Microwave Power Transmission in a Spacecraft and to a Rover

Transcription

1 The 2014 COST Summer School at Aveiro, Portugal Microwave Power Transmission in a Spacecraft to a Rover Shigeo KAWASAKI Astronomical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) Agenda 1. Green-Eco Technologies 2. Category Technologies of WPT EH 3. Components for MPT 4. Compatibility of MPT with Wireless Communication 5. Demonstration Applications 6. Conclusion 1

2 Green-Eco Technology Motivation Environmental Problems Energy Crisis due to shortage of fossil fuels Global Warming by CO2 Remarkable progress on Microwave Technology Wired / Wireless Communication Systems Sensors (ex. a Radar) Microwave Wireless Power Transmission (MWPT/MPT) Wireless Green Eco Projects Green-Eco Technology Wireless Green Eco Technologies Wireless Power Transmission (EM Coupling / Meg. Resonance / Microwave Power Transmission) Power Recycle (Power Feedback) Energy Harvesting <from Electromagnetic Wave> (Solar Battery / Leaked RF Microwave) Scavenging from Sensing Monitoring <from Others> (Action Athletic Energy / Vibration) Green Eco Electronics (Less Rear-Metal/ Rear-Earth Devices / Hybrid Semiconductor ICs) 2

3 The Category Technologies of WPT EH Category Technology Transmission / Propagation Wireless Power Transfer Wireless Power Transmission (Transmission & Propagation) + Energy Harvesting (Reception & DC Power Generation) Reception / DC Power Generation Medium / Low (Active EH) 3

4 Wireless Power Transfer The Three Types of Wireless Power Transmission Flux Inside a box Magnetic Field 2nd Coil RF Source LC Resonator Electric Field 1st Coil Coupling Type Dielectric Resonator Resonant Type Microwave Radiation Type (MPT) DC PA Antenna BC Wave Propagation Filter Rectifier DC Output (The Original from NIKKEI Electronics) Definition of Power Transfer The Total Power Transmission Modulation Information Demodulation Power transmission DC to RF conversion Propagation RF to DC conversion For MPT, DCin-to-Dcout is important 4

5 Wireless Power Transfer Formula The Power Delivery Rate in WPT Efficiency by Range Dependency Magnetic Coupling Resonance Microwave Radiation Comparison of WPT Comparison of power transmission rate of sthe three types of WPT D : Diameter(60cm) of Coil/Antenna (The normalized parameter) f : operating Frequency (common) 5

6 Definition of Power Transfer The Total Power Transmission Modulation Information Demodulation Power transmission DC to RF conversion Propagation RF to DC conversion For MPT, DCin-to-Dcout is important Semiconductor Devices Non-linear device modeling (Angelov Model for HFET) 6

7 Definition of Power Transfer The Total Power Transmission Modulation Information Demodulation Power transmission DC to RF conversion Propagation RF to DC conversion For MPT, DCin-to-Dcout is important Basic Theory Non-liner Formula Frequency Conversion Modulation/Rectification I(1st)=aV Carrier / Modulation I (2nd) = I (3rd) = = Harmonics (Conversion /Rectification) 7

8 Definition of Power Transfer The Total Power Transmission Modulation Information Demodulation Power transmission DC to RF conversion Propagation RF to DC conversion For MPT, DCin-to-Dcout is important Signal Propagation Modulation Shift Keying AM: amplitude modulation FM: frequency modulation PM: phase modulation ASK: amplitude shift Keying FSK: frequency shift keying PSK: phase shift keying QAM: quadrature amplitude modulation 8

9 The Microwave Components Microwave Power Transfer Expected MPT Technologies for the Green-Eco Technology Highly-Efficient, High-Power Circuit -> Green Energy Transmission High Efficient Rectifier -> Cost Effectiveness Active Integrated Antenna (AIA) -> Compactness Phased Array Antenna (APAA) -> Moving Target Tracking Highly-Efficient, High-Power Active Integrated Phased Array Antenna (AIPAA) 9

10 Microwave Technologies Microwave Communication Power Transmission Overview of Devices, Circuits, MMICs Antennas 3mm Gate bias2nd 3.6mm The 2x2 unit array The C-b 2-stage MMIC power amplifier (25dBm) The Ku-b 3-stage MMIC low noise amplifier (NF=1.7dB) the module The printed antenna array Microwave Components Antennas The calculated return loss The single patch (Measured AP) The 2x2 unit array 10

11 Ku-B RF-MEMS (SPDT Switch) Top Side (Actuator) Actuator (zoomed) Bottom Side (Movable Waveguide) Contact Point Microwave Communication Power Transmission 100W-class GaN high power amplifier Characteristics S11 < -10 GHz S21 > 15 GHz P3dB: 48.0 GHz 52.6 GHz Size: 100*76*30 mm 3 11

12 Microwave Components The Super-High Power Solid-State (GaN) Amplifier The SSPAs with GaN at S-b with 20W, 200 W, Efficiency of more than 50% SS-Cooling 70 Output Power (dbm)/gain(db)/pae(%)/id(a) Pout (dbm) Input Power (dbm) The 1kW GaN at S-b SSPA Combiner with about 90% Combining Efficiency, with a Cooling System Microwave Technologies The High Power AIA Array The top view Air duct inlet The 120W-output air-duct type of 32-element AIA Array Cooling fan The cooling system 12

13 Microwave Technologies The 2x2 HPA AIA Unit Array with Heat Pipe Volume:64mmx64mmx20mm The Top View The Side View Microwave Technologies Microwave Communication / Power Transmission Reception Characteristics Maximum DC output power: 17.8 W Maximum RF input power: 47 dbm Maximum conversion efficiency: 35.5 % High output power characteristics are achieved. Size:50*70*5 mm 3 13

