Reflector antennas and their feeds
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1 Reflector antennas and their feeds P. Hazdra, M. Mazanek,. Department of Electromagnetic Field Czech Technical University in Prague, FEE v
2 Outline Simple reflector antennas (dipole above ground, corner reflector) Parabolic reflector antenna Efficiency, feed considerations Examples Katedra elektromagnetického pole 2
3 Reflector antennas Katedra elektromagnetického pole 3
4 Reflector antennas 4
5 Dipole above ground Self impedance Mutual impedance Input driving impedance For 0is 0 Input current for constant power P /8 / Ω 20 log Above /2 dipole! 5
6 Corner reflector Max. directivity, S=0.257 D [dbi] 12 D [dbi] [ ] 90 6
7 Corner reflector 1Ω 7
8 Trihedral Corner reflector antenna
9 Parabolic reflector Most widely used large aperture antennas High gain pencil beam with low side lobes and good cross polarization discrimination characteristics Microwave links Widely used for low noise applications such as in radioastronomy Dual reflectors (Cassegrain 60 80%) hyperboloid 50 70% Slight shaping almost uniform amplitude and phase gain enhancement 9
10 Parabolic reflectors and their feeds Katedra elektromagnetického pole 10
11 Parabolic reflector geometry Parabolic reflector transforms spherical waves radiating at its focus into plane waves 2 2tan 1 4 / [deg] 0, ,3 79,6 0,33 73,7 0,4 64 0,5 53,1 1 28,1 11
12 Aperture efficiency of parabolic reflector 4 power that is radiated by the feed, intercepted, and collimated by the reflecting surface uniformity of the feed pattern over the surface of the reflector (taper) phase uniformity of the field over the aperture plane / shadowing the reflector by feed itself non ideal reflections leading to phase error Model of typical feed pattern cos Peak illumination efficiency (for n=1 to 4) is near 82%. For single reflector in practice 75%, simple feeds (open waveguide 60%, dipole 50%) 12
13 Spillover and amplitude efficiency 13
14 Aperture efficiency of parabolic reflector Phase errors: Displacement of the phase center of the feed antenna off the focal point (reflector is defocused) Deterministic deviations of the reflector from design shapes (manufacturing tolerances + external forces wind, temperature gradients..) Imperfect feed antenna phase center Random surface error effects / / db Phase center displacement of
15 Aperture efficiency of parabolic reflector Feeds: Ideal feed produces uniform amplitude and phase distribution which compensates for spherical spreading loss and does not have spillover (cannot be realized in practice) The feed pattern should be rotationally symmetric (balanced feed) The feed pattern should be such that the reflector edge illumination is about 11 db The feed should have a point phase center and the phase center should be positioned at the focal point of the reflector The feed should be small in order to reduce blockage (it is usually on the order of a wavelength in diameter) The feed should have low cross polarization, usually below 30 db The above characteristics should hold over the desired operational frequency band 15
16 Radiation pattern directional antenna 4 Ω beam solid angle half power beamwidths Example , 46.15dBi 16
17 Parabolic reflector with circular WG Open circular waveguide is not as so bad as feeder. If 0.96, pattern is quite symmetric and 117 dish with 59 ( / 0.44 needed 2tan
18 Parabolic reflector with circular WG 12.4dB 10dB Real edge taper is higher because of spherical sphreading losses at the aperture edge: 20log 0 6dB Spherical wave vs. parabolic reflector 18
19 Spherical spread loss / [deg] 0, ,3 79,6 0,33 73,7 0,4 64 0,5 53,1 1 28,1 Katedra elektromagnetického pole 19
20 Parabolic reflector with circular WG 15 Co pol Cross pol 20
21 Parabolic reflector with circular WG / % 32dBi
22 Offset D=60cm parabolic dish 2.45 GHz 22
23 Parabolic reflector y oriented dipole feed X Pol components cancel in main E/H planes No cross polarization: Symmetrical Huygens source 23
24 Dual-mode feed Aperture field TE11+TM11,,, Phasing section TE11 24
25 Dual-mode feed Low sidelobes Symmetry Low X pol 25
26 Noise temperature, system consideration L.. Insertion loss Antenna noise temperature Optimization of the feeder for highest / Dual-Mode Feed Skobolev Feed measured data 16 G/T [db] Angle [deg] 26
27 Reflector antenna with dual-mode feed 1.3 GHz 0.65 Aperture efficiency [%] f/d [-] D [dbi] f/d [-] 27
