Redefining Measurement ID101 OEM Visible Photon Counter

Transcription

1 Redefining Measurement ID OEM Visible Photon Counter Miniature Photon Counter for OEM Applications Intended for large-volume OEM applications, the ID is the smallest, most reliable and most efficient single-photon detector on the market. It consists of a CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) silicon chip packaged in a standard TO-8pin header with a transparent window cap. The chip combines either a μm (ID-) or a μm diameter (ID-) single-photon avalanche diode and a fast active quenching, which guarantees a deadtime of less than ns. The chip is mounted on top of a single-stage thermoelectric cooler (TEC). Three fibre-coupled versions, the ID-SMF, the ID-MMF and the ID-MMF are also available. The maximum photon detection probability is measured in the blue spectral range (% at nm). An outstanding timing resolution of less than 6 ps allows high accuracy measurements. The performance of the ID detectors is comparable to that of the ID- and ID- modules. The ID can be mounted on a printed board and integrated in apparatuses such as spectrometers or microscopes. The module is used in biological/chemical instrumentation, quantum optics, aerospace and defense applications. Contrary to legacy photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) and other silicon-based counters manufactured with non-standard custom process, the ID detector is fabricated using a qualified commercial CMOS process, which guarantees high reliability. Key Features Applications Best-in-class timing resolution ( ps) Low dead time ( ns) Small IRF shift at high count rates Peak photon detection at λ = nm Active area diameter of μm or μm Free-space, singlemode or multimode fibre coupling Not damaged by strong illumination Integrated thermoelectric cooler and Smallest and most reliable SPD on the market Easy to integrate Time correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) Fluorescence and luminescence detection Single molecule detection, DNA sequencing Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy Flow cytometry, spectrophotometry Quantum cryptography, quantum optics Laser scanning microscopy Adaptive optics Particle physics Dynamic light scattering (DLS) 7 Carouge/Geneva T F

2 ID Specifications Parameter Min Typical Max Units Wavelength range 9 nm Active area diameter ID- / ID-SMF μm ID- / ID-MMF or MMF μm Timing resolution [FWHM] 6 ps Single-photon detection probability (SPDE) at nm 8 % at nm % at 6 nm % at 7 nm 8 % at 8 nm 7 % at 9 nm % Dark count rate (DCR) ID- Hz ID- Hz Afterpulsing probability. % Output pulse width ID- / ID-SMF a a ns ID- / ID-MMF or MMF b b Output pulse amplitude (in high impedance) a b ns V Output driver capability ma Deadtime ID- / ID-SMF ns ID- / ID-MMF or MMF ns Maximum count rate (pulsed light) ID- / ID-SMF ID- / ID-MMF or MMF 6a 6b 8 MHz MHz supply voltage.8.. V Current on.. ma VOP supply voltage - -6 V Current on VOP μa Storage temperature - 7 C The ID-SMF comes with a singlemode fibre optimized to your operating wavelength. The overall coupling efficiency exceeds 9%. The ID-MMF comes with a / μm multimode fibre pigtail. The overall coupling efficiency exceeds 8%. The ID-MMF comes with a / μm multimode fibre pigtail. The overall coupling efficiency exceeds %. Thermoelectric Cooler Specifications Parameter Unit Value (conditions) Resistance ACR Ω.6+/-.6 (at T r = K) Maximum Current I max A. +/-. (at ΔT max ) Maximum Voltage Drop U max V. +/-.7 (at ΔT max ) Maximum Delta-T Δt max K 67. +/-. (Vacuum, Q=, T r = K) Maximum Cooling Capacity Q max W.9 +/-. (at ΔT=) Counts [Hz] Photon Detection Probability [%] Autocorrelation Function Timing Resolution 7k 6k k k k k k Mounting Details FWHM Timing Resolution ps Time [ns] Photon Detection Probability versus Afterpulsing Wavelength [nm] Time [ s] Typical autocorrelation function of a constant laser signal, recorded at a count rate of khz. Thermosensor Specifications Parameter Unit Value (conditions) Resistance R kω. +/-.6 at 9 K Beta Constant β K /- % The resistance can be calculated by: RT = R 9K *exp(b(9-t)/(9*t)) TEC mounting soldering, 7 C Thermosensor mounting epoxy glue Wire mounting soldering, 8 C Disclaimer - The information and specification set forth in this document are subject to change at any time by ID Quantique without prior notice. Copyright 7 ID Quantique SA - All rights reserved -ID v7 - Specifications as of May 7 7 Carouge/Geneva T F

