MICROWAVE FILTERS FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: FUNDAMENTALS, DESIGN, AND APPLICATIONS

Transcription

1 MICROWAVE FILTERS FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: FUNDAMENTALS, DESIGN, AND APPLICATIONS RICHARD J. CAMERON CHANDRA M. KUDSIA RAAFAT R. MANSOUR BIC ENTEN N IA t_ -Ig " ' 10 ; 1 8 O 7 jj WILEY; 2 O O 7 I.. - ^^ I r BieiNTINNIAL WILEY-INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION

2 FOREWORD PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxi xxiii xxxi 1 RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) FILTER NETWORKS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS THE SYSTEM PERSPECTIVE 1 Part I Introduction to a Communication System, Radio Spectrum, and Information / Model of a Communication System / Building Blocks of a Communication System / Radio Spectrum and its Utilization / Radio Propagation at Microwave Frequencies / Radio Spectrum as a Natural Resource / Concept of Information / Communication Channel and Link Budgets / Signal Power in a Communication Link / Transmit and Receive Antennas / 13 Part II Noise in a Communication Channel / Noise in Communication Systems / Adjacent Copolarized Channel Interference / 18 vii

3 VIII CONTENTS Adjacent Cross-Polarized Channel Interference / Multipath Interference / Thermal Noise / Noise in Cascaded Networks / Intermodulation (IM) Noise / Distortion Due to Channel Imperfections / RF Link Design / Modulation-Demodulation Schemes in a Communication System / Amplitude Modulation / Formation of a Baseband Signal / Angle-Modulated Signals / Comparison of FM and AM Systems / Digital Transmission / Sampling / Quantization / PCM Systems / Quantization Noise in PCM Systems / Error Rates in Binary Transmission / Digital Modulation and Demodulation Schemes / Advanced Modulation Schemes / Quality of Service and S/N Ratio / 58 Part III Impact of System Design on the Requirements of Filter Networks / Communication Channels in a Satellite System / Receive Section / The Channelizer Section / High-Power Amplifiers (HPAs) / Transmitter Section Architecture / RF Filters in Cellular Systems / Impact of System Requirements on RF Filter Specifications / Impact ofsatellite and Cellular Communications on Filter Technology / 77 Summary / 78 References / 78 Appendix 1A Intermodulation Distortion Summary / 80 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF CIRCUIT THEORY APPROXIMATION Linear Systems / Concept of Linearity / Classification of Systems / 84

4 JX Time-Invariant and Time-Variant Systems / Lumped and Distributed Systems / Instantaneous and Dynamic Systems / Analog and Digital Systems / Evolution of Electrical Circuits A Historical Perspective / Circuit Elements / Network Equation of Linear Systems in the Time Domain / Network Equation of Linear Systems in the Frequency-Domain Exponential Driving Function / Complex Frequency Variable / Transfer Function / Signal Representation by Continuous Exponentials / Transfer Functions of Electrical Networks / Steady-State Response of Linear Systems to Sinusoidal Excitations / Circuit Theory Approximation / 94 Summary / 96 References / 96 3 CHARACTERIZATION OF LOSSLESS LOWPASS PROTOTYPE FILTER FUNCTIONS The Ideal Filter / Distortionless Transmission / Maximum Power Transfer in Two-Port Networks / Characterization of Polynomial Functions for Doubly Terminated Lossless Lowpass Prototype Filter Networks / Reflection and Transmission Coefficients / Normalization of the Characteristic Polynomials / Characteristic Polynomials for Idealized Lowpass Prototype Networks / Lowpass Prototype Characteristics / Amplitude Response / Phase Response / Phase Linearity / Characteristic Polynomials Versus Response Shapes / All-Pole Prototype Filter Functions / Prototype Filter Functions with Finite Transmission Zeros / Classical Prototype Filters / Maximally Fiat Filters / Chebyshev Approximation / Elliptic Function Filters / 115

