Optimal Placement of PMU and RTU by Hybrid Genetic Algorithm and Simulated Annealing for Multiarea Power System State Estimation

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1 T. Kerdchuen and W. Ongsakul / GMSARN Internatonal Journal (09) - Optmal Placement of and by Hybrd Genetc Algorthm and Smulated Annealng for Multarea Power System State Estmaton Thawatch Kerdchuen and Weerakorn Ongsakul Abstract Ths paper proposes a hybrd etc algorthm and smulated annealng (HGS) for solvng optmal placement of and for multarea power system state estmaton. Each power system control area ncludes one and several s. Voltage magntude, voltage angle, and real and reactve current are measured by whle the njecton and flow of real and reactve power are measured and montored through. The power njecton and flow measurement pars are placed to observe the raw data of boundary bus and te lne for data exchange n wde-area state estmator. The crtcal measurement dentfcaton s used to consder the crtcal measurement free n each area. To reduce the number of measurements and s, a s placed at the bus wth the hghest number of connected branches. The power njecton and flow measurement pars and s are optmally placed to mnmze the nstallaton cost of s and power njecton and flow measurement pars. The results of 0-bus sngle area, IEEE wth areas and -bus wth 9 areas systems are the optmal measurement placement wth crtcal measurement free. Comparson wth smulated annealng (SA) s also made. Keywords Hybrd etc algorthm and smulated annealng, Power system state estmaton and Measurement placement.. INTRODUCTION Power njecton and power flow measurement as well as are commonly used n nowadays power system. Conventonal power system state estmaton uses the onlne power measurement pars va for provdng the system data to state estmator at control centre. When the system becomes large or connected grds, multarea power system state estmaton should be used to estmate the wde-areas system states. should be ntroduced nto power system for ncreasng the accuracy of estmated system states. Thus, optmal and placement needs to consder for each area observablty wth low cost, also entre system states can be estmated by central state estmator. Multarea system state estmaton by mxed measurements s ntroduced by many researchers [-]. Two levels state estmaton are effectvely used snce the boundary measured data are exchanged []. Frst level, conventonal state estmaton s ntroduced to all areas. The voltage phase angle of each area and raw data of boundary buses are sent to the central control centre, then the second level state estmaton s mplemented for wde-area state estmaton. Ths estmaton makes the unbased estmate for the entre system state [, ]. In contrast, the power system s decomposed and then the s are nstalled to make the area observable []. Then, the entre system states of all areas are estmated by the centrally control centre. However, n [], the te lne data are not observed and also bad data s not menton. More beneft of n power system s Thawatch Kerdchuen (correspondng author) s wth Rajamangala Unversty of Technology Isan, Nakhonratchasma, Thaland. E-mal: thawatch.ke@gmal.com. Weerakorn Ongsakul s wth the Energy Feld of Study, Asan Insttute of Technology, Thaland. voltage stablty analyss []. The s nstalled at the bus of each area wth largest dsplacement of the voltage []. Smlarly, s also nstalled for a real-tme voltage montorng []. Many evoluton algorthms are mplemented to solve the measurement placement [-]. These algorthms are easly mplemented and yeld the good answers. In ths paper, the optmal placement of a sngle and s for each power system area by developed hybrd etc algorthm and smulated annealng (HGS) s proposed. Each te lne s consdered belongng to both ths area and neghborng area to ensure that bad data can be dentfed n the central state estmator. The crtcal measurement [9] free of each area s consdered for bad data detecton. A s nstalled at the bus wth the hghest ncdent lnes. Number of several s wth power njecton and flow measurement pars s mnmzed by a HGS []. The advantage of HGS s the dversty of soluton populaton can gve the new search drecton. Also, stochastc smulated annealng (SA) [] s ntroduced to solve for the result comparson.. FUNDAMENTAL OF MEASUREMENT PLACEMENT FOR MULTIAREA STATE ESTIMATION Area of power system mght depend on topography. State estmator of each area estmates the local system states and other applcatons that gan by local estmated states may be ntroduced to that area. The central control centre collects the slack bus data of all areas, raw data at boundary buses and te lne, and then the wde-area system states are estmated. For each area wth, the voltage magntude and angle and real and reactve of current flow n the ncdent branches are measured, thus the lnear model measurement Jacoban can be wrtten as follows [0].

