Antenna simulations Part 2
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1 Antenna simulations Part 2 Pekka Ketonen OH1TV OH1TV 1
2 Outline Part 1 Some principles in antenna design typical steps in design process Opposite Voltage Feed 2 phased verticals on 80m 2 over 2 on 40m Quad improved Part 2 Influence of location on antenna performance Lakeside Seaside Steep coast, cliff Hilltop Stacking OH1TV 2
3 Content 1. Influence of soil and surrounding water on vertical antenna 2. Influence of surrounding water on horizontal antenna 3. Influence of steep coast (cliff) on horizontal antenna 4. Hill top antennas 5. Stacking considerations 6. Mutual coupling of different bands OH1TV 3
4 Soil conductivity and dielectric constant Earth Type Conductivity Permittivity Sigma (Mhos/m) Epsilon Poor Moderate Average Good Dry, sandy, flat (typical of coastal land) Pastoral Hills, rich soil Pastoral medium hils and forestation Fertile land Rich agricultural land (low hills) Rocky land, steep hills Marshy land, densely wooded Marshy, forested, flat Mountainous/hilly (to about 1000 m) Highly moist ground City Industrial area of average attenuation City industrial area of maximal attenuation City industrial area Fresh water Fresh water at 10.0 deg C (At 100 MHz) Fresh water at 20.0 deg C (At 100 MHz) Sea water Sea water at 10.0 deg C (to 1.0 GHz) Sea water at 20.0 deg C (to 1.0 GHz) Sea ice Polar ice Polar Ice Cap Arctic land OH1TV 4
5 1. Influence of SOIL and nearby WATER on vertical antenna on low and higher HF bands OH1TV 5
6 80m λ/4 vertical, perfect ground no radials Perfect ground Theoretical maximum gain 5.15dBi No radials, perfect ground OH1TV 6
7 80m λ/4 vertical, perfect ground 4 elevated radials up 3m Perfect ground Elevated radial gain 0.28dB / perfect ground case without elevated radials OH1TV 7
8 80m λ/4 vertical, good flat ground 4 elevated radials up 3m Good soil 10mS, Є=30 Good soil loss 4.09dBi / similar perfect ground case OH1TV 8
9 80m λ/4 vertical, dry sandy flat ground 4 elevated radials up 3m Dry sandy flat soil 2mS, Є=10 Dry sandy soil loss 5.81dBi / similar perfect ground case OH1TV 9
10 80m λ/4 vertical, average flat ground 4 elevated radials up 3m Average ground Average ground loss 5.14dBi / similar perfect ground case This is reference for water environment OH1TV 10
11 80m λ/4 vertical, fresh water 50m away, 3m down 4 elevated radials up 3m X<50m, Z=0, Average ground X>50m, Z=-3m, Fresh water 5mS, Є= dB fresh water gain / average ground 8deg lowered TOA OH1TV 11
12 80m λ/4 vertical, fresh water 20m away, 3m down 4 elevated radials up 3m X<20m, Z=0, Average ground X>20m, Z=-3m, Fresh water 5mS, Є= dB fresh water gain / average ground 10deg lowered TOA OH1TV 12
13 80m λ/4 vertical, fresh water 0m away, 3m down 4 elevated radials up 3m X<0m, Z=0, Average ground X>0m, Z=-3m, Fresh water 5mS, Є= dB fresh water gain / average ground 10deg lowered TOA OH1TV 13
14 80m λ/4 vertical, sea water 50m away, 3m down 4 elevated radials up 3m X<50m, Z=0, Average ground X>50m, Z=-3m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 4.45dB sea water gain / average ground 17 deg lowered TOA OH1TV 14
15 80m λ/4 vertical, sea water 20m away, 3m down 4 elevated radials up 3m X<20m, Z=0, Average ground X>20m, Z=-3m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 4.50dB sea water gain / average ground 16deg lowered TOA OH1TV 15
16 80m λ/4 vertical, sea water 20m away, 3m down 4 elevated radials up 3m Elevation angles 22 and 10 deg 2.5dB sea water gain on 22deg / 6dB sea water gain on 10deg / average ground average ground OH1TV 16
17 80m λ/4 vertical, sea water 20m away, 3m down 4 elevated radials up 3m Elevation angles 5 and 2 deg 10dB sea water gain on 5deg / 15dB sea water gain on 2 deg / average ground average ground OH1TV 17
18 80m λ/4 vertical, sea water 0m away, 3m down 4 elevated radials up 3m X<0m, Z=0, Average ground X>0m, Z=-3m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 4.6dB sea water gain / average ground OH1TV 18
19 80m λ/4 vertical, sea water 0m away, 20m down 4 elevated radials up 3m X<50m, Z=0, Average ground X>50m, Z=-20m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 4.2dB sea water gain / average ground OH1TV 19
20 80m λ/4 vertical, sea water 40m away, 20m down 4 elevated radials 3m high X<40m, Z=0, Average ground X>40m, Z=-20m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 4.26dB sea water gain / average ground OH1TV 20
21 80m λ/4 vertical, sea water 80m away, 20m down 4 elevated radials up 3m X<80m, Z=0, Average ground X>80m, Z=-20m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 3.9dB sea water gain / average ground OH1TV 21
22 20m 2-el vertical array 1m above ground Perfect ground Perfect ground OH1TV 22