14 Microwave Technologies The Rectifier Unit with Wide Dynamic Range Microwave Technologies Microwave Communication / Power Transmission Reception Modulation / Demodulation Tx Modulation Spectrum (MSK) Rx Detector Spectrum (MSK) Tx Spectrum (QPSK w/subcarrier ) Rx Constellation (QPSK w/subcarrier) 14

15 Compatibility of MPT Microwave Power Transmission The Category of Microwave Power Transmission - WiCoPT Wireless Information/Communication Power Transmission (Effective use of the carrier with signal modulation) - WiSEnT Wireless Sensor Energy Transfer (Batteryless energy harvest/scavenging) 15

16 MPT & EH Sub-systems Microwave Communication / Power Transmission Reception Tx : 36 dbm@5.8 GHz Distance : 1.0 m Modulation-QPSK/1 Mbps BER > 10E-5 Wireless Sensing & Energy Transfer Microwave Communication / Power Transmission Reception The Battery Charging (Receiving) The measurement of battery charging The battery charge-up histogram 16

17 The Thermal Sensor Operation in WiSEnT Normal operation of the sensor is confirmed in WiSEnT. WPT Demonstration 17

18 Wireless Power Transfer { Example } Comparison of Power Transmission Rate Magnetic Resonance at 1GHz 55% Coil/antenna Diameters =60 cm Fo (operation frequency) =10M, 10G, 30G 310cm MPT at 10GHz Wireless Sensing & Energy Transfer 2m 3m 30.2% Conditions Square array with 5 5 elements Element span 32.0 mm GHz) Output power 4W(single element) 25=100W Receiving antenna size 0.8m 0.8m 9.0% The Power Density Profile The Power Density Map The Power Delivery Rates 18

19 WPT Test Estimation of Power Delivery Rate Conditions Square array with 5 5 = 25 elements Element span 32.0 mm GHz) Output power 4W(single element) 25=100W Boundary of the far field 2D^2/λ= 0.99m Receiving antenna size 0.8m 0.8m Pt = 100W, Gt = 15dB(31.62) 2m : 62.9 [W/m2] 3m : 28.0 [W/m2] Estimated receiving power (energy transfer rate) 2m : 62.9 [W/m2] 0.75(constant : 0th-order approximation of directivity) 0.64[m2]=30.2 [W] 3m : 28.0 [W/m2] 0.5(constant : 0th-order approximation of directivity) 0.64[m2] =9.0 [W] Estimated energy conversion rate 2m : 30 [W] 0.4(RF to DC conversion) 0.5(loss : 3 db)=6 [W] 3m : 9 [W] 0.4(RF to DC conversion) 0.5(loss : 3 db)=1.8 [W] Wireless Power Transfer The 32-element 120W-output compact high power AIA array 120W AIA Array Rectenna Array The Rover Control Test (The maximum requested power of the rover : 10W) 120W-output air-duct type 32-element AIA Array (11cm thick / 4.0 kg w/o fan) 19

20 Wireless Power Transfer The high power AIPAA for wireless power transmission (average distance : 2.5m) Rover motion of the test Rover Control Experiment WiCoPT Systems The hot-spot microwave power supply to a rover 20

21 Wireless Energy Transfer Harvesting The WiSEnT in a Rocket Inner Field Test Wireless Energy Transfer Harvesting Implementation of a Wireless Health Monitoring Sensor System The Communication Subsystem of WiSEnT Transmission Rate (Mbps) TX output power (dbm) RX input power (dbm) Measurement setup 2 x 2 MIMO Single stream fo = 2.55 GHz Modulation scheme QPSK 1024QAM Coding rate 1/2 7/8 RX TX TX, RX locations 21

22 Implementation of a Wireless Health Monitoring Sensor System» Concept Use of microwaves for communication (comm/ sensor data transmission) as well as for power supply (wireless power transfer: WPT)» Benefits Drastically removal of wire harness Equipment of sufficient numbers of sensor tags inside a spacecraft Compatibility with communication system inside of a spacecraft that for up/down link Implementation of a Wireless Health Monitoring Sensor System 22

23 Implementation of a Wireless Health Monitoring Sensor System Transmission Rate (Mbps) TX output power (dbm) RX input power (dbm) Measurement setup 2 x 2 MIMO Single stream fo = 2.55 GHz Modulation scheme QPSK 1024QAM Coding rate 1/2 7/8 RX TX TX, RX locations The Concept of Wireless Health Monitoring Sensor System Uplink: 24.5 GHz for High data rate High data rate with low power consumption 1st prototype TX: 10mW RX: 20mW DSP: 12mW Downlink: 5 GHz for Power & Comms Effective power transmitting by MIMO 23

24 Applications Applications The Wireless Communication & Power Transmission The Power Transmission to the isolated isl The Rescue Robot The Working Robot in Space The Simaltanious Wireless Communication Wireless Power Transfer 24

25 Applications Internet of things by MPT (WiCoPT) From EuMW (P2P -> M2M) From NTT Data HP * Important Items : Number of IP, Security, Electric Power Source Conclusions The Wireless Green-Eco Technologies by microwave technology the category of WPT & EH were introduced. The components high power transmitter AIA array for the microwave WPT the AIPAA the rectenna array were fabricated. The compatibility of MPT with communication MPT were demonstrated. Many applications of MPT in a wireless sensor network are expected to be realized. 25

26 Thank you very much 26