Measure the roll-off frequency of an acousto-optic modulator

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1 Slide 1 Goals of the Lab: Get to know some of the properties of pin photodiodes Measure the roll-off frequency of an acousto-optic modulator Measure the cut-off frequency of a pin photodiode as a function of the reverse bias In this lab, You will experimentally characterize responsivity, linearity, the frequency response, of a PIN photodiode.

2 Background: Photodiodes Slide 2 IV curve I dark IV-curve illuminated IV-curve I d V I ph operation quadrant of photodiodes Operation under negative bias: High dynamic resistance (little current change with voltage change), therefore, change of voltage over probe resistor does not disturb linearity I ph excess charge carrier pair generation rate = photon absorption rate Illumination power Higher (negative) bias increases field in diode carrier moves faster faster response time

3 Principal sketch of the experiments 1,2 Oscilloscope Tektronix TDS1012 Slide 3 (a) chopper driver and controller chopper Cablibrated Intensity detector Oscilloscope Tektronix TDS1012 (b) R=10kΩ chopper neutral density filters pin photodiode chopper neutral density filters pin photodiode

4 Slide 4 Carry out the following experiment: 1.Measure Responsivity Measure the HeNe beam power using a calibrated optical power detector (see Slide 3,a). Then replace the calibrated detector with a pin photo-detector connected to a 10kOhm resistor (see Slide 3,b). Use your measurement to calculate the detector responsivity (amps/watt). Compare your measurement with the specifications. 2. Linearity Using a series of neutral density filters and a 10kOhm load resistance (small enough that at high optical powers no saturation occurs), measure the linearity of the photo-detection system over 5 orders of magnitude (see Slide 3,b). Note: You will have 11 different neutral density filters for your experiment as shown in the picture. The filters are held in the beam path by a filter holder. Several filter can be screwed on this holder in a series such that combinations of the different filter can produce many different light attenuations. filters filter holder available neutral density filters

5 Principal sketch of the experiment 3,4,5 Photo-detector frequency response measurements Slide 5 Oscilloscope Tektronix TDS1012 channel 1 power FunctionGenerator Stanford Research DS345 AOM driver AOM driver voltage source voltage source AOM beam block V rev channel 2 R Use the acousto-optic modulator (AO) to sinusoidally modulate the HeNe beam. Reduce the magnitude of the modulation so that an approximately linear response is achieved. Under this condition, a sinusoidal signal to the AO modulation input will produce a sinusoidal intensity modulation. Compare the AO drive signal and the detected intensity modulation on the oscilloscope in the following measurements.

6 Carry out the following experiment: Slide 6 3. Measure the modulation frequency response of the acousto-optic modulator. The modulation frequency response of the AOM is limited by the transit time of the diffracting acoustic beam as it traverses the optical beam inside the AO modulator. This limits the modulation bandwidth (or frequency response) of the modulator to below 15 MHz. The useful modulation bandwidth directly depends upon the optical beam size in the modulator. The specifications of bandwidth as a function of beam size are available from the AOM specifications. To measure the frequency response of the AOM, measure the magnitude of the sinusoidal modulation as a function of frequency, using a fast photodiode (> 100MHz bandwidth, 1 ns response time) with a 50Ω load resistance. Since the fast detector response frequency is much faster than the modulation bandwidth of the AOM (< 15MHz), a straight forward measurement of the AOM bandwidth can be achieved, by observing the sinusoidal modulation with an oscilloscope. At low frequencies, observe that the magnitude of the modulation is constant as the frequency is increased. As the modulation frequency approaches the AOM bandwidth, the magnitude of the detected sinusoidal signal is reduced, i.e. the modulation signal starts to roll off. This roll off is caused by the AOM. The frequency at which the magnitude of the modulation signal has decreased by a factor of 1/ 2 is defined as the 3db bandwidth, or just modulation bandwidth of the modulator. You will also observe a phase shift of the detected optical modulation signal with respect to the AOM drive signal. Perform the amplitude versus frequency measurements and determine the 3db bandwidth of the modulator. Perform these measurements for 2 different laser beam sizes. Compare your results with the specifications and explain any differences.

7 Carry out the following experiments: Slide 7 4. Measure the frequency response / bandwidth of the PIN photodiode. With the bandwidth of the AO modulator measured, you are now in a position to measure the frequency response of the PIN photodiode. Perform the same measurements as in part 1 above (magnitude of the sinusoidal modulation as a function of frequency), this time using the PIN photodiode detector with a 1kΩ and 10kΩ load resistor and a 15volt reverse bias. Compare the 3db roll off frequency of the PIN detector with the predicted response determined from the RC time constant of the detection circuit (detector capacitance can be found in the detector specifications. Be sure to measure the voltage across the diode, which may be less than 15 volts when the laser power is incident on the detector). Record your measurements and the comparison. 5. Measure the frequency response of the PIN photodetector as a function of reverse bias. Measure the frequency response as in parts a and b above with a load resistance of 1k ohm as a function of reverse bias. Use reverse biases of 2V, 5V and 15 V. As in part b, be sure to measure the actual voltage across the diode to determine the corresponding capacitance from the specifications (in class notes). From the roll off frequency measurements, determine the additional capacitance in your detection system (cable, front end) using the detector specifications.

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