Optical Fiber Communications p. 1 Introduction p. 1 History of Optical Fibers p. 1 Optical Fibers Versus Metallic Cable Facilities p.

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1 Optical Fiber Communications p. 1 Introduction p. 1 History of Optical Fibers p. 1 Optical Fibers Versus Metallic Cable Facilities p. 2 Advantages of Optical Fiber Systems p. 3 Disadvantages of Optical Fiber Systems p. 3 Electromagnetic Spectrum p. 4 Optical Fiber Communications System Block Diagram p. 5 Fiber Types p. 5 Cable Construction p. 7 Light Propagation p. 8 The Physics of Light p. 8 Velocity of Propagation p. 9 Refraction p. 9 Refractive Index p. 9 Critical Angle p. 12 Propagation of Light Through an Optical Fiber p. 13 Mode of Propagation p. 13 Index Profile p. 14 Optical Fiber Configurations p. 14 Single-Mode Step-Index Fiber p. 14 Multimode Step-Index Fiber p. 16 Multimode Graded-Index Fiber p. 17 Comparison of the Three Types of Optical Fibers p. 17 Acceptance Angle and Acceptance Cone p. 18 Numerical Aperture p. 20 Losses in Optical Fiber Cables p. 22 Absorption Losses p. 23 Material or Rayleigh Scattering Losses p. 24 Chromatic or Wavelength Dispersion p. 24 Radiation Losses p. 25 Modal Dispersion p. 25 Coupling Losses p. 29 Light Sources p. 30 Optical Power p. 31 Optical Sources p. 32 Light-Emitting Diodes p. 32 Injection Laser Diodes p. 34 Light Detectors p. 38 PIN Diodes p. 38 Avalanche Photodiodes p. 39

2 Characteristics of Light Detectors p. 40 Lasers p. 40 Laser Types p. 40 Laser Characteristics p. 41 Laser Construction p. 41 Optical Fiber System Link Budget p. 42 Questions p. 44 Problems p. 45 Digital Communications p. 47 Introduction p. 47 Digital Communications p. 48 Shannon Limit for Information Capacity p. 48 Digital Radio p. 50 Digital Amplitude Modulation p. 50 Frequency Shift Keying p. 51 FSK Bit Rate and Baud p. 52 FSK Transmitter p. 53 Bandwidth Considerations of FSK p. 54 FSK Receiver p. 56 Continuous-Phase Frequency Shift Keying p. 57 Phase Shift Keying p. 58 Binary Phase Shift Keying p. 58 M-ary Encoding p. 62 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying p. 64 Eight-Phase PSK p. 70 Sixteen-Phase PSK p. 76 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation p. 76 Eight QAM p. 76 Sixteen QAM p. 80 Bandwidth Efficiency p. 84 Carrier Recovery p. 85 Squaring Loop p. 85 Costas Loop p. 86 Remodulator p. 87 Differential Phase Shift Keying p. 87 Differential BPSK p. 87 Clock Recovery p. 89 Probability of Error and Bit Error Rate p. 89 PSK Error Performance p. 92 QAM Error Performance p. 95 FSK Error Performance p. 96

3 Trellis Encoding p. 97 Questions p. 101 Problems p. 102 Data Communications p. 104 Introduction p. 104 History of Data Communications p. 104 Standards Organizations for Data Communications p. 105 Data Communications Circuits p. 106 Serial and Parallel Data Transmission p. 106 Configurations p. 108 Topologies p. 108 Transmission Modes p. 108 Two-Wire Versus Four-Wire Operation p. 109 Data Communications Codes p. 110 Baudot Code p. 110 ASCII Code p. 111 EBCDIC Code p. 113 Bar Codes p. 113 Error Control p. 115 Error Detection p. 115 Error Correction p. 121 Synchronization p. 123 Character Synchronization p. 123 Data Communications Hardware p. 125 Line Control Unit p. 126 Serial Interfaces p. 132 RS-232 Interface p. 132 RS-449 and RS-530 Interface Standards p. 137 CCITT X.21 p. 138 Parallel Interfaces p. 139 Centronics Parallel Interface p. 140 IEEE 488 Bus p. 143 The Telephone Network p. 146 DDD Network p. 146 Private-Line Service p. 151 The Telephone Circuit p. 152 The Local Loop p. 152 Transmission Parameters p. 154 Data Modems p. 168 Asynchronous Modems p. 169 Synchronous Modems p. 170

