Supporting Information

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1 Supporting Information Harvesting Broad Frequency-Band Blue Energy by a Triboelectric-Electromagnetic Hybrid Nanogenerator Zhen Wen, Hengyu Guo, Yunlong Zi, Min-Hsin Yeh, Xin Wang, Jianan Deng, Jie Wang, Shengming Li, Chenguo Hu, Liping Zhu and Zhong Lin Wang* School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, , United States State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Cyrus Tang Center for Sensor Materials and Applications, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou , China. Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu , China Department of Applied Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing , China. Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences; National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing, , China These authors contributed equally to this work. * Correspondence and requests for materials should be addressed to Z.L.W. ( zhong.wang@mse.gatech.edu)

2 Figure S1.The photograph of functional components of blue energy hybrid nanogenerator. The inner tube (a) with magnets inside, (b) covered with Cu coated foam electrodes and (c) sliced in stripes with a tilted angle of tan θ = 80/101. (d) The FEP thin film with copper stripes of the relevant tilted angle and (e) rolled up and fixed into the middle tube. (f) Four copper synclastic twined coils embedded in the outside of middle tube. The outer tube (g) with four adjacent magnets with opposite magnetic polarization, (h) with two fixing ring and (i) the rotor blades. All scale bars are 1 cm.

3 Figure S2. The schematic illustration of graphical analysis of the spiral-interdigitated-electrodes triboelectric nanogenerator (S-TENG). Figure S3. The schematic illustration of graphical analysis of the wrap-around electromagnetic generator (W-EMG).

4 Supporting Note 1: Working mechanism of the hybrid nanogenerator under fluctuation mode The electricity generation process in a half cycle is schematically illustrated in Figure 2b. The operation of S-TENG is based on coupling of triboelectrification and electrostatic induction. Initially, physical contact between triboelectric layers made from copper and FEP creates equal amount of negative and positive charges on contacted surfaces of layers (state i). Then as triggered by indirect force of magnets, relative motion between these layers breaks the existing electrostatic balance, which builds potential difference between electrodes and the negative charges will transfer to another copper electrode through the external circuit to rebalance electrostatic status (state ii and iii). The charge transfer continues in the whole process until another electrode is fully overlapped that a new equilibrium is established, reaching the final state (iv). Because of the symmetric structure, the fluctuation beyond the final state until the next initial state induces the reversed potential difference and hence the current flows in the opposite direction. Simultaneously, the magnets aligned and misaligned with the copper coils of W-EMG synchronize the outputs of S-TENG. When the pairs of magnets aligned with the coils, no current occurs due to stable magnetic flux (i). As the magnets, the rotatory part, of W-EMG starts to spin, the magnetic flux crossing the coil decreases or increases, which induces current in the coil to generate a magnetic field which can impede the decrease or increase of the magnetic flux due to the Lenz s law (ii). Similarly, the further fluctuation induces the current flow in the reversed direction (iii and iv).

5 Figure S4. The electrical output performance of S-TENG with different spiral degrees ranging from tan θ = 10/101 to 50/101: (a) under rotation mode at the speed of 300 rpm and (b) under fluctuation mode with a motion distance of 20 mm at 3 Hz. Supporting Note 2: The electrical output performances of S-TENG with different spiral degrees For various spiral degrees, under rotation mode, V OC of S-TENG stay almost constant and I SC raise linearly with rotation speeds. Under fluctuation mode, the spiral degree have no effect on both V OC and I SC with increasing operation frequencies. To obtain best output performance, in our experiment, we chose a S-TENG with the spiral degree of tan θ = 80/101, which is the largest degree we could fabricate.

6 Figure S5. The electrical output performance of S-TENG with different electrode widths ranging from 18 mm to 3 mm: (a) under rotation mode at the speed of 300 rpm and (b) under fluctuation mode with a motion distance of 20 mm at 3 Hz. Supporting Note 3: The electrical output performance of S-TENG with different electrode widths For various electrode widths, whatever under rotation or fluctuation mode, V OC of S-TENG stay almost constant and I SC raise linearly with increasing electrode widths. To obtain best output performance, in our experiment, we chose a S-TENG with the electrode width of 3 mm, which is the smallest scale we could handle.

7 Figure S6. The schematic illustration of the spiral-interdigitated-electrode. Figure S7. The electrical output performance under fluctuation mode at 3 Hz with the motion distances ranging from 1 to 8 mm: (a) S-TENG and (b) W-EMG.

8 Figure S8. Dependence of the average power output on the resistance of the external load : (a) S-TENG under rotation mode, (b) W-EMG under rotation mode, (c) S-TENG under fluctuation mode and (d) W-EMG under fluctuation mode. Figure S9. The power ratio between S-TENG and W-EMG under (a) rotation mode and (b) fluctuation mode

9 Figure S10. The I-V curve of (a) 3 green LED in series and (b) 3 green LED in parallel Figure S11. The rectified short-circuit current. (a) S-TENG and (b) W-EMG under rotation mode with the rotation speed ranging from 10 to 300 rpm. (c) S-TENG and (d) W-EMG under fluctuation mode with the fluctuation frequency ranging from 1 to 5 Hz.

The yellow dashed frame represents S-TENG.

10 Figure S12. The circuit diagram of the charging process of hybridizing S-TENG and W-EMG. The blue dashed frame represents the W-EMG. The yellow dashed frame represents S-TENG. The green dashed frame represents the rectifier bridge. The pink dashed frame represents the energy storage device. Figure S13. The circuit diagram of the two lighting system in the practical demonstrations of harvesting blue energy.

Supporting Information

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