5 3.6.4 Odd-Order Elliptic Function Filters / Even-Order Elliptic Function Filters / Filters with Transmission Zeros and a Maximally Fiat Passband / Linear Phase Filters / Comparison of Maximally Fiat, Chebyshev, and Elliptic Function Filters / Uniried Design Chart (UDC) Relationships / Ripple Factor / Lowpass Prototype Circuit Configurations / Scaling of Prototype Networks / Frequency Response of Scaled Networks / Effect of Dissipation / Relationship of Dissipation Factor 8 and Quality Factor ß 0 / Equivalent 8 for Lowpass and Highpass Filters / Equivalent 8 for Bandpass and Bandstop Filters / 3.10 Asymmetrie Response Filters / Positive Functions / 137 Summary / 140 References / 141 Appendix 3A Unified Design Charts / 143 COMPUTER-AIDED SYNTHESIS OF CHARACTERISTIC POLYNOMIALS 4.1 Objective Function and Constraints for Symmetrie Lowpass Prototype Filter Networks / Analytic Gradients of the Objective Function / Gradient of the Unconstrained Objective Function / Gradient of the Inequality Constraint / Gradient of the Equality Constraint / Optimization Criteria for Classical Filters / Chebyshev Function Filters / Inverse Chebyshev Filters / Elliptic Function Filters / Generation of Novel Classes of Filter Functions / Equiripple Passbands and Stopbands / 161

6 Xi Nonequiripple Stopband with an Equiripple Passband / Asymmetrie Class of Filters / Asymmetrie Filters with Chebyshev Passband / Asymmetrical Filters with Arbitrary Response / Linear Phase Filters / Critical Frequencies for Selected Filter Functions / 169 Summary / 169 References / 170 Appendix 4A Critical Frequencies for an Unconventional 8-Pole Filter / ANALYSIS OF MULTIPORT MICROWAVE NETWORKS Matrix Representation of Two-Port Networks / Impedance [Z] and Admittance [T] Matrices / The [ABCD] Matrix / The Scattering [S] Matrix / The Transmission Matrix [T] / Analysis of Two-Port Networks / Cascade of Two Networks / Multiport Networks / Analysis of Multiport Networks / 200 Summary / 205 References / SYNTHESIS OF A GENERAL CLASS OF THE CHEBYSHEV FILTER FUNCTION Polynomial forms of the Transfer and Reflection Parameters S 2i (s) and Sj,0) for a Two-Port Network / Relationship Between e and e R / Alternating Pole Method for Determination of the Denominator Polynomial E(s) / General Polynomial Synthesis Methods for Chebyshev Filter Functions / Polynomial Synthesis / Recursive Technique / Polynomial Forms for Symmetrie and Asymmetrie Filtering Functions / 229

7 XII CONTENTS 6.4 Predistorted Filter Characteristics / Synthesis of the Predistorted Filter Network / Transformation for Dual-Band Bandpass Filters / 238 Summary / 241 References / SYNTHESIS OF NETWORK-CIRCUIT APPROACH Circuit Synthesis Approach / Buildup of [ABCD] Matrix for the Third-Degree Network / Network Synthesis / Lowpass Prototype Circuits for Coupled-Resonator Microwave Bandpass Filters / Synthesis of the [ABCD ] Polynomials for Circuits with Inverters / Synthesis of the [ABCD] Polynomials for the Singly Terminated Filter Prototype / Ladder Network Synthesis / Synthesis Example of an Asymmetrie (4-2) Filter Network / 269 Summary / 276 References / COUPLING MATRIX SYNTHESIS OF FILTER NETWORKS Coupling Matrix / Bandpass and Lowpass Prototypes / Formation of the General N x N Coupling Matrix and its Analysis / Formation of the Coupling Matrix from the Lowpass Prototype Circuit Elements / Analysis of the Network Represented by the Coupling Matrix / Direct Analysis / Direct Synthesis of the Coupling Matrix / Direct Synthesis of the N x N Coupling Matrix / Coupling Matrix Reduction / Similarity Transformation and Annihilation of Matrix Elements / Synthesis of the N + 2 Coupling Matrix / 303

8 XIII Synthesis of the Transversal Coupling Matrix / Reduction of the N + 2 Transversal Matrix to the Folded Canonical Form / Illustrative Example / 312 Summary / 315 References / RECONFIGURATION OF THE FOLDED COUPLING MATRIX Symmetrie Realizations for Dual-Mode Filters / Sixth-Degree Filter / Eighth-Degree Filter / loth-degree Filter / th-Degree Filter / Asymmetrie Realizations for Symmetrie Charaeteristies / "Pfitzenmaier" Configurations / Cascaded Quartets (CQs) Two Quartets in Cascade for Degrees 8 and Above / Parallel-Connected Two-Port Networks / Even-Mode and Odd-Mode Coupling Submatrices / Cul-de-Sac Configuration / Further Cul-de-Sac Forms / Sensitivity Considerations / 345 Summary / 345 References / SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATION OF EXTRACTED POLE AND TRISECTION ELEMENTS Extracted Pole Filter Synthesis / Synthesis of the Extracted Pole Element / Example of Synthesis of Extracted Pole Network / Analysis of the Extracted Pole Filter Network / Direct-Coupled Extracted Pole Filters / Synthesis of Bandstop Filters Using the Extracted Pole Technique / Direct-Coupled Bandstop Filters / Trisections / Synthesis of the Trisection Circuit Approach / 373