4 Modem Synchronization p. 171 Low-Speed Modems p. 171 Medium- and High-Speed Modems p. 172 Modem Control--The AT Command Set p. 175 CCITT Modem Recommendations p. 176 CCITT Modem Recommendation V.29 p. 176 CCITT Modem Recommendation V.32 p. 178 CCITT Modem Recommendation V.32bis and V.32terbo p. 178 CCITT Modem Recommendation V.33 p. 179 CCITT Modem Recommendation V.42 and V.42bis p. 179 CCITT Modem Recommendation V.34 (V.fast) p. 180 CCITT Modem Recommendation V.34+ p. 181 Questions p. 181 Problems p. 183 Data Communications Protocols and Network Configurations p. 185 Introduction p. 185 Open Systems Interconnection p. 186 The ISO Protocol Hierarchy p. 186 Data Transmission Modes p. 188 Character Mode p. 188 Block Mode p. 188 Asynchronous Protocols p. 188 Synchronous Protocols p. 190 IBM's Bisync Protocol p. 190 Synchronous Data Link Communications p. 194 SDLC Loop Operation p. 201 Transparency p. 203 Message Abort p. 203 Invert-On-Zero Encoding p. 203 High-Level Data Link Control p. 204 Public Data Network p. 206 Value-Added Network p. 206 Packet-Switching Network p. 206 CCITT X.1 International User Class of Service p. 207 CCITT X.25 User-to-Network Interface Protocol p. 208 Permanent Virtual Circuit p. 209 Virtual Call p. 209 Datagram p. 210 X.25 Packet Format p. 210 The X Series of Recommended Standards p. 211 Asynchronous Transfer Mode p. 211

5 Synchronous Optical Network p. 214 Integrated Services Digital Network p. 216 Introduction to ISDN p. 216 ISDN Architecture p. 218 ISDN System Connections and Interface Units p. 219 ISDN Protocols p. 220 Broadband ISDN p. 223 Local Area Networks p. 225 Local Area Network System Considerations p. 227 Token Passing Ring p. 231 Slotted Ring p. 234 Token Bus p. 234 Ethernet p BASE-5 Ethernet p BASE-2 Ethernet p BASE-T Ethernet p. 236 Ethernet Data Format p. 237 System Operation p. 238 Fiber Distributed Data Interface p. 239 FDDI Nodes p. 240 FDDI Network Using Twisted-Pair Metallic Transmission Lines p. 242 Fibre Channel p BASE-T Ethernet p. 243 Questions p. 243 Problems p. 245 Digital Transmission p. 247 Introduction p. 247 Advantages of Digital Transmission p. 247 Disadvantages of Digital Transmission p. 248 Pulse Modulation p. 248 Pulse Code Modulation p. 248 PCM Sampling p. 249 Sampling Rate p. 253 Folded Binary Code p. 255 Dynamic Range p. 257 Coding Efficiency p. 260 Signal-to-Quantization Noise Ratio p. 260 Linear Versus Nonlinear PCM Codes p. 261 Idle Channel Noise p. 262 Coding Methods p. 262 Companding p. 263

