ISSN: International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 1, Issue 3, March 2012

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1 ISSN: Interntonl Journl of Engneerng nd Innovtve echnology (IJEI) olume, Iue 3, Mrch ABC Algorthm bed Lod- Frequency Controller for n nterconnected Power Sytem Conderng nonlnerte nd Coordnted wth UPFC nd FB Prmvm Blundrm, Chdmbrm Ilng Alndm Abtrct he degn of Lod Frequency Control (LFC) ytem ly vtl role n utomton of ower ytem. h er rooe ohtcted lcton of edox Flow Bttere (FB) coordnted wth Unfed Power Flow Controller (UPFC) for the mrovement of Lod Frequency Control of mult- unt mult- re ower ytem. Governor Ded Bnd (GDB) nd Generton te Contrnt (GC) re lo condered n the nvetgton. he UPFC offer n effectve men to enhnce mrovement n the ower trnfer cblty of the te-lne. he mn lcton of UPFC to tblze the frequency ocllton of the nter-re mode n the nterconnected ower ytem by the dynmc control of te-lne ower flow. he edox flow bttere, whch re not ged to the frequent chrgng nd dchrgng, hve quc reone nd outtndng functon durng overlod condton. In ddton to levelng lod, the bttery dvntgeou for econdry control n the ower ytem nd mntennce of ower qulty of dtrbuted ower reource. he Artfcl Bee Colony (ABC) lgorthm ued to otmze the rmeter of the cot functon long wth the ntegrl controller. Smulton tude revel tht the frequency control concet nd control degn of FB coordnted wth UPFC unt enhnce the nert centre mode well nter-re ocllton mode n term of e devton nd ettlng tme comred to the outut reone of the ytem obtned wthout UPFC nd FB unt. Index erm Artfcl Bee Colony, Governor Ded Bnd, Generton te Contrnt, edox Flow Bttere, Unfed Power Flow Controller.. I. INODUCION he Lod Frequency Control ytem hould mntn the ytem frequency nd the te-lne ower flow cloe to the cheduled vlue. For the t everl decde, lot of wor ertnng to the degn of clcl controller for nterconnected ower ytem [, ] h been crred-out nd n mot of the ce, the mthemtcl model h been over mlfed by gnorng the multneou reence of mortnt ytem nonlnerte uch Governor Ded Bnd (GDB) nd Generton te Contrnt (GC). All governor n the therml rehet ower ytem hve ded bnd le mechncl frcton, bclh, vlve overl n hydrulc rely, whch re mortnt for eed control even under mll dturbnce. So, the eed governor ded bnd h gnfcnt effect on the dynmc erformnce of lod-frequency control ytem. Moreover, the GDB h detblzng effect on the trnent reone of the ytem [3]. In ower ytem, nother mot mortnt contrnt on modern lrge ze therml unt the trngent generton rte contrnt.e. the ower generton cn chnge only t ecfed mum rte. he GC of the ytem condered by ddng lmter to the control ytem [4]. In th condton, the reone wll be wth lrger overhoot nd longer ettlng tme when comred wth the ytem where GC not condered. So, f the rmeter of the controller re not choen roerly, the ytem my become untble. In the multneou reence of GDB nd GC, even wth mll lod erturbton, the ytem become hghly nonlner nd hence the otmzton roblem become rther comlex [5]. Even though mny control trtege hve been effcency n the degn of lod-frequency controller for nterconnected ower ytem conderng GDB nd GC nonlnerte [3-5] becue of the future vt comettve envronment, the tblzton of frequency ocllton n the nterconnected ower ytem become chllengng. So dvnced economc, hgh effcency nd mroved control cheme re requred to enure the ower ytem relblty. A n nterconnected ower ytem ubjected to lrge lod chnge, conventonl lod-frequency controller,.e. governor, my not be rdly ble to dm lrge frequency ocllton due to t low reone [6]. o overcome th roblem, hgh eed reone comentor hould be ued [7]. he recent dvnce n ower electronc hve led to the develoment of the Flexble Alterntng Current rnmon Sytem (FACS). hee FACS devce re cble of controllng the networ condton n very ft mnner nd becue of th reon the uge of FACS devce re more t to mrove the tblty of ower ytem. In recent yer, nnovtve reerch b new FACS devce re beng ntroduced to ncree ower ytem oerton flexblty nd controllblty, to enhnce ytem tblty nd to cheve better utlzton of extng ower ytem [8].he Unfed Power Flow Controller (UPFC) member of the FACS fmly wth very ttrctve feture [9],whch re ble to control, multneouly or electvely, ll the rmeter (voltge, mednce nd he ngle) ffectng ower flow n the trnmon lne. UPFC whch cont of ere nd hunt converter connected by common dc ln cctor cn multneouly erform the functon of trnmon lne rel nd ctve ower flow control n ddton to UPFC bu voltge /hunt rectve ower control []. he hunt

