.] Fig. 6. APD single electron spectra (measured and calculated).

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13 137 Cs & LXe (time : 1800 s) No peak Na & LXe (time : 1800 s) No peak 300 V 310 V 30 V 333 V 300 V 310 V 30 V 33 V Number of photon is very low? Y-axis is set to log scale. It has almost same shape as 137 Cs case. Na & GXe (time : 1800 s) No peak 90 V 330 V 370 V 410 V Y-axis is set to log scale. It has almost same shape as 137 Cs case. 11

14 Table1. Energy Resolution source Energy Energy Resolution error Na % 0.683% % 3.70% Cs % 19.5% Co % 14.7% % 8.91%

15 41 Am & LXe (time : 1800 s) One peak? 90 V 300 V 310 V 30 V 35 V 33 V Linear graph 41 Am & GXe (time : 1800 s) peaks 90 V 330 V 370 V 410 V Y-axis is set to log scale. Count rate is very low. (about ~10 cnt/s) 13

16 30.0" 5.0" 0.0" 15.0" 10.0" y"="1e&06e x 5.0" R²"=" " 80" 300" 30" 340" 360" 380" 400" 40" 14

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18 3000" 500" 000" 1500" 1000" y"="1e&04e x 500" R²"=" " 80" 300" 30" 340" 360" 380" 400" 40" 16

19 Gain Bias voltage, V

20 14 Resolution, E/E FWHM (%) Fit: k = 0.009± N e = 55±16 δ = ± Gain E N e F 1 = δ, F km + ( 1/ M )(1 k), E N 0M N Time resolution, FWHM (ns) Gain=80 Gain=605 Gain= Number of primary e-h pairs, N 0

21 δ + + = N F M N N E E e, ) )(1 1/ ( k M km F +,

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23 QE = (N e /g)(1/nγ) QE =3% (average) CCE = N D /Nγ CCE = 70% (average, Bi)

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