23 20m 2-el vertical array 1m above ground Average ground Average ground OH1TV 23
24 20m 2-el vertical array 1m above ground Fresh water 1m in the front X<1m, Average ground X>1m, Fresh water 5mS, Є= OH1TV 24
25 20m 2-el vertical array 1m above ground Sea water 1m in the front X<1m, Average ground X>1m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) OH1TV 25
26 20m 2-el vertical array 1m above ground Sea water 10m in the front X<10m, Average ground X>10m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) OH1TV 26
27 20m 2-el vertical array 1m above ground Sea water 40m in the front X<40m, Average ground X>40m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) OH1TV 27
28 20m 2-el vertical array 1m above ground Ocean water all around Sea water 4S, Є=80 (Ocean) OH1TV 28
29 1. Influence of water on vertical antenna Conclusions: 80m 20m Fresh water provides very little help, a bit lowered TOA on 80m Sea water gives almost 5dB gain plus lower angle of radiation, effect is up to 3 S- units on low angles Water line shall be less than ½ wavelengths from the antenna Antenna elevation from water provides no advantage (elevated radials are ok) Also fresh water gives meaningful improvement, both gain and lower TOA General On low bands fresh water gives only small advantage but influence improves when going to higher HF-bands. Sea water gives significant boost on all bands Influence of water increases with frequency OH1TV 29
30 2. Influence of nearby water on horizontal antenna OH1TV 30
31 80m dipole up 30m average ground Average ground OH1TV 31
32 80m dipole up 30m x<0 is average ground, x>0 is sea 0m down X<0m, Z=0, Average ground X>0m, Z=0m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 0.8dB sea water gain OH1TV 32
33 3-el yagi up 21m average flat ground Average ground water gain reference OH1TV 33
34 3-el yagi up 21m fresh water 50m away X<50m, Z=0, Average ground X>50m, Z=0, Fresh water 5mS, Є=80 0.3dB fresh water gain OH1TV 34
35 3-el yagi up 21m fresh water 0m away X<0m, Z=0, Average ground X>0m, Z=0, Fresh water 5mS, Є=80 0.3dB fresh water gain OH1TV 35
36 3-el yagi up 21m sea water 0m away X<0m, Z=0, Average ground X>0m, Z=0m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 0.5dB sea water gain OH1TV 36
37 2. Influence of nearby water on horizontal antenna Conclusions: Fresh water has practically no influence Even sea water increases gain only by 1/2dB Horizontal antennas depend very little on quality of ground Seaside QTH provides very little advantage, when using horizontal antennas OH1TV 37
38 3. Influence of steep coast on horizontal antenna OH1TV 38
39 3-el yagi 14100kHz up 21m sea water 0m away, 0m down (reference) X<0m, Z=0, Average ground X>0m, Z=0m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) cliff gain reference OH1TV 39
40 3-el yagi up 21m sea water 20m away, 20m down X<20m, Z=0, Average ground X>20m, Z=-20m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 0.16dB cliff gain 7deg lowered TOA OH1TV 40
41 3-el yagi up 21m sea water 20m away, 40m down X<20m, Z=0, Average ground X>20m, Z=-40m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 0.22dB cliff gain 9deg lowered TOA OH1TV 41
42 3-el yagi up 21m sea water 40m away, 40m down X<40m, Z=0, Average ground X>40m, Z=-40m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 0.22dB cliff gain 9deg lowered TOA OH1TV 42
43 3-el yagi up 21m sea water 80m away, 40m down X<80m, Z=0, Average ground X>80m, Z=-40m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 0.26dB cliff gain additional 7deg lower TOA OH1TV 43
44 3-el yagi up 21m sea water 120m away, 40m down X<120m, Z=0, Average ground X>120m, Z=-40m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 0.22dB cliff gain 9deg lowered TOA OH1TV 44
45 3-el yagi up 21m sea water 200m away, 40m down X<200m, Z=0, Average ground X>200m, Z=-40m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 0.22dB cliff gain 9deg lowered TOA OH1TV 45
46 3-el yagi up 21m sea water 300m away, 40m down X<300m, Z=0, Average ground X>300m, Z=-40m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) -0.2dB cliff gain additional 10deg lower TOA OH1TV 46
47 3-el yagi up 21m sea water 40m away, 100m down X<40m, Z=0, Average ground X>40m, Z=-100m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 0.26dB cliff gain multiple TOA down to 2.5deg OH1TV 47
48 3-el yagi up 21m sea water 100m away, 100m down X<100m, Z=0, Average ground X>100m, Z=-100m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 0.25dB cliff gain 11.5deg lowered TOA OH1TV Multiple TOA s 48
49 3-el yagi up 21m sea water 200m away, 100m down X<200m, Z=0, Average ground X>200m, Z=-100m, Sea water 2S, Є=80 (Baltic Sea) 0.25dB cliff gain 11.5deg lowered TOA OH1TV 49