2 T. Kerdchuen and W. Ongsakul / GMSARN Internatonal Journal (09) - H δ δ..... δ... = I j If we consder the bus wth as a slack bus, the column of δ wll be deleted. Thus, f the conventonal measurement pars, power flow and njecton measurement pars, that connect va, the entre lnear model measurement Jacoban or measurement matrx H of each area s as follows H H = H The Pδ observablty analyss can be ntroduced. The measurement system s observable f rank( H ) = n, where n s number of area system buses. Bad data n measurement of each area can be detected f the measurement system s wthout crtcal measurement. Crtcal measurement (cm) can be easly dentfed by resdual analyss []. Area of power system for mult-area state estmaton can be separated by usng the te lne ncludng. Ths ncludng of te lne makes observable te lne snce the measurement wll be placed. Also, the areas are overlappng. The typcal fgure of ths separated area s shown as follows Area Area (a) j Area Overlappng Areas Area (b) () Fg.. Typcal area separaton (a) two areas system (b) area separaton for measurement placement Snce the can drectly measure the phasor of system bus voltage, only one per one area s suffcent for state estmaton n the control center.. HGS IMPLEMENTATION FOR OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF AND A s consdered to place at the bus wth maxmum branch ncdent number. Then, HGS [] s used to mnmze the measurement pars of power njecton and flow and s cost. Cost functon uses only the conventonal measurement cost, snce the necessary needs only one per one area. Thus, the remanng s and measurement pars cost can be formulated as follows R T m Mn Cost( z) = ( CR + CM ) () = j= subjects to the observablty constrants or zero _ pvot = () rank( H ) = N () where R T s the number of s, m s the number of measurement pars (PQ) connected to th, CR s the cost of, CM s the cost of measurement par. The matrx H n () s related wth the terms of current flow measurement of and power measurement par nstallatons. Constrant () s used when the trangular factorzaton or numercal method s used for observablty analyss. In (), zero pvot encounters durng the factorzaton. Constrant () s used when the Pδ observablty concept used. The soluton cost evaluaton s followng to () wth the penaltes. Penaltes nclude the observablty and crtcal measurement. However, the mnmum penalty part s observablty result. Mn Cost( z) = RT CR + mt CM + Penaltes () Penaltes = Penalty + Penalty [ ] Penalty = N rank( H ) ( N N ) () Penalty = (No. of cm)( N N ) where N s the lne numbers, L L j L mt s the total number of measurement pars, the measurement par cost CM s. unt of currency and the cost CR s 00 unt of currency [, ]. The frst penalty s appeared f system s unobservable. The penalty s occurred f the system s wth crtcal measurement. In ftness evaluaton of HGS [], the measurement matrx H s formed for all chromosomes and all eratons. The network observablty s checked by the Pδ observablty analyss n all chromosomes. The measurement par and costs wll converge to the mnmum cost. The ftness functon of HGS s accordng to the cost n () as follows. ft = + Cost( z) () The ftness functon of HGS s maxmzed of the nverse of measurement par and costs and penalty values. The cost plus one protects the dvde by zero. The process of optmal placements of and s start at the system area separaton. Ths separaton mght be depended on the topography. However, n ths paper the system areas are separated as n [, ]. The te lne s belongng to both areas. The overall process of optmal placement s as follows. Step : The system s decomposed nto each area. System te lne s defned as the radal lne of

3 T. Kerdchuen and W. Ongsakul / GMSARN Internatonal Journal (09) - both areas that te lne ncdent. If the external bus has more than one lne ncdent to same area, only one lne s consdered for area decomposton. Step : Each area, the system bus wth the frst largest number of system lne ncdent s selected for placement. Ths system bus s chosen as the slack bus of area. Step : HGS s ntroduced for optmal conventonal measurement par and placement of each area. Here, the current njecton measurement [] s also placed at bus. Ths current njecton measurement handles the crtcal measurement of current flow measurement n the ncdent branches, snce any sngle measurement of a can be lost whle the branches are observable. Ths current njecton measurement placement condton reduces the crtcal measurement dentfyng process of a part. For descrbed HGS process, the process steps of HGS are explaned as follows. Step : Step : Step : Step : Step : Read the system topology of each area. Specfy the populaton sze (NP), maxmum eraton lmt (max) and crossover and mutaton probabltes. The NP chromosome populaton are randomly ntalzed. Evaluate the ftness (ft) of each ntal chromosome usng Eq. () and fnd the current best ftness ( bestft ) and current best chromosome ( Bchrom ) and set the best old ftness (Bold) = bestft. Set eraton counter () = 0 and same result counter (S) = 0. Step : If < max and S < 0, set chromosome counter (k) =. Otherwse, go to Step. Step.: Set the ntal current chromosome ( chrom + ) by randomly selectng t from the prevous eraton. Step.: If k < NP, calculate ft = ft( chromk ) ft( chrom k + ), set T = NP. Otherwse, go to Step.. 0 Step..: If ft 0, + set chromk + = chromk and go to Step... Step..: If exp( ft / T P ) > random(0,), + set chromk + = chromk, where T = T k. Otherwse, P set chromk + = chrom. Step..: k = k +, return to Step.. Step.: Set the chromosome replacement counter ( k = ). Step.: If k 0.NP, randomly rp,..., NP. Otherwse, go to Step erate { }.. Step..: Set chrom + = Bchrom. rp Step..: k = k +, return to Step.. Step.: Perform the crossover. Step.: Perform the mutaton. Step.: Evaluate the ft of each offsprng and fnd the bestft and Bchrom. Step.: If bestft = Bold, S = S +. Otherwse, S = 0. Step.9: Set Bold = bestft. Step.0: Set = +, return to Step. Step : The Bchrom s the fnal soluton.. NUMERICAL AND PLACEMENT RESULTS The results of optmal placement of and for mult-areas power system state estmaton can be handled the bad data detecton n any sngle measurement, snce the measurement system s crtcal measurement free. These numercal results are show as follows. Table. Numercal results of optmal placements of and s System Area bus Locaton No of s No. of conventonal Measurement Par Cost HGS SA HGS SA HGS SA 0-bus 0.. IEEE -bus IEEE -bus

