FIGURE 14-1 (a) Focal points F1 and F2, semimajor axis a, and semiminor b of an ellipse; (b) Kepler s second law
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1 FIGURE 14-1 (a) Focal points F1 and F2, semimajor axis a, and semiminor b of an ellipse; (b) Kepler s second law
2 FIGURE 14-2 Satellite orbits: (a) circular; (b) elliptical
3 FIGURE 14-3 Satellite orbital terms
4 FIGURE 14-4 Satellite orbital patterns
5 FIGURE 14-5 (a) Angle of inclination; (b) ascending node, descending node, and line of nodes
6 FIGURE 14-6 Soviet Molniya satellite orbit
7 FIGURE 14-7 Three geosynchronous satellites in Clarke orbits
8 FIGURE 14-8 Satellites in geosynchronous earth orbits
9 FIGURE 14-9 Geosynchronous satellite position, subsatellite point, and Earth longitude and latitude coordinate system
10 FIGURE Attenuation due to atmospheric absorption: (a) 6/4-GHz band; (b) 14/12-GHz band
11 FIGURE Azimuth and angle of elevation, lookangles
12 TABLE 14-1 Longitudinal Position of Several Current Synchronous Satellites Parked in an Equatorial Arca
13 FIGURE Azimuth angles for earth stations located in the northern hemisphere referenced to 180 degrees
14 FIGURE Elevation angles for earth stations located in the Northern Hemisphere
15 FIGURE Satellite classes: (a) spinner; (b) three-axis stabilizer
16 FIGURE Spatial separation of satellites in geosynchronous orbit
17 FIGURE WARC satellite frequency assignments
18 TABLE 14-2 Satellite Bandwidths Available in the United States
19 FIGURE Satellite antenna radiation patterns (footprints)
20 FIGURE Beams: (a) spot; (b) zonal; (c) earth
21 FIGURE Satellite uplink model
22 FIGURE Satellite transponder
23 FIGURE Satellite downlink model
24 FIGURE Intersatellite link
25 FIGURE HPA input/output characteristic curve
26 TABLE 14-3 Noise Unit Comparison
27 FIGURE P(e) performance of M-ary PSK, QAM, QPR, and M-ary APK coherent systems. The rms C/N is specified in the doublesided Nyquist bandwidth
28 FIGURE Probability or error P(e) versus Eb/No ratio for various digital modulation schemes
29 FIGURE Overall satellite system showing the gains and losses incurred in both the uplink and downlink sections. HPA, high-power amplifier; Pt, HPA output power; Lbo, back-off loss; Lf, feeder loss; Lb, branching loss; At, transmit antenna gain; Pr total radiated power = Pt Lbo -Lb - Lf; EIRP, effective isotropic radiated power Prad At; Lu, additional uplink losses due to atmosphere; Lp, path loss; Ar, receive antenna gain; G/Te, gain-to-equivalent noise ratio; Ld, additional downlink losses due to atmosphere; LNA, low-noise amplifier; C/Te, carrier-toequivalent noise ratio; C/No, carrier-to-noise density ratio; Eb/No, energy of bit-to-noise density ratio; C/N, carrier-to-noise ratio
30 TABLE 14-4 System Parameters for Three Hypothetical Satellite Systems
31 FIGURE Antenna gain based on the gain equation for a parabolic antenna: A (db) = 10 log ( D/ )2 where D is the antenna diameter, = the wavelength, and = To correct for a 100% efficient antenna, add 2.66 db to the value.
32 FIGURE Free-space path loss (Lp) determined from Lp = log f (GHz), elevation angle = 90, and distance = 35,930 km
33 TABLE 14-5 Link Budget for Example 25-10
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