TRAVELLING WAVE FAULT LOCATION IN HV LINES
|
|
- Camron Hawkins
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Travelling Wave Fault Location in Hv Lines TRAVELLING WAVE FAULT LOCATION IN HV LINES Krzysztof Glik / Warsaw University of Technology Ryszard Kowalik / Warsaw University of Technology 1. INTRODUCTION Determination of fault location in high-voltage lines is one of the most important issues which the protection services have to deal with. Determination of fault location may be used for the proper operation of protection equipment or for inspection and repair purposes. In the first case, it is very important to find the fault location quickly, whereas the accuracy may be limited only to determining the area of protection operation. Determining the location for inspection and repair purposes must have a high degree of accuracy. It is carried out through the fault location function implemented in a protection device, interference recorder or by a separate locator. Accurate determination of the fault location for inspection and repair purposes enables: faster restoration of the line to operation preventing permanent faults verification of protection operation. Faster restoration of the line to operation is a result of more efficient work of energy services, who, having accurate information about the distance to the fault location, may quickly locate it even in mountainous or forested areas. Most of the faults occurring in high-voltage lines are transient faults. Precise determination of the location of these faults enables carrying out preventive works (e.g. replacement of insulators, trimming of trees) in order to prevent permanent faults. The use of information on the designated distance to verify the protection operation is based on confirming that the protection is operational in the relevant zone, in a designated location in the case of fault simulation. 2. COMPARISON OF IMPEDANCE AND WAVE DETERMINATION OF FAULT LOCATION Among the used locators two are of the greatest importance: impedance and wave locators. Impedance locators may be a part of a protection device, interference recorder, or constitute a separate device, similar to wave locators. Operation of impedance locators is based on the measurement of current and voltage during fault. Due to the use of these two electrical values in determining the fault location, we deal with a measurement that is characterised by errors resulting from multiple factors, such as: transient components in current current distortions caused by core saturation in current transformers pre-charge current in the line immediately before the occurrence of a fault transition resistance at the fault location capacitance to earth of the line magnetic coupling between the channels in dual lines Abstract The article compares wave and impedance methods used for determining fault location in high voltage lines, and presents the basic issues related to the exami- nation of wave phenomena, describes the wave measurement methods and particular elements included in the measurement systems of wave locators. 5
2 6 Krzysztof Glik, Ryszard Kowalik / Warsaw University of Technology inaccuracies in the data concerning the line impedance, particularly inaccurate determination of the zero line impedance due to the change in ground resistance along the line the phenomenon of current flow at the connection point of a tapped line in branched lines. Thanks to many years of operation of impedance-based fault locators, there are methods that reduce or eliminate the effect of particular factors on the accuracy of measurement. Nevertheless, the accuracy of determination of fault location using impedance locators is in the range of 1-20 percent. The lower limit of error refers to metallic faults, determined at both ends of the line, while the upper limit occurs in the case of long lines, usually series-compensated. Error in determining fault location using the function in Siemens protection 7SA522 is declared for certain conditions at 2.5 percent of the line length. Such an accuracy is insufficient, given that transmission lines often have a length of hundreds of kilometres in environmentally diverse areas. Locating the particular damage by the operating staff in such conditions may result in too long a break in the transmission of electricity. Wave fault locators measure time instead of measuring current and voltage. This way, the effect of many of the above-mentioned factors on the measurement error is eliminated. However, wave fault locators also have their drawbacks. The main factors that affect the error in determining the distance to a fault location in such locators are the following: small fault angles faults close to locator installation points device synchronization error ill-defined wave propagation velocity in the line travelling wave detection error. The term small fault angles refers to a situation in which a fault occurs when the instantaneous voltage value is close to zero, which prevents fault detection due to the low value of amplitude of the formed electromagnetic wave. A sudden change in voltage is required for voltage and current wave with a high amplitude to appear in a high-voltage line, which in this case is not possible. This issue can be eliminated by a simultaneous determination of the fault location using a wave and impedance locator, with the latter responsible for locating the fault occurring at a small angle. The error associated with a fault close to the locator installation point, which causes multiple wave reflections between the locator installation point and fault location, may be eliminated by applying a sufficiently high sampling frequency. Device synchronization error occurs for fault location determination using measurements on the two ends (type D location). This error is typically ±1 μs, which is associated with uncertainty in determining the distances of ±150 m for a single locator. Wave propagation