4 T. Kerdchuen and W. Ongsakul / GMSARN Internatonal Journal (09) - In Table, each area wth te lne s observable wth crtcal measurement free. Snce HGS yelds the lower cost than SA that shows n the area of IEEE -bus, the computng tme does not requred to concern. Typcal placements are shown as follows. B B9 B B B B B B Area B B B B B B B B B 9 0 B9 B0 Fg.. Typcal and s placement for 0-bus system wth area B0 B B B B B9 B B B B B B B 9 0 B B B0 Area Area B 9 B B B9 B B B B Fg.. Typcal s and s placement for IEEE - bus system wth areas. B B B9 B0 B B B B B B B B B B. CONCLUSION Optmal placement of and s s requred for multareas power system state estmaton. s placed at the frst bus wth the maxmum number of lne ncdents. HGS s used to optmze the conventonal measurement and placement for area observable wth crtcal measurement free. At the buses, the njecton current measurement should be placed to handle the flow current measurement loss of. The measurement placement results are reasonable, snce the total number of power flow measurement par and current measurement are equal to at least as the number of area system buses. REFERENCES [] Zhao, L. and Abur, A. 0. Multarea State Estmaton Usng Synchronzed Phasor Measurements. IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol., pp.-. [] Cutsem, T. V. and Rbbens-Pavella, M. 9. Crtcal Survey of Herarchcal Method for State Estmaton of Electrc Power System. IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. PAS-0, pp.-. Area Fg.. Typcal s and s placement for areas and of IEEE -bus system. [] Yoon, Y. J. 0. Study of the Utlzaton and Benefts of Phasor Measurement Unts for Large Scale Power System State Estmaton. M. Sc. Thess of Texas A&M Unversty. [] Rakpentha, C. Premrudeepreechacharn, S., Uatrongjt, S. and Watson, N. R. 0. Measurement placement for power system state estmaton usng decomposton technque. Electrc Power Systems Research, vol., pp. -9. [] Ml, L., Baldwn, T. and Adapa, R Phasor Measurement Placement for voltage stablty analyss of power system. In Proc. The 9 th conference on Decson and Control, pp.0-0. [] Khatp, A. K., Nuqu, R. F., Ingram, M. R. and Phadke, A. G. 0. Real-tme Estmaton of Securty from Voltage Collapse Usng Synchronzed Phasor Measurements. In Proc. IEEE PES General Meetng, pp.-. [] Kerdchuen, T. and Ongsakul, W. 0. Optmal Measurement placement for Securty Constraned 0

5 T. Kerdchuen and W. Ongsakul / GMSARN Internatonal Journal (09) - State Estmaton Usng Hybrd Genetc Algorthm and Smulated Annealng. Onlne n European Trans. on Electrcal Power. [] Kerdchuen, T. and Ongsakul, W. 0. Optmal Placement by Stochastc Smulated Annealng for Power System State Estmaton. GMSARN Internatonal Journal, vol., no., pp. -. [9] Flho, M. B. D. C., de Souza, J. C. S. and Olvera, F. M. F. 0. Identfyng Crtcal Measurements & Sets for Power System State Estmaton. Present at IEEE Porto Power Conference, Porto, Portugal. [0] Chen, J. and Abur, A. 0. Placement of s to Enable Bad Data Detecton n State Estmaton. IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol., no., pp.0-. [] Flho, M. B. D. C., de Souza, J. C. S. and Olvera, F. M. F. 0. Identfyng Crtcal Measurements & Sets for Power System State Estmaton. Presented at IEEE Porto Power Conference, Porto, Portugal.

6 T. Kerdchuen and W. Ongsakul / GMSARN Internatonal Journal (09) -

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