3 ID Principle of Operation Block Diagram The ID is based on a.8x.8 mm CMOS silicon chip containing a μm or μm diameter avalanche diode and its active quenching. To operate in the Geiger mode, the diode anode is biased with a negative voltage Vop. The cathode is linked to through a polysilicon resistor Rq. Before the photon arrival, the switch is open (non-conducting) and the cathode is at. When a photon strikes the diode, the voltage drop induced on the cathode is sensed by the sensing. The output pin switches to. The feedback closes the switch: the diode is biased below its breakdown voltage resulting in the avalanche quenching. The diode is then kept below breakdown and the recharge takes place with the opening of the switch. The full cycle is defined as the sensor dead time. In any single-photon avalanche diode, thermally generated carriers induce false counts, called dark counts. A singlestage thermoelectric cooler (TEC) allows to cool the device to reduce the dark count rate. Furthermore, the photon detection probability in a single-photon avalanche diode is dependent on the excess bias voltage above breakdown. The breakdown voltage being temperature dependent, it is often crucial to keep the sensor at a constant temperature. The included in the ID allows one to implement a temperature control. R q THERM() single-stage TEC sensing TEC R(T) feedback output driver THERM() silicon chip including the single photon avalanche photodiode and the active quenching Dimensional Outline (in mm) and Pinout TO - 8 pins header ID-MMF fiber-coupled version. +/-.. TO fiber pigtail multimode fiber FC/PC typ.length=mm connector - Window material: glass - Pin material: gold plated - The m or m active area is aligned with the centre of the glass window. The positioning accuracy is +/- microns. 9. +/ /-..6 +/-..9 +/ /-. pin # connexion pin # connexion. +/-. UNIT: millimeters 7 Carouge/Geneva T F

4 ID ns V ns a a V 6a ns V ns V ns b b V 6b ns V Typical pulses observed at the ID- or ID-SMF (a) and ID- or ID- MMF or ID-MMF (b) outputs in high impedance. ID - EVA Evaluation Board Extended pulses observed at the ID- or ID-SMF (a) and ID- or ID-MMF or ID-MMF(b) outputs at high illumination level. When an avalanche is triggered during the recharge process, the output remains high, giving an extended pulse. This effect leads to a decrease of the output count rate. The short dead time of the ID allows operation at very high repetition frequencies, up to 8 MHz for the ID- or ID-SMF (6a) and MHz for the ID- or ID-MMF or ID- MMF (6b). An evaluation board has been developed for preliminary optical and electrical testing of the ID. The ID under test can be plugged into a socket intended for TO headers. The evaluation board comes with a power supply with universal range of input plugs and a m coaxial cable ended with a BNC connector. Application Example - Combination in Array Many industrial applications would greatly benefit from a single-photon detector array. When the required array size is reasonably small (i.e. < x), it is possible to assemble several closely spaced TO headers to form an array. As illustrated in the figure, opposite, for a x array, several TO headers can be mounted on a printed board. The minimum center-to-center pitch is 9. mm. Common electronic s for power supply, output stage and temperature control can be implemented on the PCB. If a high accuracy for the distance from pixel to pixel is required or if a large array is needed, IDQ offers a custom design service for the design of an application-specific CMOS chip. 7 Carouge/Geneva T F

5 ID Typical Application Circuit Power Stage The ID requires two power supplies, and VOP. A standard inverting DC/DC converter can convert the +V level to the high negative voltage level VOP. The remaining electronic s on the PCB board can be supplied with the same + V power. Two nf capacitances must be added as close as possible to the output pins for decoupling purpose. Output Stage The ID output can be shaped for the back-end electronic s (e.g. counter, TDC, TAC) using the shown below. A D-type Flip-Flop with asynchroneous clear combined with a delay generator (RC for instance) and an inverter with a Schmitt trigger input allows to set the pulse width and the dead time. Temperature Control For proper operation, it is highly recommended to implement a thermal stabilisation on the final printed board, using the single-stage TEC and the. kω provided. Integrated temperature controllers for Peltier modules are commercially available. +V inverting DC/DC converter R q sensing feedback output driver C CP D Q delay TEC +V THERM() R(T) THERM() Accessory - Optional Pulse Shaper temperature controller IDQ provides as an option a pulse shaper (A-PPI-D) which can be used with devices requiring negative input pulses. The leading edge of the ID output pulse is converted into a sharp negative pulse with typical amplitudes of. V for a Ω load and. V for a high impedance load. The pulse shaper comes with two SMA/BNC adapters. Typical output pulse of an ID equipped with a A-PPI-D pulse shaper in Ω load. Typical output pulse of an ID equipped with a A-PPI-D pulse shaper in high impedance load. Disclaimer - The information and specification set forth in this document are subject to change at any time by ID Quantique without prior notice. Copyright 7 ID Quantique SA - All rights reserved -ID v7 - Specifications as of May 7 7 Carouge/Geneva T F