velocity in line is one of the values used to calculate the distance to the location. It depends on the line parameters and the path of electromagnetic wave conductors (no-ground fault) or conductors and ground (ground fault). Travelling wave detection error is associated with the reduction of amplitude and lengthening of the wave moving in the line. If a fault occurs closer to station A than station B, then due to the greater extension of the wave front reaching station B, detection of the wave in this station occurs later, causing additional error. Wave locators are characterized by accurate determination of fault location in the range of m, regardless of the line length. Such an accuracy applies also to long lines that are series-compensated, multicircuit lines with cable sections, and direct current lines. High accuracy in determining the distance to the fault location and increase in network reliability, as well as cost savings resulting from the use of wave fault locators, made them widely used in such countries as the U.S., China, South Africa, Scotland and Canada. The national power system uses LAS-type wave locators, produced by the Institute of Power Systems Automation Ltd, a Wroclaw-based Company, and TWS-type locator produced by Qualitrol. The basic issues associated with the operation of wave fault locators are described below.
3 Travelling Wave Fault Location in Hv Lines 3. WAVE PHENOMENA Of all the transient states that occur in the power system, wave phenomena in HV lines are characterized by the shortest duration, ranging from microseconds to milliseconds. Wave phenomena are related to the propagation of electromagnetic waves, resulting from: a fault occurring in power lines, atmospheric discharges or switching operations in the grid. A sudden and significant change in voltage, in at least one location of HV line (Fig. 1) leads to the initiation of an electromagnetic wave, which propagates in opposite directions from that point. Fig. 1. Propagation of electromagnetic wave due to a fault An electromagnetic wave can be divided into a voltage wave associated with the phenomena occurring in the electric field, and a current wave associated with the magnetic field. An important feature of such a wave is the movement of specific values of voltage and current with a finite speed along the line. The use of wave phenomena in determining fault location requires consideration of many theoretical issues, such as: wave propagation velocity in the line power line model with distributed parameters wave attenuation and distortion wave passage and reflection diagonalizing transformations wavelet transform. The accuracy of determining fault location using the wave phenomena depends on the correct estimation of wave propagation velocity in the particular power line. This velocity depends on the power line parameters, which change with the change of environment temperature, conductor surface contamination or icing. Wave propagation velocity also depends on the path of electromagnetic wave movement, and thus it is determined separately for each line, for ground faults and faults not affected by the ground. Aerial-mode propagation velocity is approximately v = km/s, while ground-mode propagation velocity is approximately v = km/s. When installing a wave locator the wave propagation velocity is determined forcing the movement of the travelling wave in the power line by switching capacitors or circuit breaker. Circuit with distributed parameters is characterized mainly by the fact that the signal appearing at the system input requires a certain specified time to appear at its output. These circuits are described by partial differential equations. Voltages and currents in such a circuit are a function of two variables time t and location x. Power lines cannot be considered as circuits with concentrated parameters when their length l [m] is commensurate with the length of wave λ = v/f [m] occurring in this line. Transmission lines that operate at a frequency of 50 Hz and are shorter than 6000 km are modelled as circuits with concentrated parameters. However, if the signal frequency increases, e.g. to 100 khz, a 3-kilometre line should be treated as a circuit with distributed parameters. Wave attenuation and distortion causes the reduction of the wave amplitude and wavelength as a result of its movement in the line. This is associated with energy loss in resistances of conductors or conductors and ground, loading of insulator capacity and the escape of. Wave passage and reflection is also the cause of attenuation and distortion of travelling waves at the points of wave impedance change. Wave impedance in the line is determined by the ratio between the amplitude of voltage and current of wave running in this line. Usually its value is in the range of Ω and is dependent mainly on the voltage level of the line. When the incoming wave encounters the point of wave impedance change, called a node, a part of the wave energy is reflected from that point, and a part moves further. 7
4 Krzysztof Glik, Ryszard Kowalik / Warsaw University of Technology 8 Diagonalizing transformations are used in order to consider three-phase lines as three separate singlephase lines without mutual magnetic couplings. Theoretically, there is an infinite number of diagonalizing transformations, the most common of which is the symmetrical components method. However, in the case of wave phenomenon analysis, such a transformation is not used, which results from the nature of wave phenomena described by instantaneous values of voltages and currents, which cannot be converted to compatible, negative and zero component. Transformation matrices that consist of elements which are not complex numbers (as in the case of the transformation of symmetrical components) are used. Wavelet transform is used to analyse non-stationary signals, i.e. signals whose statistical characteristics (mean value, mean square value, correlation function) are time functions (they depend on the choice of baseline). One of the most important features of wavelet transform is the ability to determine the time at which a high frequency signal occurred, at the same time examining the components of a low frequency signal. 