2 ISSN: Interntonl Journl of Engneerng nd Innovtve echnology (IJEI) olume, Iue 3, Mrch converter of the UPFC control the UPFC bu voltge/hunt rectve ower nd dc ln cctor voltge. he ere converter of the UPFC control the trnmon lne rel nd ctve ower flow by njectng ere voltge of djutble mgntude nd he ngle []. On the other hnd the ere rt nown Sttc Synchronou Sere Comentor (SSSC) cn be controlled wthout retrcton. he he ngle of ere voltge cn be choen ndeendently from lne current between to π, nd t mgntude vrble between zero nd defned mum vlue. he rllel rt nown Sttc ynchronou Comentor (SACOM), nject n lmot nuodl current of vrble mgntude t the ont of connecton. In [], ower njecton model w ued to tudy the effect of UPFC for mrovng dmng of ocllton wth n energy functon bed control trtegy. he ower njecton model derved from the ower blnce equton t the UPFC networ nterfce node. Mot reerche hve emhzed the effect of UPFC on tblty mrovement nd ower flow control [3, 4]. In th er the unfed ower flow controller beng ntlled n ere wth te-lne between ny nterconnected re, whch ued to tblze the re frequency ocllton by hgh eed control of te-lne ower through the nterconnecton. In ddton t cn lo be exected tht the hgh eed control of UPFC cn be coordnted wth low eed control of governor ytem for enhncng tblzton of re frequency ocllton effectvely. Under thee tuton, the governor ytem my no longer be ble to borb the frequency fluctuton. In order to comente for udden lod chnge, n ctve ower ource wth ft reone uch edox Flow Bttere exected the mot effectve counter meure. he FB wll, n ddton to lod levelng, functon conventonlly gned to them, hve wde rnge of lcton uch ower qulty mntennce for decentrlzed ower ule. he FB re the excellent hort-tme overlod outut nd the reone chrctertc oeed n the rtculr [8, 9]. he effect of generton control nd the borton of ower fluctuton requred for ower qulty mntennce re exected. However, t wll be dffcult to locte the lcement of FB lone n every oble re n the nterconnected ytem due to the economcl reon. herefore FB coordnted wth UPFC re cble of controllng the networ condton n very ft nd economcl mnner. However, due to the comlexty of ower ytem uch nonlner lod chrctertc nd vrble oertng ont, the ntegrl controller tunng wth conventonl method my be unutble for ome oertng condton. In lterture, few dfferent control trtege hve been uggeted bed on the dgtl, elf-tunng, dtve, vrble tructure ytem nd ntellgent/oft comutng control. ecently, dfferent Evolutonry Comutton (EC) uch Dfferentl Evoluton(DE), Genetc Algorthm(GA), Smulted Annelng(SA) Prtcle Swrm Otmzton (PSO), whch re ome of the heurtc technque hvng mmene cblty of determnng globl otmum. Clcl roch bed otmzton for controller gn trl nd error method nd extremely tme conumng when everl rmeter hve to be otmzed multneouly nd rovde ubotml reult. Amongt the oulton bed lgorthm, SA uffer from ettng of lgorthm rmeter nd gve re to reet revtng of the me ubotml oluton. he GA method uully fter thn SA method becue GA h rllel erch technque. Some uthor hve led GA/PSO technque to otmze controller gn more effectvely nd effcently thn the clcl roch. ecent reerch h brought out ome defcence n GA/PSO erformnce [, ]. he remture convergence of GA/PSO degrde t erch cblty. h er rooe new otmzton roch, to olve the LFC roblem ung Artfcl Bee Colony (ABC) lgorthm. he Artfcl Bee Colony lgorthm, new wrm ntellgent lgorthm, w rooed by Krbog [] n Ercye Unverty of urey n 5. Snce ABC lgorthm mle n concet, ey to mlement, nd h fewer control rmeter, t h been ued n mny feld. ABC lgorthm h led uccefully to uncontrned numercl otmzton roblem [3].he extended veron of the ABC lgorthm lo develoed for olvng otmzton roblem n 7 [4]. ABC lgorthm re hghly robut yet remrbly mle to mlement. hu, t qute ertnent to ly the ABC, wth more new modfcton, to cheve better otmzton nd hndle the lod-frequency roblem more effcently. In th tudy, n ABC lgorthm ued to otmzng the ntegrl controller gn for lod frequency control of two re therml ower ytem conderng GDB nd GC nonlnerte wth UPFC nd FB. o obtn the bet convergence erformnce, new cot functon derved by ung the te-lne ower nd frequency devton of the control re nd ther rte of chnge ccordng to tme ntegrl. he multon reult how tht the dynmc erformnce of the ytem wth UPFC nd FB mroved by ung the rooed controller. he orgnzton of th er re follow. In ecton II roblem formulton re decrbed. In ecton III focue on the degn nd mlementton of UPFC controller. he oertng rncle of edox Flow Bttere re dcued n ecton I. Lnerzed reducton model for the control degn of UPFC nd FB re degned n ecton. Overvew of ABC lgorthm decrbed n ecton I. he outut reone of the ytem nvetgted wth the lcton of FB unt coordnted wth UPFC controller n ecton II. In Secton III reent the multon reult nd obervton; fnlly concluon dcued n ecton I. II. POBLEM FOMULAION he tte vrble equton of the mnmum relzton model of N re nterconnected ower ytem my be exreed [6]. Where, ()