6 Analog Companding p. 263 Digital Companding p. 266 Percentage Error p. 273 Vocoders p. 273 PCM Line Speed p. 274 Delta Modulation PCM p. 275 Delta Modulation Transmitter p. 275 Delta Modulation Receiver p. 276 Adaptive Delta Modulation PCM p. 277 Differential Pulse Code Modulation p. 278 Pulse Transmission p. 278 Intersymbol Interference p. 280 Eye Patterns p. 282 Signal Power in Binary Digital Signals p. 283 Questions p. 284 Problems p. 285 Multiplexing p. 288 Introduction p. 288 Time-Division Multiplexing p. 288 T1 Digital Carrier System p. 289 D-Type Channel Banks p. 292 Superframe Format p. 293 Extended Superframe Format p. 294 CCITT Time-Division Multiplexed Carrier System p. 297 Codecs p. 297 Combo Chips p. 298 General Operation p. 298 Fixed-Data-Rate Mode p. 299 Variable-Data-Rate Mode p. 306 Supervisory Signaling p. 308 North American Digital Hierarchy p. 308 Mastergroup and Commercial Television Terminals p. 308 Picturephone Terminal p. 310 Data Terminal p. 311 Line Encoding p. 312 Transmission Voltages and DC Component p. 312 Duty Cycle p. 312 Bandwidth Considerations p. 313 Clock Recovery p. 314 Error Detection p. 314 Ease of Detection and Decoding p. 314

7 Digital Biphase, Miller, and Dicodes p. 314 T-Carriers p. 316 T1 and T1C Carrier Systems p. 317 T2 Carrier Systems p. 318 T3 Carrier Systems p. 319 T4M Carrier System p. 319 T5 Carrier System p. 319 Frame Synchronization p. 319 Added-Digit Framing p. 319 Robbed-Digit Framing p. 320 Added-Channel Framing p. 320 Statistical Framing p. 320 Unique-Line Code Framing p. 321 Bit Interleaving Versus Word Interleaving p. 321 Statistical Time-Division Multiplexing p. 321 Frequency-Division Multiplexing p. 323 ATandT's FDM Hierarchy p. 324 Long-Haul Communications with FDM p. 324 Message Channel p. 324 Basic Group p. 325 Basic Supergroup p. 325 Basic Mastergroup p. 325 Larger Groupings p. 326 Composite Baseband Signal p. 326 Formation of Groups and Supergroups p. 326 Formation of a Mastergroup p. 328 U600 Mastergroup p. 328 L600 Mastergroup p. 331 Formation of a Radio Channel p. 332 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing p. 334 Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Versus Frequency-Division Multiplexing p. 334 D-WDM, Wavelengths, and Wavelength Channels p. 334 Advantages and Disadvantages of WDM p. 337 WDM Circuit Components p. 337 Wavelength-Division Couplers p. 338 WDM and the Synchronous Optical Network p. 338 Questions p. 338 Problems p. 339 Microwave Radio Communications and System Gain p. 341 Introduction p. 341 Advantages of Microwave Radio Communications p. 342

8 Analog Versus Digital Microwave p. 343 Frequency Versus Amplitude Modulation p. 343 Frequency-Modulated Microwave Radio System p. 343 FM Microwave Radio Transmitter p. 344 FM Microwave Radio Receiver p. 345 FM Microwave Radio Repeaters p. 345 Diversity p. 348 Frequency Diversity p. 349 Space Diversity p. 349 Polarization Diversity p. 351 Hybrid Diversity p. 351 Quad Diversity p. 351 Protection Switching Arrangements p. 351 Hot Standby p. 351 Diversity p. 353 Reliability p. 353 FM Microwave Radio Stations p. 353 Terminal Station p. 353 Repeater Station p. 356 Path Characteristics p. 361 Fading p. 362 System Gain p. 362 Free-Space Path Loss p. 363 Fade Margin p. 364 Receiver Threshold p. 365 Carrier-to-Noise Versus Signal-to-Noise Ratio p. 366 Noise Factor and Noise Figure p. 366 Questions p. 370 Problems p. 370 Satellite Communications p. 373 Introduction p. 373 History of Satellites p. 374 Kepler's Laws p. 375 Satellite Orbits p. 377 Satellite Elevation Categories p. 377 Satellite Orbital Patterns p. 378 Geostationary Satellites p. 381 Geosynchronous Satellite Orbital Velocity p. 383 Round-Trip Time Delay of Geosynchronous Satellites p. 383 Clarke Orbit p. 383 Advantages and Disadvantages of Geosynchronous Satellites p. 383