9 XIV CONTENTS Cascade Trisections Coupling Matrix Approach / Techniques Based on the Trisection for Synthesis of Advanced Circuits / Box Section and Extended Box Configurations / Box Sections / Extended Box Sections / 397 Summary / 401 References / MICROWAVE RESONATORS Microwave Resonator Configurations / Calculation of Resonant Frequency / Resonance Frequency of Conventional Transmission-Line Resonators / Resonance Frequency Calculation Using the Transverse Resonance Technique / Resonance Frequency of Arbitrarily Shaped Resonators / Resonator Unloaded Q Factor / Unloaded Q Factor of Conventional Resonators / Unloaded Q of Arbitrarily Shaped Resonators / Measurement of Loaded and Unloaded Q Factor / 421 Summary / 428 References / WAVEGUIDE AND COAXIAL LOWPASS FILTERS Commensurate-Line Building Elements / Lowpass Prototype Transfer Polynomials / Chebyshev Polynomials of the Second Kind / Achieser-Zolotarev Functions / Synthesis and Realization of the Distributed Stepped Impedance Lowpass Filter / :3.1 Mapping the Transfer Function S 2 ] from the w Plane to the 0 Plane / Synthesis of the Stepped Impedance Lowpass Prototype Circuit / Realization / 443

10 XV 12.4 Short-Step Transformers / Synthesis and Realization of Mixed Lumped/Distributed Lowpass Filter / Formation of the Transfer and Reflection Polynomials / Synthesis of the Tapered-Corrugated Lowpass Prototype Circuit / Realization / 458 Summary / 466 References / WAVEGUIDE REALIZATION OF SINGLE- AND DUAL-MODE RESONATOR FILTERS Synthesis Process / Design of the Filter Function / Amplitude Optimization / Rejection Lobe Optimization / Group Delay Optimization / Realization and Analysis of the Microwave Filter Network / Dual-Mode Filters / Virtual Negative Couplings / Coupling Sign Correction / Dual-Mode Realizations for Some Typical Coupling Matrix Configurations / Folded Array / Pfitzenmaier Configuration / Propagating Forms / Cascade Quartet / Extended Box / Phase- and Direct-Coupled Extracted Pole Filters / The "Füll Inductive" Dual-Mode Filter / Synthesis of the Equivalent Circuit / 498 Summary / 499 References / DESIGN AND PHYSICAL REALIZATION OF COUPLED RESONATOR FILTERS Circuit Models for Chebyshev Bandpass Filters / 502

11 XVI CONTENTS 14.2 Calculation of Interresonator Coupling / The Use of Electric Wall and Magnetic Wall Symmetry / Interresonator Coupling Calculation Using S Parameters / Calculation of Input/Output Coupling / Frequency Domain Method / Group Delay Method / Design Example of Dielectric Resonator Filters Using the Coupling Matrix Model / Calculation of Dielectric Resonator Cavity Configuration / Calculation of Iris Dimensions for Interresonator Coupling / Calculation of Input/Output Coupling / Design Example of a Waveguide Iris Filter Using the Impedance Inverter Model / Design Example of a Microstrip Filter Using the /-Admittance Inverter Model / 524 Summary / 529 References / ADVANCED EM-BASED DESIGN TECHNIQUES FOR MICROWAVE FILTERS EM-Based Synthesis Techniques / EM-Based Optimization Techniques / Optimization Using an EM Simulator / Optimization Using Semi-EM-Based Simulator / Optimization Using an EM Simulator with Adaptive Frequency Sampling / Optimization Using EM-Based Neural Network Models / Optimization Using EM-Based Multidimensional Cauchy Technique / Optimization Using EM-Based Fuzzy Logic / EM-Based Advanced Design Techniques / Space Mapping Techniques / Calibrated Coarse Model (CCM) Techniques / Generalized Calibrated Coarse Model Technique for Filter Design / 559 Summary / 563