3 N-Stte vector, ISSN: Interntonl Journl of Engneerng nd Innovtve echnology (IJEI) olume, Iue 3, Mrch m m DC n DC n B B (5) (6) N- Control nut vector N - Dturbnce nut vector, N- Meurble outut vector Where A ytem mtrx, B the nut dtrbuton mtrx, Г the dturbnce dtrbuton mtrx, C the control outut dtrbuton mtrx, x the tte vector, u the control vector nd d the dturbnce vector contng of lod chnge. In order to enure zero tedy tte error condton n ntegrl controller my utblty degned for the ugmented ytem. o ncororte the ntegrl functon n the controller, the ytem () ugmented wth new tte vrble defned the ntegrl of he ugmented ytem of the order (N+n) my be decrbe nd he roblem now to degn the decentrlzed feedbc control lw u y,..., N (3) he control lw n (3) my be wrtten n-term of v...., N u v dt (4) Where the ntegrl feedbc gn vector, clr control outut of re () v the III. UPFC BASIC OPEAION AND CHAACEISICS he UPFC unt lced between two bue whch re referred the UPFC endng bu nd the UPFC recevng bu. It cont of two oltge-sourced Converter (SC) wth common DC ln. For the fundmentl frequency model, the SC re relced by two controlled voltge ource [5] hown n Fgure.he voltge ource t the endng bu connected n hunt nd wll therefore be clled the hunt voltge ource. he econd ource, the ere voltge ource, lced between the endng nd the recevng bue. he UPFC lced on hgh-voltge trnmon lne. h rrngement requre te-down trnformer n order to llow the ue of ower electronc devce for the UPFC. Alyng the Pule Wdth Modulton (PWM) technque to the two SC the followng equton for mgntude of hunt nd ere njected voltge re obtned Fg.. Fundmentl frequency model of UPFC Where: m Amltude modulton ndex of the hunt SC control gnl, m Amltude modulton ndex of the ere SC control gnl,n hunt trnformer turn rto,n Sere trnformer turn rto, B he ytem de be voltge n, DC DC ln voltge n. he he ngle of nd re δ δ ϕ Where ϕ δ ( S ) ( δ ϕ ) (7) S frng ngle of the hunt SC wth reect to the he ngle of the endng bu voltge nd ϕ frng ngle of the ere SC wth reect to the he ngle of the endng bu oltge. he ere converter nject n AC voltge ( δ S ϕ ) n ere wth the trnmon lne. Sere voltge mgntude nd t he ngle ϕ wth reect to the endng bu whch controllble n the rnge of nd ϕ 36. he hunt converter nject controllble hunt voltge uch tht the rel comonent of the current n the hunt brnch blnce the rel ower demnded by the ere converter. he rel ower cn flow freely n ether drecton between the AC termnl. On the other hnd the rectve ower cnnot flow through the DC ln. It borbed or generted loclly by ech converter. he hunt converter oerted to exchnge the rectve ower wth the AC ytem rovde the oblty of ndeendent hunt comenton for the lne. If the hunt njected voltge regulted to roduce hunt rectve current comonent tht wll ee the endng bu voltge t t re-ecfed vlue, then the hunt converter oerted n the Automtc oltge Control Mode. Shunt converter cn lo be oerted n the r Control Mode.. In th ce hunt rectve current roduced to meet the dered nductve or cctve r requrement n the UPFC lced t the trnmon lne connectng bue S nd hown n fgure [6]. Lne conductnce w neglected. UPFC rereented by two del voltge ource 3

4 ISSN: Interntonl Journl of Engneerng nd Innovtve echnology (IJEI) olume, Iue 3, Mrch of controllble mgntude nd he ngle. Bu S nd fcttou bu S hown n fgure rereent UPFC endng nd recevng bue reectvely. Fg.. e-lne wth UPFC In th ce, the comlex ower receved t the recevng end of the lne gven by S I Lne S + j Where ( δ ϕ ) S he comlex conjugte of th comlex ower S + (9) S P jq j Performng mle mthemtcl mnulton nd ertng rel nd mgnry comonent of (9) the followng exreon for rel nd the rectve ower receved t the recevng end of the lne re (8) I. OPEAING PINCIPLE OF EDO FLOW BAEIES he confgurton of edox Flow Bttery hown n fgure 3. A ulfurc cd oluton contnng vndum on ued the otve nd negtve electrolyte, whch re tored n reectve tn nd crculted to bttery cell. he recton tht occur n the bttery cell durng chrgng nd dchrgng cn be exreed mly wth the followng equton [8] Potve Electrode 4 + : ch rg e 5 + () + e Negtve Electrode dch rg e 3 : + + e ch rg e dch rg e + (3) he edox Flow Bttere offer the followng feture, nd re utble for hgh ccty ytem tht dffer from conventonl ower torge bttere. he bttery recton only nvolve chnge n the vlence of vndum on n the electrolyte. here re none of the fctor whch reduce the bttery ervce lfe een n other bttere tht ue old ctve ubtnce, uch lo re electro deoton of the ctve ubtnce. S P Q n δ + n( δ ϕ ) PO ( δ ) + P S + co δ + co( δ ϕ ) Q O ( δ ) + Q ( δ, ϕ ( δ, ϕ () For the bove equton rereent the rel nd rectve ower of the uncomented ytem. A the UPFC ere voltge mgntude cn be controlled between nd, nd t he ngle cn be controlled between nd 36 degree t ny ower ngle δ, nd ung () the rel nd rectve ower receved t bu for the ytem wth the UPFC ntlled cn be controlled between P Q mn mn ( δ ) P P ( ( δ ) δ ) Q Q ( δ ) () Where Pmn ( δ ) P ( δ ) P ( δ ) P ( δ ) + Qmn ( δ ) Q ( δ ) Q ( δ ) Q ( δ ) + otton of the ere njected voltge hor wth MS vlue of from to 36 llow the rel nd the rectve ower flow to be controlled wthn the boundry. ) ) Fg.3. Prncle of edox Flow Bttery Furthermore, oerton t norml temerture enure le deterorton of the bttery mterl due to temerture. Pum nd ng tht re wdely ued n fclte uch chemcl lnt re uble etblhed technologe. he ytem confgurton re uch tht bttery outut (cell ecton) nd bttery ccty (tn ecton) cn be erted, therefore the lyout of the ecton cn be ltered ccordng to the lce of ntllton. For exmle, the tn cn be lced underground. he degn cn be ely modfed ccordng to the requred outut nd ccty. he chrged electrolyte tored n erte otve nd negtve tn when the bttery h been chrged, therefore no elf-dchrge occur durng rolonged toge nor uxlry ower requred durng toge. Furthermore, trt-u fter rolonged toge requre only trtng of the um, thu mng trt-u oble n only few mnute. he electrolyte (.e., the ctve ubtnce) ent to the ech bttery cell from the me tn, therefore the chrgng tte of ech bttery cell the me, elmntng the need for 4