50 3. Influence of steep cliff on horizontal antenna Conclusions: Nearby cliff has the same influence as tower height Lower TOA a bit more gain Distance to cliff can be quite long for low TOA s In the example Antenna height 1 lamda Cliff height 2 lamda >Cliff distance can be up to 6 lamda Distance to cliff lowers secondary lobes Deep reflector can be any type of soil, doesn t need to be sea water OH1TV 50
51 4. Influence of sloping terrain on horizontal antenna OH1TV 51
52 TOA of Hill Top QTH Slope angle TOA = TOA (on flat surface) slope angle This can become even negative which is not useful OH1TV 52
53 5. Influence of stacking OH1TV 53
54 3-el yagi 1 wavelength high average flat ground Average ground OH1TV 54
55 3-el yagi 1.5 wavelength high average flat ground Average ground OH1TV 55
56 3-el yagi 2 wavelength high average flat ground Average ground OH1TV 56
57 Stacked 2x 3-el yagi s 1.5 and 2.0 wavelength high Average ground 2.36dB stacking gain OH1TV 57
58 Stacked 2x 3-el yagi s 1.25 and 2.0 wavelength high Average ground 2.65dB stacking gain OH1TV 58
59 Stacked 2x 3-el yagi s 1.0 and 2.0 wavelength high Average ground 1.91dB stacking gain OH1TV 59
60 Stacked 3 x 3-el yagi s 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 wavelength high, equal powers Average ground 3.41dB stacking gain OH1TV 60
61 Stacked 3 x 3-el yagi s 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 wavelength high, powers 1:2:1 Average ground 3.37dB stacking gain OH1TV 61
62 Stacked 4 x 3-el yagi s 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 wavelength high, equal powers Average ground 3.50dB stacking gain OH1TV 62
63 Stacked 4 x 3-el yagi s 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 wavelength high, powers 1:2:2:1 Average ground 3.55dB stacking gain OH1TV 63
64 Stacked 3 x 3-el yagi s 0.5, 1.25 and 2.0 wavelength high, powers 1:1:1 Average ground 2.95dB stacking gain OH1TV 64
65 3-el yagi s, up 84m up 4.0 wavelength Average ground stacking gain reference OH1TV 65
66 Stacked 2 x 3-el yagi s, highest up 84m wavelength high in 0.5 wl steps, equal powers Average ground 2.68dB stacking gain OH1TV 66
67 Stacked 4 x 3-el yagi s, highest up 84m wavelength high in 0.5 wl steps, equal powers Average ground 5.23dB stacking gain OH1TV 67
68 Stacked 6 x 3-el yagi s, highest up 84m wavelength high in 0.5 wl steps, equal powers Average ground 6.28dB stacking gain OH1TV 68
69 Stacked 8 x 3-el yagi s, highest up 84m wavelength high in 0.5 wl steps, equal powers Average ground 6.20dB stacking gain OH1TV 69
70 Stacked 8 x 3-el yagi s, highest up 84m wavelength high in 0.5 wl steps tapered currents: 1/1/1.2/1.41/1.41/1.2/1/0.5 Average ground 6.45dB stacking gain OH1TV 70
71 5. Stacking horizontal antennas Conclusions: Highest antenna dictates the take-off-angle TOA Ideal stacking distance is ½ wavelengths For best sidelobe attenuation all heights n x 0.5 x wavelength, n=1,2,.. are needed Stacking gain is generated by the highest 3/4 of antennas The lowest 1/4 of antennas contribute mainly to sideloop attenuation In very high stacks levels 0.5 and 1 lamda can be omitted Power tapering improves sidelobe attenuation with stacks of 3 and higher OH1TV 71
72 6. Mutual coupling of different band antennas How close can other band antennas be installed? OH1TV 72
73 Influence to higher band 3-el 40m yagi, 42m high no other antennas reference reference reference OH1TV 73
74 Influence to higher band 4-el 20m yagi, 32m high, no other antennas reference reference OH1TV 74
75 Influence to higher band / 10m dist OH1TV 75
76 Influence to higher band / 5m dist OH1TV 76
77 Influence to higher band / 3m dist OH1TV 77
78 Influence to higher band / 2m dist OH1TV 78
79 4-el no other antennas reference reference OH1TV 79
80 Influence to higher band / 21250kHz@32m 10m dist OH1TV 80
81 Influence to higher band / 21250kHz@32m 5m dist OH1TV 81
82 Influence to higher band / 21250kHz@32m 3m dist OH1TV 82
83 Influence to higher band / 21250kHz@32m 2m dist OH1TV 83
84 Influence to lower band 3-el yagi no other antennas OH1TV 84
85 Influence to lower band / 21250kHz@40m 2m dist OH1TV 85
86 6. Mutual coupling of different bands Conclusions: Lower band suffers very little, even when spacing is 0.05 lamda Higher band lose gain and F/B when lower band antenna is too close With distances less than 0.5 lamda there is a risk for losing performance In the example of 20/40m 0.15 lamda was about the limit In the example of 15/40m 0.3 lamda was about the limit Every case should be studied separately, it is impossible to give accurate guidance OH1TV 86
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