4. MEASUREMENT METHODS Depending on the measuring method used, wave fault locators are divided into five types: A, B, C, D and E. The operation of each type of locator is based on an analysis of the incoming electromagnetic wave caused by the fault. The types of locators are described below. A-type locators A-type locators perform measurements on one side of the line. The distance to the fault location is calculated by measuring the time between the moment when the first wave, generated at the fault location, reaches the locator, and the second moment when the wave reflected from the fault location reaches the locator. The electromagnetic wave is entirely reflected from the fault location if the occurring fault angle has a resistance less than the wave impedance of the line. The examined network system and course of travelling waves is shown in Fig. 2. Waves moving from the fault location Fig. 2. The use of an A-type wave locator The distance to the fault location from station A results from the following dependence: D t3 t1 v 2 (1) where: D distance to fault location [m] t, time in which the first wave generated at fault location reaches station A [s] t3 time in which the wave reflected from fault location reaches station A [s] v wave propagation velocity [m/s]. The error in measuring the distance to the fault location using method A is affected by such factors as short duration of fault arc, the transition resistance, branching and taps in the line and the difficulty in identifying the appropriate wave. These errors are eliminated using method D.
5 Travelling Wave Fault Location in Hv Lines B-type locators B-type locators perform measurements on both sides of the line. The wave created at the fault location runs towards stations A and B. The arrival of the first wave of several microseconds to station A activates the timer. The timer is disabled in station A when a signal from the device installed in station B is sent, when the wave running from the fault location is detected in the device. The examined network system and course of travelling waves is shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 3. The use of a B-type wave locator The calculation of fault location distance is similar to measuring method D, and the calculations must take into account the delay associated with the transmission of the signal from station B to station A, which stops the timer. C -type locators C -type locators perform measurements on one side of the line. The locator sends a pulse to the line where the interference occurred. The distance to the fault location is calculated using the time difference between the moment of sending the pulse and the time when the device receives the wave reflected from the fault arc. The examined network system and course of travelling waves is shown in Fig. 4. Pulse sent to the line Pulse generator Fig. 4. The use of a C -type wave locator The distance to the fault location from station A results from the following dependence: D t2 t1 v 2 (2) where: t 1 time of sending the pulse by the generator [s] t2 time in which the wave reflected from fault location reaches station A [s] It should be noted that the current use of this type of locators encounters difficulties associated with the correct coupling of the pulse generator with the power line and its high price. 9
6 Krzysztof Glik, Ryszard Kowalik / Warsaw University of Technology 10 D-type locators D-type locators perform measurements on both sides of the line. Waves generated at a fault location run towards stations A and B, and reach them within several microseconds. For a correct determination of the fault location, a D-type locator requires the use of two devices synchronized with each other in time (e.g. by means of GPS), installed on two ends of the line. The locator determines the moment in which the wave is coming to stations A and station B, then they are used to calculate the distance from fault location. The examined network system and course of travelling waves is shown in Fig. 5. GPS Fig. 5. The use of a D-type wave locator The distance to the fault location from station A results from the following dependence: D L (t A t B ) v 2 (3) where: t1 time in which the first wave generated at fault location reaches station A [s] t3 time in which the first wave generated at fault location reaches station B [s] L line length [m]. The accuracy of D-type locators is not reduced by a short duration of a fault or branching in the line. The subsequent reflections of the wave at the points of wave impedance change do not affect determination of the distance to interference location. The main error in calculating the distance to the fault location is the synchronization error. It should be noted that D-type locators are resistant to the factors mentioned earlier in this article, which prevent the correct determination of fault location or introduce an additional error in A-type locators. E-type locators E-type locators perform measurements on one side of the line. For this purpose they use the wave induced by the breaker on the line. In its operation the E-type method is similar to the pulse method used in determining a fault location in cables. The breaker switching the HV line can be treated as three separate pulse generators. Voltages in switched phases have a different amplitude and phase shift, which results from switching each breaker pole in a minimally different time. The time difference between the pulse generated by switching and the pulse reflected from fault location is used to determine the distance to the fault location. The operation of this type of locator is shown in Fig. 6.