5 ISSN: Interntonl Journl of Engneerng nd Innovtve echnology (IJEI) olume, Iue 3, Mrch ecl oerton uch unform chrgng. o tht, mntennce lo ey becue the electrolyte reltvely fe nd the oertng re t norml temerture nd ure ueror envronmentl fety. Wte vndum from genertng tton cn be ued o t cn be ueror recyclblty. Furthermore, the vndum n the electrolyte cn be ued em-ermnently. he FB ytem re ncororted n the ower ytem to ure the lod frequency control roblem nd to enure n mroved ower qulty. In rtculr, thee re eentl for reuble energy generton unt, uch wnd ower nd hotovoltc genertor unt, whch need meure for borton of chnge n outut nd to control flcer nd momentry voltge dro. Wth the excellent hort-tme overlod outut nd reone chrctertc oeed by FB n rtculr [9], the effect of generton control nd of the borton of ower fluctuton needed for ower qulty mntennce re exected. he et vlue of the FB h to be retored t the erlet, fter lod dturbnce o tht the FB unt redy to ct for the next lod dturbnce. he FB re cble of very ft reone nd therefore, huntng due to dely n reone doe not occur. For th reon, the F w ued drectly the commnd vlue for LFC to control the outut of FB hown n Fgure 4. UPFC re regrded ec for the control degn. hen the tte equton of the ytem rereented by fgure 5 become. F& F (4) PFB P & π π P + P UPFC F& F Here, from the hycl vew ont t noted tht the UPFC locted between two re effectve to tblze the nter-re ocllton mode only, nd then the FB whch cble of ulyng the energy nto the ower ytem hould be utble for the control of the nert mode. Fg.4. edox Flow Bttery Sytem Model. SYSEM MODELING FO CONOL DESIGN he FB nd UPFC re found to be ueror to the governor ytem n term of the reone eed gnt, the frequency fluctuton. herefore, the oertonl t re gned ccordng to the reone eed follow. he FB nd UPFC re chrged wth ureng the e vlue of frequency devton qucly gnt the udden lod chnge, ubequently the governor ytem re chrged wth comentng for the tedy tte error of the frequency devton. Fgure 5 how the model for the control degn of FB nd UPFC. Where the dynmc of governor ytem re elmnted by ettng the mechncl nut to be contnt nce the reone of governor much lower thn tht of FB or UPFC. he FB modeled n ctve ower ource to re.wth tme contnt FB. he UPFC modeled te lne ower flow controller wth tme contnt SSSC. he te-lne ower modulted by the UPFC flow nto both re multneouly wth dfferent gn (+ nd -) nce the reone of ower control by the FB nd by the UPFC re uffcently ft comred to the dynmc of the frequency devton, the tme contnt FB nd Fg.5. Lnerzed reducton model for the control degn A. Control degn of FB he degn roce trt from the reducton of two re ytem nto one re whch rereent the Inert centre mode of the overll ytem. he controller of FB degned n the equvlent one re ytem to reduce the frequency devton of nert centre. he equvlent ytem derved by umng the ynchronzng coeffcent to be lrge. From the tte equton of P & n (4) P& F F π (5) Settng the vlue of n (5) to be nfnty yeld F F. Next, by multlyng tte equton of F & nd F& n (4) by nd reectvely, then F& F P PUPFC + PFB (6) F& F + P + PUPFC (7) By ummng (6) nd (7) nd ung the bove relton F F F F & F + PFB + C PD + + (8) 5

6 ISSN: Interntonl Journl of Engneerng nd Innovtve echnology (IJEI) olume, Iue 3, Mrch Where the lod chnge n th ytem P D ddtonlly condered, here the control P FB -K FB F led then. C F P D S + A + K FB B (9) Where A + B K Snce the control uroe of FB to ure the devton of F qucly gnt the udden chnge of P D, the ercent reducton of the fnl vlue fter lyng te chnge P D cn be gven control ecfcton. In (9) the fnl vlue wth K FB nd wth K FB re C/A nd C/(A+K FB B) reectvely therefore the ercent reducton rereented by C/(A + K B) + K ( C / A ) FB () For gven vlue of eed regulton coeffcent-, the control gn of FB clculted K FB A B ( ) () B. Control Degn of UPFC he ctve ower controller of UPFC h tructure of the Led-Lg comentor wth outut gnl P ref. In th tudy the dynmc chrctertc of UPFC modeled the frt order controller wth tme contnt. It to be noted UPFC tht the njected ower devton of UPFC, ctng PUPFC otvely on the re rect negtvely on the re. herefore flow nto both re wth dfferent gn P UPFC (+,-) multneouly. he commonly ued Led-Lg tructure choen n th tudy UPFC bed ulementry dmng controller hown n fgure 6. he tructure cont of gn bloc. A gnl whout bloc nd wo-tge he comenton bloc. he he comenton bloc rovde the rorte he-led chrctertc to comente for the he lg between nut nd outut gnl. he gnl octed wth ocllton n nut gnl to unchnged wthout t tedy chnge n nut would modfy the outut the nut gnl of the rooed UPFC-bed controller frequency devton f nd the outut the chnge n control vector PUPFC. From the vew ont of the whout functon the vlue of whout tme contnt not crtcl n Led-Lg tructured controller nd my be n the rnge to econd. he controller gn K; nd the tme contnt,, 3 nd 4 re otmzed wth the objectve functon (7) ung ABC lgorthm In K w w ufc.