9 Antenna Look Angles p. 385 Angle of Elevation p. 385 Azimuth Angle p. 387 Limits of Visibility p. 388 Satellite Classifications, Spacing, and Frequency Allocation p. 389 Satellite Antenna Radiation Patterns: Footprints p. 392 Spot and Zonal Beams p. 393 Hemispherical Beams p. 394 Earth (Global) Beams p. 394 Reuse p. 394 Satellite System Link Models p. 395 Up-Link Model p. 395 Transponder p. 395 Down-Link Model p. 396 Cross-Links p. 396 Satellite System Parameters p. 397 Back-Off Loss p. 397 Transmit Power and Bit Energy p. 397 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power p. 398 Equivalent Noise Temperature p. 399 Noise Density p. 400 Carrier-to-Noise Density Ratio p. 401 Energy of Bit-to-Noise Density Ratio p. 401 Gain-to-Equivalent Noise Temperature Ratio p. 405 Satellite System Link Equations p. 406 Link Equations p. 406 Up-Link Equation p. 406 Down-Link Equation p. 407 Link Budget p. 407 Questions p. 412 Problems p. 412 Satellite Multiple-Access Arrangements p. 415 Introduction p. 415 FDM/FM Satellite Systems p. 415 Anik-E Communications Satellite p. 417 Multiple Accessing p. 417 Frequency-Division Multiple Access p. 418 Time-Division Multiple Access p. 422 Code-Division Multiple Access p. 425 Channel Capacity p. 430 Digital Noninterpolated Interfaces p. 430

10 Digital Speech Interpolated Interfaces p. 430 Time-Assignment Speech Interpolation p. 431 Satellite Radio Navigation p. 431 Loran Navigation p. 432 Navstar GPS p. 432 GPS Services p. 433 Navstar Segments p. 433 Differential GPS p. 442 Questions p. 442 Problems p. 443 Mobile Telephone Service p. 444 Introduction p. 444 Evolution of Mobile Telephone p. 445 Two-Way Mobile Communications Services p. 446 Cellular Telephone p. 446 Basic Cellular Telephone Concepts p. 447 Frequency Reuse p. 448 Interference p. 450 Cell Splitting p. 452 Sectoring p. 453 Segmentation and Dualisation p. 453 Cell System Layout p. 454 Call Processing p. 456 Analog Cellular Telephone p. 458 AMPS Frequency Allocation p. 458 AMPS Classification of Cellular Telephones p. 460 AMPS Control Channel p. 460 Voice-Channel Signaling p. 462 Supervisory Audio and Signaling Tones p. 462 N-AMPS--Frequency-Division Multiple Accessing p. 464 ETACS Cellular Telephone p. 464 Analog Cellular Telephone Block Diagram p. 464 Digital Cellular Telephone p. 465 USDC Control Channels p. 466 USDC Digital Voice Channel p. 467 Speech Coding p. 468 USDC Digital Modulation Scheme p. 471 USDC Digital Control Channel p. 471 Code-Division Multiple-Accessing Digital Cellular Telephone System (IS-95) p. 474 Code-Division Multiple Accessing p. 474 CDMA Traffic Channels p. 477

11 Global System for Mobile Communications p. 478 GSM Services p. 479 GSM System Architecture p. 479 GSM Radio Subsystem p. 480 Personal Communications Satellite System p. 480 Projected PCSS Market p. 481 PCSS Industry Requirements p. 481 PCSS Advantages and Disadvantages p. 481 PCSS Providers p. 481 Iridium Satellite System p. 481 Questions p. 485 Problems p. 486 Answers to Selected Problems p. 487 Index p. 491 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.

11 Distinguish between low level and high level modulation. 12 What are the advantages of the super heterodyne receiver?

11 Distinguish between low level and high level modulation. 12 What are the advantages of the super heterodyne receiver? Course B.E-EEE(Marine) Batch 8 Semester V Subject Code Subject Name UAEE511 Communication Engineering Part-A Unit-1 1 Define Modulation. 2 Define Amplitude Modulation. 3 Define Modulation index. 4 What