7 Travelling Wave Fault Location in Hv Lines Fig. 6. The use of an E-type wave locator The distance to the fault location from station A is calculated based on the following dependence: D t2 t1 v 2 (4) where: D distance to fault location [m] t1 time in which the wave is generated as a result of switching [s] t2 time in which the reflected wave reaches station A [s] v wave propagation velocity [m/s]. E-type locators can be used for detection and location of the interrupted line cord. In addition, this method may be used to check whether the electrical length of the operating line corresponds to the line length measured using another method. Such a procedure is based on switching off the line breaker and then measuring the time in which the reflected wave returns to the locator. The known line length is compared with the measured time of the reflected wave movement. In the latest wave fault locator solutions, fault locations are applied simultaneously in types A, D and the new type E. They use current waves in their operation. The D-type method is usually the basic method of measurement used in wave locators. Methods A and E are added to method D, which, as a result of operating experience, has proved to be reliable and accurate. 5. DESCRIPTION OF ELEMENTS IN MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS OF WAVE LOCATORS Due to the nature of wave phenomena it is worth describing various key elements included in the measurement systems of wave fault locators, i.e.: current and voltage transformers digital signal processing systems satellite navigation systems. Initially, voltage transformers were used in capturing travelling waves; however, due to unsatisfactory transfer characteristics of these transformers, current transformers are mainly used. Fault location is determined using protective current transformers, which successfully carry signals with a frequency of up to 100 khz. The most common solution is a system in which a protective current transformer is used as the main transformer, and a current transformer with an open core is used as an intermediary transformer. Wave fault locators need appropriate systems, which are able to receive and analyse large amounts of data, and distinguish between relevant waveforms coming to the device. A wave fault locator requires the use of a data collection unit with a sampling frequency higher than or equal to 1 MHz, which is far more than in conventional types of protection. The higher the sampling frequency of the input signal, the more accurate the result. On the other hand, an increased number of samples per period increases the processor load and requires more memory for data storage. Additionally, a key problem is caused by noises in the measured signal. Time synchronization of locators installed on both ends of the line is done using GPS. The time synchronization error is 1 μs, which corresponds to the error in determining the distance to the fault location of ±150 m for a single 11
8 12 Krzysztof Glik, Ryszard Kowalik / Warsaw University of Technology locator. The European satellite navigation system Galileo may reduce this type of error. GPS receivers have an accuracy of several metres, whereas the accuracy error in Galileo will be less than 1 metre in SUMMARY The use of wave locators in high-voltage lines enables more accurate determination of a fault location in comparison with impedance locators. Operational experience gained from many countries shows the high accuracy of wave locators in the case of various interferences (e.g. high transition resistance) and use for various types of lines (lines compensated in series, long lines, multicircuit lines with cable sections). REFERENCES 1. Gale P.F., Taylor P. V., Naidoo P., Hitchin C., Clowes D., Travelling wave fault locator experience on Eskom s transmission network, Seventh International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection (IEE) April 2001, pp Siemens: 7SA522 distance protection relay for transmission lines. Catalogue Lee H., Mousa A.M., GPS travelling wave fault