+ Gn Whout wo tge Led -Lg bloc Ufc Fg.6. Structure of UPFC-bed dmng controller c Out I. AIFICIAL BEE COLONY [ABC] ALGOIHM he Artfcl Bee Colony [ABC] lgorthm whch w ntroduced n 5 by Krbog mmc the food forgng behvor of wrm of honey bee. Honey bee ue everl mechnm le wggle dnce to otmlly locte food ource nd to erch new one. h me them good cnddte for develong new ntellgent erch lgorthm. It very mle, robut nd oulton bed tochtc otmzton lgorthm. In ABC lgorthm, the colony of rtfcl bee cont of three grou of bee: emloyed bee, onlooer nd cout bee. Some of the bee of the colony cont of the emloyed rtfcl bee nd the ome nclude the onlooer. For every food ource, there only one emloyed bee. In other wor, the number of emloyed bee equl to the number of food ource round the hve. he emloyed bee whoe the food ource h been bndoned by the bee become cout. In ABC lgorthm the oton of the food ource determne the oluton nd the mount of nectr rereent to ftne of th reectve oluton. he forgng trtegy governed by three roce nmely ntlzton, eroducton nd elcement of bee nd electon [3].. Intlzton A rndomly dtrbuted ntl oulton oluton [,, 3 D] beng dred over the D dmenonl roblem ce. b. eroducton An rtfcl onlooer bee chooe food ource deendng on the robblty vlue octed wth tht food ource, P, clculted by the followng exreon, f t () P N f t n Where the ftne vlue of the oluton whch roortonl to the nectr mount of the food ource n the oton nd N the number of food ource whch equl to the number of emloyed bee. In order to roduce cnddte food oton from the old one n memory, the ABC ue the followng exreon. x + ϕ x x (3) j j j ( ) j j Where (,,3.D) nd j (,,3...N) re rndomly choen ndexe Ψ ϕ j rndom number between [-,]. c. elcement of Bee electon In ABC, rovdng tht oton cnnot be mroved further through redetermned number of cycle, then tht food ource umed to be bndoned. he vlue of re determned number of cycle n mortnt control rmeter of the ABC lgorthm, whch clled lmt for bndonment.aume tht the bndoned ource nd J(,,3,.N),then the cout dcover new food ource to be relced wth. h oerton cn be defned j j mn + rnd j j (,) ( ) (4) After ech cnddte ource oton j, roduced nd then evluted by the rtfcl bee,t erformnce mn 6

7 ISSN: Interntonl Journl of Engneerng nd Innovtve echnology (IJEI) olume, Iue 3, Mrch comred wth tht of t old one. If the new food h equl or better nectr thn the old ource, t relce the old one n the memory. Otherwe, the old one retned n the memory. A. ABC lgorthm mlemented n the LFC he followng lgorthm doted for the rooed ABC lgorthm for LFC roblem.. Intlze the food ource oton x (oluton oulton) where.d. Clculte the nectr mount of the oulton by men of ther ftne vlue ung: f t /(+obj.fun. J) Where obj.fun. rereent of equton t oluton (7) 3. Produce neghbor oluton j for the emloyed bee by ung equton (3) nd evlute them ndcted n te. 4. Aly the greedy electon roce for the emloyed bee. 5. If ll onlooer bee re dtrbuted, Go to te 9 Otherwe, Go to the next te. 6. Clculte the robblty vlue P for the oluton ung by equton (). 7. Produce the neghbor oluton for the onlooer bee from the oluton elected deendng on P nd evlute them 8. Aly the greedy electon roce for the onlooer bee. 9. Determne the bndoned oluton for the cout bee, f t ext, nd relce t wth comletely new oluton j ung equton (4) nd evlute them ndcted n te.. Memorze the bet oluton ttned o for.. If cyclemxmum Cycle Number(MCN). Sto nd rnt reult, otherwe follow te 3. he emloyed nd Onlooer bee elect new food ource n the neghborhood of the revou one n ther memory deendng on vul nformton. ul nformton bed on the comron of food ource oton. On the other hnd, Scout bee, wthout ny gudnce whle loong for food-ource oton, exlore comletely new food-ource oton. herefore Scout bee re chrcterzed bed on ther behvor by low erch cot nd low verge n food-ource qulty. Occonlly, the Scout bee cn be fortunte to dcover rch, entrely unnown food ource. In the ce of rtfcl bee, the rtfcl Scout bee could hve the ft dcovery of the grou of feble oluton the t [4]. Prmeter tunng n met-heurtc otmzton lgorthm nfluence the erformnce of the lgorthm gnfcntly. Dvergence, becomng tred n locl extreme nd tme conumton re uch conequence of ettng the rmeter mroerly. he ABC lgorthm n dvntge h few controlled rmeter, nce ntlzng oulton rndomly wth feble regon ometme cumberome. he ABC lgorthm doe not deend on the ntl oulton to be n feble regon. Inted, t erformnce drect the oulton to the feble