28 Cassegrain antenna f=33ghz, D par =55λ, D=37.45 dbi Hyperbolic subreflector
29 Cassegrain antenna f=33ghz, D par =55λ, D=37.45 dbi E plane H plane 29
30 The loop feed 1296 / 2320 MHz Dish Diameter 1.5 m Dish Antenna Efficiency 23 cm 13 cm Parabolic Dish Efficiency % OM6AA + HAZDRA Parabolic Dish f/d S 11 and S 22 parameters for free space better than 25 db at both bands. Isolation (S 21 ) between loops for free space is MHz and MHz respectively. Impedance and isolation have also been measured for an antenna assembly with a dual band loop feed located at the focus of a 1.4 m dish antenna with an f/d ratio of 0.5. Impedance match on the 23 cm band for this configuration was measured 45 db at 23 cm band and 25 db at 13 cm band. Only small changes in isolation between loops were observed, MHz and MHz. 30
31 Prime-focus feed with backward radiation Feed requirements Linear/circular polarization capabilities Good axial ratio if CP used Low cross polarization losses 13dB dish edge taper for optimal G/T illumination (subtended angle 2x 85 ) Suitable radiation pattern for minimalization of shadowing effects (blockage) Ø60cm? Feed structure? 60cm dish f/d = 0.285, f = GHz
32 Prime-focus feed with backward radiation circular waveguide conical cap reflecting metal plate teflon lens teflon transition (impedance matching) 32
33 Prime-focus feed with backward radiation E plane Simulated directivity D s = dbi Theoretical maximum directivity (constant dish illumination) D teor D 20 log % efficiency H plane 33
34 Circularly polarized prime focus feeds with septum polarizer Circularly polarized feed with septum polarizer for 1.296GHz EME band (23cm) Septum optimalization by Mode Matching Technique (Mician Microwave Wizard) and FIT (Microwave Studio) z lc rc Hazdra, P. - Galuščák, R. - Mazánek, M.: Optimalization of the Septum Polarizer Feed for GHz EME. In Proceedings of The European Conference on Antennas and Propagation: EuCAP 2006 [CD-ROM]. Noordwijk: ESA Publications Division, 2006, ISBN
35 Circularly polarized prime focus feeds with septum polarizer 0 =0-1 = AR [db] [ ] Axial Ratio LHC pattern, LHC port excited RHC pattern, LHC port excited S11 sim. S21 sim. S21 meas. S11 meas. -15 S xy [db] f [GHz]
36 Circularly polarized prime focus feeds with septum polarizer and choke Circularly polarized feed with septum polarizer for 1.296GHz EME band (23cm) Using chokes to improve system (feed+dish) efficiency
37 Project BIG-DISH A proposal for using the KDDI 32 meter Cassegrain reflecting dish antenna for amateur radio EME (Earth Moon Earth microwave communication utilizing the Moon as a passive reflector) was initiated in 2006 when a group of Japanese amateur radio enthusiasts met for their special meeting at KDDI Ibaraki Satellite Communication Center in Takahagi City, Japan. Requirements and constraints: 2m, 70cm and 23cm bands covered with one antenna drilling, milling, edging, etc. not allowed not allowed to remove or move the hyperbolic subreflector High gain good efficiency Vertical polarization for 2m and 70cm bands RHC& LHC polarization for 23cm band Prompt band switching without requiring tuning Minimum possible reciprocal influence between feeds 8N1EME.jp 32m
38 Project BIG-DISH 23cm feed utilizes septum polarizer prime focus feed and 2.3m diameter dish
39 Project BIG-DISH 23cm feed utilizes septum polarizer prime focus feed and 2.3m diameter dish FEKO simulation shows 50dBi directivity with ~ 53% system efficiency
40 Project BIG-DISH 2m and 70cm 1λ loops Loops placed under the hyperbolic subreflector
41 Project BIG-DISH The 23cm band presents system with unique triple reflector configuration!
42 Project BIG-DISH Project BIG DISH summary: 23cm directivity ~ 50dBi, 53% system efficiency 70cm directivity ~ 34dBi, 13% system efficiency 2m directivity ~ 29dBi, 31% system efficiency 8N1EME: 154 stations on the 2m band, 67 on 70cm and 71 stations on 23cm Due to mechanical limitations it was not possible to place loops exactly into the parabola s focus
43 Literature C. A. Balanis, Antenna Theory and Design, Wiley, 2005 W. L. Stutzman, G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, Wiley 2012 Katedra elektromagnetického pole 43
44 Far field solution BOR type antennas Assumefieldradiatedby feed to be, cos sin Remember radiation integrals,,,, 1 cos 2 cos sin 1 cos 2 cos sin Radiation from x oriented current 44
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