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1 v TABEL OF CONTENTS CHAPTER TITLE PAGE TITLE ABSTRACT ABSTRAKT TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF SYMBOLS ii iii iv v ix x xiv 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Objective Scope of the work Thesis outline 4 2 RADIO OVER FIBER TECHNOLOGY 2.1 Introduction What is Radio-over-Fiber technology? Why Radio-over-Fiber technology? Low attenuation loss Large bandwidth Immunity to radio frequency 10

2 vi interference Easy installation and 11 maintenance Reduced power consumption Operational flexibility Millimeter waves Advantages of mmwaves Disadvantages of mmwaves Radio system functionalities Applications of Radio-over-Fiber technology Cellular networks Satellite communications Video distribution systems Mobile broadband services Wireless LANs Vehicle communication and control 16 3 RADIO ACCESS POINT 3.1 Introduction Radio Access Point main components Generating an un-modulated 20 carrier Adding data modulation Imaging system Combining the imaging system and the periodic filter Basic introduction to filters Band-pass filters Elementary filter mathematics Filter approximations 34

3 vii Filter order Ultimate roll off rate Attenuation rate near 34 the cutoff frequency Transient response Monotonicity Passband ripple Power amplifiers Introduction Basic definitions and 41 performance parameters Basic concepts in PA design 58 4 METHODOLOGY 4.1 Introduction Methodology Bandpass filter design Filter design using the insertion loss theory Butterworth (or 71 Maximally Flat) lowpass prototype filters Chebyshev (or equalripple) 72 lowpass prototype filters Elliptic function lowpass prototype filters Maximally flat tme-delay lowpass prototype filters Impedance and frequency scaling Frequency scaling for lowpass 79

4 viii filters Lowpass-to-Highpass 80 transformation Lowpass-to-Bandpass 80 transformation Lowpass-to-Bandstop transformation Filter realization Richards Transformation Kuroda s Transformations (or 86 Identities) Impedance and admittance inverters Project implementation Bandpass filter design Power amplifier design Amplifier efficiency Objective PA Specifications Design methodology Front end design Introduction Simulation results CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 5.1 Conclusion Future work 105 References 107

5 ix LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE 3.1 Classification of PAs in Terms of Output Current Output components in a two-tone test grouped by 54 originating term in truncated series expansion. 3.3 Single-Device PA Performance with Resistive 64 Loading for Classes A and B Bias and Constant and Linear Transconductance 4.1 Element values for butterworth or maximally flat 71 response prototype filter. 4.2 Element values for Chebyshev prototype filters Element values for lumped-element elliptic 77 function lowpass prototype filters. 4.4 Transformation Relations Practical Impedance and Admittance Inverters 90

6 x LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE 3.1 Integrating the Fabry-Perot Interferometer in the Optical 21 Imaging System 3.2 Illustration of Optical Frequency Multiplication 22 Generating the fundamental frequency 3.3 Using a Filter to reduce the effect of an undesired signal at 24 frequencyf2, while retaining desired signal at frequency f1 3.4 Filter Network of Example Amplitude (a) and phase (b) response curves for example 28 filter. Linear frequency and gain scales. 3.6 Amplitude (a) and phase (b) response curves for example 29 bandpass filter. Note symmetry of curves with log frequency and gain scales. 3.7 Examples of Band-pass filter amplitude response Step response of two different filters. Curve (a) shows 35 significant ringing, while curve (b) shows none. The input signal is shown in curve (c). 3.9 Single-device output power as a function of frequency for 39 solid-state and vacuum devices 3.10 Energetic schematic representation of PA operation Cascade connection of two PAs Sample Pin Pout power sweep (a) and corresponding Typical power-added efficiency 46

7 xi 3.14 Class of operation defined as output current conduction 48 angle (left) or simply by the device quiescent bias point (right) 3.15 Output power in a single-tone test at fundamental Typical AM/AM compression and AM/PM conversion Frequency allocation of the output components 53 originating in a two-tone test Third-order intercept point definition Definition of the spurious-free dynamic range; shaded 57 area represents thermal output 3.20 Input and output power densities for adjacent-channel 58 power ratio definitions 3.21 Sample device output characteristics and physical 59 limitations on output current and voltage Schematic representation of the active-device output 60 connected to an external load ZL Reduced voltage swing Output power for three loading conditions: current limited 62 (A), voltage-limited (B), and optimum loading (C) Piecewise linear approximation of the device output 63 characteristics in the case of constant (a) and linear (b) transconductance Class A and B operating conditions for purely resistive 64 loading Increasing device maximum current by scaling the 64 number of gate fingers (a) or device unit gate width (c) from a basic device (b) Effect of device unit gate width scaling for a fixed total 65 periphery (1.2 mm). Solid and dashed lines indicate 18 and 14 GHz, respectively. 4.1 Project methodology BPF Design Process Lumped-element lowpass prototype networks for all pole 70

8 xii filters including Butterworth, Chebyshev, and maximally flat time-delay responses with (a) a ladder network structure and (b) its dual. 4.4 Lumped-element lowpass prototype filters for elliptic function response with (a) series parallel resonant branches and (b) its dual with shunt series-resonant branches 4.5 Lumped-element lowpass prototype filters for generalized Chebyshev response with (a) with shunt series-resonant branches and (b) its dual with series parallel-resonant branches 4.6 (a) Richards transformation (b) Chebyshev lowpass filter characteristic using the Richards transformation. 4.7 Correspondence between short-circuited and open circuited transmission-line sections and lumped elements. 4.8 (a,b) Kuroda s transformations of the first kind; (c,d) Kuroda s transformations of the second kind. 4.9 Definition of (a) impedance (K) and (b) admittance (J) 88 inverters 4.10 Lowpass prototype filter with (a) impedance inverters and 89 (b) admittance inverters Bandpass filters with (a) impedance inverters and (b) 89 admittance inverters Generalized bandpass filters including distributed 90 resonators with (a) impedance inverters and (b) admittance inverters First order BPF response rd order BPF response th order BPF response LPF prototype Lumped Element BPF BPF using transmission lines The Response for filter in Figure

9 xiii 4.20 Typical block diagram of a single stage RF PA Obtaining the IV curve for transistor Simulation results for transistor S parameters for the transistor Output match Input match PA schematic Front end schematic Simulation results Output power result Simulated vs. expected 103

10 xiv LIST OF SYMBOLS BPF CBS DWDM FM FP IMDD LAN LPF LD MMF MZI MZM OIL PA RAP RBS RF RoF SMF WLAN Bandpass Filter Central Base Station Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Frequency Modulation Fabry-Perot Intensity Modulation / Direct Detection Local Area Network Lowpass Filter Laser Diode Multi-Mode Fiber Mach Zehnder Interferometer Mach Zehnder Modulator Optical Injection Locking Power Amplifier Radio Access Point Radio Base Station Radio Frequency Radio-over-Fiber Single Mode Fiber Wireless Local Area Network

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