regon uffcently [5]. II. SYSEM INESIGAED he m of lod frequency control tht the tedy tte error of the frequency nd te-lne ower devton followng te lod chnge hould roch zero. For th uroe, to obtn the rorted control nut, Integrl controller re ued together wth re control error, ACE nd ACE. (5) he control nut of the ower ytem, u nd u re obtned nd doted wth the Integrl controller hown below. (6) Invetgton hve been crred out n the two equl re nterconnected therml ower ytem nd ech re cont of two rehet unt wth GDB nd GC nonlnerte hown n fgure 8. he nomnl rmeter re gven n Aendx. f nd f re the re rtcton fctor n re nd f nd f re the re rtcton fctor n re. Note tht f +f. nd f +f.. In th tudy the ctve ower model of UPFC controller ftted n the te-lne ner re to exmne t effect on the ower ytem erformnce. hen FB unt ntlled n re nd coordnted wth UPFC controller for LFC to tudy t erformnce of ytem. he followng object of obtnng the otml oluton of control nut ten n otmzton roblem, nd the novel cot functon [7] n (7) re derved by ung the frequency devton of control re nd te lne ower chnge nd ther rte of chnge. he ntegrl controller gn tuned wth ABC lgorthm by otmzng the oluton of control nut. he multon re relzed for te lod erturbton of % n re. he reult re obtned by MALAB 7. oftwre re ued nd 5 terton re choen for convergng to oluton n the ABC lgorthm. J {( β f ) + ( β f ) + ( P ) } (7) te A. Governor Ded Bnd (GDB) nonlnerty Governor ded bnd defned totl mgntude of utned eed chnge wthn whch there no reultng chnge n vlve oton. he bclh non-lnerty tend to roduce contnuou nuodl ocllton wth nturl erod of bout [3]. he eed governor ded bnd h gnfcnt effect on the dynmc erformnce of lod frequency control mechnm. In th tudy, decrbng functon roch ued to ncororte the governor ded bnd non-lnerty. he hytere tye of non-lnerty re exree y F ( x, x ) ther thn y F ( x ) (8) o olve the non-lner roblem, t necery to me the umton tht the vrble x, erng n (8) uffcently cloe to nuodl equton (9) tht 7

8 ISSN: Interntonl Journl of Engneerng nd Innovtve echnology (IJEI) olume, Iue 3, Mrch x An w t (9) o Where; A Amltude of ocllton, w o Frequency of ocllton w π f π (3) o o A the vrble functon comlex nd erodc functon of tme, t cn be develoed n Fourer ere [3] o N F ( x, x) F + N x + x +... (3) w o A the bc lh nonlnerty ymmetrcl bout the orgn, F o zero. For the nly, n th tudy, bc lh nonlnerty of bout.5% for therml ytem condered. In (3), neglect hgher order, the Fourer co-effcent re derved N.8 nd N -.. By ubttutng the N nd N vlue n (3), the trnfer functon model of governor ded bnd non-lnerty exreed. F ( x, x ).8 x x (3) π B. Generton te Contrnt (GC) nonlnerty In mot of the LFC tude, the effect of Generton te Contrnt (GC) nonlnerty neglected for mlcty. But for reltc nly of the erformnce of the ytem, th hould be ncluded t h conderble effect on the mltude nd ettlng tme of the ocllton [3]. It nown fct tht the tem ower lnt ued for ower generton cn chnge only t ecfed mum rte. he generton rte (from fety conderton of the equment) for rehet unt qute low. Mot of the rehet unt hve generton rte round 3% er mn. ome hve generton rte between 5 to % er mn [4]. If thee contrnt re not condered, ytem lely to che lrge momentry dturbnce. When GC condered, the ytem dynmc model become nonlner nd lner control technque cnnot be led for the otmzton of the controller ettng. Inted of ugmentng the generton rte Pg whle olvng the tte equton, t my be verfed t ech te, f the GC re volted. Another wy of conderng GC for both re to dd lmter to the governor hown n fgure 7, the mum rte of vlve oenng or clong eed retrcted by the lmter. he bnded vlue moed by the lmter re elected to retrct the generton rte by % er mn. In etblhng LFC gnl, t hould be recognzed tht there lmt to the rte t whch genertng unt outut cn be chnged. h rtculrly true for therml unt where mechncl nd therml tree re lmtng fctor. In th tudy generton rte contrnt of.7.u.mw ec - condered for therml ytem,.e. P g.. u. MW mn.7. u. MW ec (33) III. SIMULAIONS ESUL AND OBAIONS he otml gn of Integrl controller (K I K I ) for three ce tude re determned ung ABC lgorthm. At the end of the multon, the tuned rmeter of the control ytem re hown n ble I. hee controller re mlemented n two-re nterconnected rehet therml ower ytem conderng nonlnerte wthout UPFC nd FB, wth UPFC only, UPFC coordnted FB. he otml gn nd tme contnt of UPFC bed dmng controller re found ung ABC lgorthm K.69;.453;.596; 3.785; Fgure 9 how dynmc reone re frequence nd te-lne ower devton nd fgure how the dynmc reone of the Control nut devton for % te lod dturbnce n re conderng re rtcton fctor f f.5 nd f f.5. It cn be oberved tht the ocllton n re frequence nd te-lne ower devton hve decreed to conderble extent comred to tht of the ytem wthout UPFC controller. Moreover the FB locted n re whch coordnted wth UPFC controller, the gn of FB Krfb.65 re clculted ung () for gven vlue of eed regulton coeffcent() hown n endx. edox Flow Bttere hve mrovng the nert mode