12 XVÜ References / 564 DIELECTRIC RESONATOR FILTERS Resonant Frequency Calculation in Dielectric Resonators / Rigorous Analyses of Dielectric Resonators / Mode Charts for Dielectric Resonators / Dielectric Resonator Filter Configurations / Design Considerations for Dielectric Resonator Filters / Achievable Filter Q Value / Spurious Performance of Dielectric Resonator Filters / Temperature Drift / Power Handling Capability / Other Dielectric Resonator Configurations / Cryogenic Dielectric Resonator Filters / Hybrid Dielectric/Superconductor Filters / 589 Summary / 592 References / 593 ALLPASS PHASE AND GROUP DELAY EQUALIZER NETWORKS Characteristics of Allpass Networks / Lumped-Element Allpass Networks / Resistively Terminated Symmetrie Lattice Networks / Network Realizations / Microwave Allpass Networks / Physical Realization of Allpass Networks / Transmission-Type Equalizers / Reftection-Type Allpass Networks / Synthesis of Reflection-Type Allpass Networks / Practical Narrowband Reflection-Type Allpass Networks / C-Section Allpass Equalizer in Waveguide Structure / D-Section Allpass Equalizer in Waveguide Structure / Narrowband TEM Reactance Networks / Optimization Criteria for Allpass Networks / Effect of Dissipation / Dissipation Loss of a Lumped-Element First-Order Allpass Equalizer / 620

13 XVIII CONTENTS Dissipation Loss of a Second-Order Lumped Equalizer / Effect of Dissipation in Distributed Allpass Networks / Equalization Tradeoffs / 622 Summary / 623 References / MULTIPLEXER THEORY AND DESIGN Background / Multiplexer Configurations / Hybrid Coupled Approach / Circulator-Coupled Approach / Directional Filter Approach / Manifold-Coupled Approach / RF Channelizers (Demultiplexers) / Hybrid Branching Network / Circulator-Coupled MUX / En Passant Distortion / RFCombiners / Circulator-Coupled MUX / Hybrid-Coupled Filter Combiner Module (HCFM) Multiplexer / Directional Filter Combiner / Manifold Multiplexer / Transmit-Receive Diplexers / Internal Voltage Levels in Tx/Rx Diplexer Filters / 665 Summary / 668 References / COMPUTER-AIDED DIAGNOSIS AND TUNING OF MICROWAVE FILTERS Sequential Tuning of Coupled Resonator Filters / Computer-Aided Tuning Based on Circuit Model Parameter Extraction / Computer-Aided Tuning Based on Poles and Zeros of the Input Reflection Coefficient / Time-Domain Tuning / 687

14 XIX Time-Domain Tuning of Resonator Frequencies / Time-Domain Tuning of Interresonator Coupling / Time-Domain Response of a Golden Filter / Filter Tuning Based on Fuzzy Logic Techniques / Description of Fuzzy Logic Systems / Steps in Building the FL System / Comparison Between Boolean Logic and Fuzzy Logic / Applying Fuzzy Logic to Filter Tuning / Automated Setups for Filter Tuning / 703 Summary / 706 References / HIGH-POWER CONSIDERATIONS IN MICROWAVE FILTER NETWORKS Background / High-Power Requirements in Wireless Systems / High-Power Amplifiers (HPAs) / High-Power Breakdown Phenomena / Gaseous Breakdown / Mean Free Path / Diffusion / Attachment / Breakdown in Air / Critical Pressure / Power Rating of Waveguides and Coaxial Transmission Lines / Derating Factors / Impact of Thermal Dissipation on Power Rating / High-Power Bandpass Filters / Bandpass Filters Limited by Thermal Dissipation / Bandpass Filters Limited by Voltage Breakdown / Filter Prototype Network / 724

15 XX CONTENTS Lumped To Distributed Scaling / Resonator Voltages from Prototype Network / Example and Verification Via FEM Simulation / Example of High Voltages in a Multiplexer / Multipaction Breakdown / Dependence on Vacuum Environment / Dependence on Applied RF Voltage / Dependence on / x d Product / Dependence on Surface Conditions of Materials / Detection and Prevention of Multipaction / Design Margins in Multipaction / Multipactor Breakdown Levels / Passive Intermodulation (PIM) Consideration for High-Power Equipment / PIM Measurement / PIM Control Guidelines / 741 Summary / 742 References / 743 APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX D INDEX