ocllton. It een from fgure 9 nd ; t evdent tht the dynmc reone hve mroved gnfcntly wth the ue of UPFC unt when connected wth the te-lne nd coordnted wth FB. he ettlng tme nd e over/under hoot for the frequency devton n ech re nd te-lne ower devton for three ce tude re tbulted n ble II. A the lod dturbnce h occurred n re, t tedy tte, the ower generted by genertng unt n re re n roorton to the re rtcton fctor. herefore, n fgure, t tedy tte Pg Pg PD f..5.5.u.mw nd mlrly, Pg 3 Pg 4 PD f.5.u.mw. From the ble I nd II, t cn be found tht the controller degned ung ABC lgorthm for two re therml rehet therml ower ytem wth UPFC coordnted wth FB hve not only reduce the cot functon but lo enure better tblty, they oee le over/under hoot nd fter ettlng tme when comred wth the outut reone of the ytem ued wthout UPFC nd FB unt. Moreover the FB unt, uree the e frequency devton of both re, nd contnue to elmnte the tedy tte error of frequency devton exected. B AEA -K controller / -Kf f / Bclh Bclh governor g.+ g.+ governor Krr.+ r.+ rehet Krr.+ r.+ rehet t turbne t turbne SLP FB Out In K.+ owerytem -K OutIn e-lne UPFC -K controller -Kf /3 Bclh3 g3.+ governor 3 Kr3r3.+ r3.+ rehet 3 t3 turbne 3 K.+ owerytem Fg.7. Nonlner urbne Model wth GC AEA B f Bclh4 /4 g4.+ governor 4 Kr4r4.+ r4.+ rehet 4 t4 turbne 4 SLP Fg.8. rnfer Functon model of two-re nterconnected therml rehet ower ytem conderng GDB nd GC nonlnerte wth UPFC nd FB 8

9 ISSN: Interntonl Journl of Engneerng nd Innovtve echnology (IJEI) olume, Iue 3, Mrch ABLE I: uned Prmeter of the Control Sytem for hree Ce Stude wo re nterconnected ower ytem conderng nonlnerte Feedbc gn(k ) Cot functon vlue [J] Ce: wthout UPFC nd FB unt Ce: wth UPFC unt only Ce:3 wth UPFC nd FB unt wthout UPFC nd FB wth UPFC only wth UPFC nd FB Pc n.u.mw x -3 - wthout UPFC nd FB wth UPFC wth UPFC nd FB me n econd Fg. (),(b). Dynmc reone of the Control nut devton conderng te lod dturbnce of..u.mw re. 6 x -3 F n Hz Pg Pg n.u.mw wthout UPFC nd FB wth UPFC only wth UPFC nd FB me n econd me n econd. wthout UPFC nd FB wth UPFC only wth UPFC nd FB 4 x -3 F n Hz me n econd Pg3 Pg4 n.u.mw wthout UPFC nd FB wth UPFC only wth UPFC nd FB Pte n.u.mw me n econd Fg.9 (), (b), (c). Dynmc reone of the frequency devton nd te lne ower devton conderng te lod dturbnce of..u.mw n re Pc n.u.mw 4 x wthout UPFC nd FB wth UPFC only wth UPFC nd FB wthout UPFC nd FB wth UPFC only wth UPFC nd FB me n econd Fg. (), (b). Dynmc reone of the requred ddtonl mechncl ower generton for te lod dturbnce of..u.mw n re ABLE II : Comron of the Sytem Performnce for the hree Ce Stude wo re nterconnected ower ytem conderng nonlnerte Ce: wthout UPFC nd FB unt Ce: wth UPFC unt only Ce:3 wth UPFC nd FB unt Settng tme ( τ ) n econd F F P te Pe over / under hoot F n Hz F n Hz P te.u. MW me n econd 9

10 ISSN: Interntonl Journl of Engneerng nd Innovtve echnology (IJEI) olume, Iue 3, Mrch I. CONCLUSION In th er, ohtcted Lod Frequency Control by edox Flow Bttere co-ordnte wth UPFC controller h been rooed for two re nterconnected ehet herml Power Sytem conderng GDB nd GC nonlnerte. he ABC lgorthm ey to mlement wthout ddtonl comuttonl comlexty to cheve the otml rmeter. h lgorthm h ueror oluton qulty n ttng the objectve. h cblty of ABC re from the greedy electon roce nd the tmely bndonment of ued u food ource ncororted n t. hee fundmentl rocedure n the ABC revent tllng of oluton nd me the lgorthm more exlottve n nture. A control trtegy h been rooed to djut the of the ere voltge or hunt current of UPFC whch n turn control the nter-re te- lne ower flow. Moreover, for n overlod condton for hort tme erod becue of nture of FB the extremely fter reone obtned. he FB unt h reduced chrgng nd dchrgng erod. From th t evdent tht FB contrbute lot n romotng the effcency of overll generton control through the effect of the ue n lod levelng nd the urnce of LFC ccty fter overlod chrctertc nd quc reonvene. Smulton reult revel tht the degn concet of dmng the nert mode nd nter-re mode, the co-ordnte control effectve to ure the frequency devton of both re nd te-lne ower ocllton. It my be therefore be concluded tht, the edox Flow Bttere wth uffcent mrgn of LFC ccty borb the eed governor cblty n exce of fllng hort of the frequency b vlue nd te-lne ower flow control by n UPFC be exected to be utlzed new ncllry ervce for tblzton te-lne ower ocllton n the congeton mngement envronment of the ower ytem. APPENDI (A) Dt for herml ehet Power Sytem [6] tng of ech re MW, Be ower MA, f o 6 Hz, Hz /.u.mw, g g g3 g4.8 ec, r r r r ec, t t t3 t4.3 ec, K K Hz/.u.MW, ec, β β.45.u.mw / Hz, K r K r K r3 K r4.5, π.545.u.mw / Hz, -, P D..u.MW. (B) Dt for UPFC [7] UPFC. ec; w ec. (C) Dt for FB [9] Kr, d, r ACKNOWLEDGMEN he uthor wh to thn the uthorte of Annml Unverty, Annmlngr, mlndu, Ind for the fclte rovded to rere th er EFEENCES [] H. Shyegh, H.A. Shynfr, A. Jll, Lod frequency Control Strtege: A tte-of-the-rt urvey for the reercher, Energy Converon nd Mngement, ol.5, No., 9, [] Ibrheem, P. Kumr, D.P.Kothr, ecent hloohe of utomtc generton control trtege n ower ytem IEEE rncton on Power Sytem, ol., No., 5, [3] S.C.rthy, G.S.Hoe, O.P.Ml, Otmzton of lod frequency control rmeter for ower ytem wth rehet tem turbne nd governor ded bnd non-lnerty, IEE Proc., ol. 9, Pt. C, No.,.-6, Jn 98. [4]. Hym, Decentrlzed lod-frequency control under generton rte contrnt, Electrcl Engneerng n Jn, ol., No.4,.65-7, 98 [5] J.Nnd, M.L.Kothr nd P.S.Stng, Automtc Generton Control of ehet herml ytem conderng Generton te Contrnt nd Governor Ded bnd, IE (I)-Journl-EL, ol. 63, t E.L 6,.45-5, June 983. [6] I.Ngmroo, nd W. Kongrwechnon, A robut controller degn of SSSC for tblzton of frequency ocllton n nterconnected ower ytem, Electrc Power Sytem eerch 67,.6-76, 3. [7] I.Ngmroo, J. ych, nd S. Dechnurtth, obut decentrlzed frequency tblzer degn of ttc ynchronou ere comentor by tng ytem uncertnte nto conderton, Electrcl Power nd Energy Sytem 8,.53-54, 6. [8] L. Gyug, Unfed Power Flow Control Concet for Flexble AC rnmon Sytem, IEE roceedng- C, ol. 39, No.4, 99, [9] L. Murn,.N.Dnh, M.dz, M. Murtdh Othmn, M.Khyt Idr,. Khw Abdul hmn, oltge Profle Imrovement Ung Unfed Power Flow Controller v Artfcl Immune Sytem, WAS rncton on Power Sytem, Iue 4, ol.3, 8. [] L.Gyug, C.D. Schunder, S.L. Wllm,.. etmn, D.. orgeron nd A. Edr, he Unfed Power Flow Controller: A new roch to Power rnmon Control, IEEE rncton on Power Delvery, ol., 995, [] B.A. enz, A. S. Mehrben, C. Schuder, E. Stcey, L.Kovly, L. Gyug, nd A.Edr, AEP Unfed Power Flow Controller Performnce, IEEE rncton on Power Delvery, ol.4, 999, [] S.Arb, P.Kundr, nd.ad, Innovtve technque n modelng UPFC for ower ytem nly, IEEE rncton on Power Sytem, ol.5,, [3] A.Kzem, M.. Shdmegrn, Extended Sulementry Controller of UPFC to Imrove Dmng Inter- Are Ocllton Conderng Inert Coeffcent, Interntonl Journl of Energy, Iue, ol., 8 [4] Wng, H.F, 'Alcton of Modelng UPFC nto Mult-mchne Power Sytem', IEE Proceedng Generton rnmon Dtrbuton, ol.46, No. 3, My 999, [5] Uzunovc.E., Cnzre, C.A., eeve, J., Fundmentl Frequency Model of Unfed Power Flow Controller, North Amercn Power Symoum, NAPS, Clevelnd, Oho, 998

11 ISSN: Interntonl Journl of Engneerng nd Innovtve echnology (IJEI) olume, Iue 3, Mrch [6] Uzunovc.E., Cnzre, C.A., eeve, J., EMP Stude of UPFC Power Ocllton Dmng', Proceedng of the North Amercn Power Symoum (NAPS), Sn Lu Obo. CA, October, 999, [7] Hung, Z., N, Y., Shen, C.M., Wu, F.F., Chen, S., Zhng, B., Alcton of Unfed Power Flow Controller n Interconnected Power Sytem -- Modelng, Interfce, Control Strtegy nd Ce Study, IEEE Power Engneerng Socety Summer Meetng, 999 [8] N.oud, Develoment of edox Flow Bttery Sytem, Engneerng conf.co, IECEC-98-74, Augut, 998 [9] K.Enomoto,.S,.Shgemtu, H. Deguch, Evluton tudy bout edox Flow Bttery eone nd t Modelng, IEEJ rncton on Power Engneerng, ol.-3, No.4,, [] Ghohl, Alcton of GA/GA-SA bed fuzzy utomtc control of mult-re therml genertng ytem, Electrc Power Sytem eerch, ol.7, 4,.5-7. [] P.J. Angelne, Ung Selecton to Imrove Prtcle Swrm Otmzton, Proceedng IEEE.Interntonl Conference of Evolutonry Comutng, 998, [] D.Krbog, An Ide Bed on Honey Bee Swrm for Numercl Otmzton, echncl eort- 6, Ercye Unverty, Engneerng Fculty, Comuter Engneerng Dertment, 5. [3] D.Krbog, B.Btur, On the Performnce of Artfcl Bee Colony (ABC) Algorthm, Aled Soft Comutng, ol.8, 8, [4] D.Krbog, B.Btur, Artfcl Bee Colony (ABC) Otmzton Algorthm for Solvng Contrned Otmzton Problem, LNCS: Advnce n Soft Comutng: Foundton of Fuzzy Logc nd Soft Comutng, ol.459, 7, [5] Derv Krbog, Bhrye Ay, A comrtve tudy of Artfcl Bee Colony lgorthm, Aled Mthemtc nd Comutton, ol. 4,.9,.8 3 [6] I.A.Chdmbrm, S.elum, Degn of decentrlzed bed dul mode controller for lod-frequency control of nterconnected ower ytem conderng GDB nd GC nonlnerte, Interntonl Journl of Energy Converon nd Mngement, ol.48,.69-7, 7. [7] Ogt Ktubo (986) Modern Control Engneerng, Prentce Hll of Ind, New Delh, 986. I.A.Chdmbrm (966) receved Bchelor of Engneerng n Electrcl nd Electronc Engneerng (987), Mter of Engneerng n Power Sytem Engneerng (99) nd Ph.D n Electrcl Engneerng (7) from Annml Unverty, Annmlngr. Durng he w worng Lecturer n the Dertment of Electrcl Engneerng, Annml Unverty nd from 7 he worng Profeor n the Dertment of Electrcl Engneerng, Annml Unverty, nd Annmlngr. He member of ISE nd ISCA. H reerch nteret re n Power Sytem, Electrcl Meurement nd Control, Dertment of Electrcl Engneerng, Annml Unverty, Annmlngr 68, mlndu, Ind, el: , Fx: drcdm@yhoo.com AUHO BIOGAPHY B.Prmvm (976) receved Bchelor of Engneerng n Electrcl nd Electronc Engneerng (), Mter of Engneerng n Power Sytem Engneerng (8) nd he worng Atnt Profeor n the Dertment of Electrcl Engneerng, Annml Unverty He currently urung Ph.D degree n Electrcl Engneerng t Annml Unverty, Annmlngr. H reerch nteret re n Power Sytem, Control Sytem, Electrcl Meurement, Dertment of Electrcl Engneerng, Annml Unverty, Annmlngr-68, mlndu, Ind bvm@gml.com