locator systems: investigation into the anomalous measurements related to lightning strikes, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, volume 11, issue 3, July 1996, pp Christopoulos C., Wright A., Electrical Power System Protection, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht Flisowski Z., Technika wysokich napięć, WNT, Warszawa IEEE Guide for Determining Fault Location on AC Transmission and Distribution Lines, IEEE Std C Samper J.M., Lagunilla J.M., Perez R.B., GPS and Galileo: Dual RF Front-end receiver and Design, Fabrication, And Test (Communication Engineering), McGraw-Hill Professional, Gale B. Y. Su. P.F., Ge Y.Z., Fault location based on fault induced current tramients, International Conference on New Development in Power System Protection & Local Contral, Beijing China, May 25 28, 1994, pp Redfern M.A., Terry S.C., Robinson F. V.P., The application of distribution system current transformers for high frequency transient based protection, Eighth IEE International Conference on Developments in Power System Protection, volume 1, , pp
FAULT DETECTION, CLASSIFICATION AND LOCATION ON AN UNDERGROUND CABLE NETWORK USING WAVELET TRANSFORM
90 FAULT DETECTION, CLASSIFICATION AND LOCATION ON AN UNDERGROUND CABLE NETWORK USING WAVELET TRANSFORM Hashim Hizam, Jasronita Jasni, Mohd Zainal Abidin Ab Kadir, Wan Fatinhamamah Wan Ahmad Department
More informationANALYSIS OF VOLTAGE TRANSIENTS IN A MEDIUM VOLTAGE SYSTEM
ANALYSIS OF VOLTAGE TRANSIENTS IN A MEDIUM VOLTAGE SYSTEM Anna Tjäder Chalmers University of Technology anna.tjader@chalmers.se Math Bollen Luleå University of Technology math.bollen@stri.se ABSTRACT Power
More informationPower Quality and Reliablity Centre
Technical Note No. 8 April 2005 Power Quality and Reliablity Centre TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGES ON THE ELECTRICITY SUPPLY NETWORK CLASSIFICATION, CAUSES AND PROPAGATION This Technical Note presents an overview
More informationPower Quality and Digital Protection Relays
Power Quality and Digital Protection Relays I. Zamora 1, A.J. Mazón 2, V. Valverde, E. Torres, A. Dyśko (*) Department of Electrical Engineering - University of the Basque Country Alda. Urquijo s/n, 48013
More informationPre location: Impulse-Current-Method (ICE)
1 ICE (Impulse current method three phased 2 1.1 Ionisation delay time 2 1.2 DIRECT MODE 2 1.3 Output impedance of the generator 2 Surge generator as impulse source 3 High voltage test set as impulse source
More informationTHE PROPAGATION OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE PULSES IN A HIGH VOLTAGE CABLE
THE PROPAGATION OF PARTIAL DISCHARGE PULSES IN A HIGH VOLTAGE CABLE Z.Liu, B.T.Phung, T.R.Blackburn and R.E.James School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommuniications University of New South Wales
More informationAnalysis of MOV Surge Arrester Models by using Alternative Transient Program ATP/EMTP
IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering Volume 3 Issue 2 August 216 ISSN (online): 2349-784X Analysis of MOV Surge Arrester Models by using Alternative Transient Program ATP/EMTP
More informationEFFECT OF INTEGRATION ERROR ON PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS ON CAST RESIN TRANSFORMERS. C. Ceretta, R. Gobbo, G. Pesavento
Sept. 22-24, 28, Florence, Italy EFFECT OF INTEGRATION ERROR ON PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS ON CAST RESIN TRANSFORMERS C. Ceretta, R. Gobbo, G. Pesavento Dept. of Electrical Engineering University of
More informationNeutral Reactor Optimization in order to Reduce Arc Extinction Time during Three-Phase Tripping
Neutral Reactor Optimization in order to Reduce Arc Extinction Time during Three-Phase Tripping P. Mestas, M. C. Tavares Abstract. The optimization of the grounding neutral reactor is a common practice
More informationInvestigation of PD Detection on XLPE Cables
Investigation of PD Detection on XLPE Cables Hio Nam O, T.R. Blackburn and B.T. Phung School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications The University New South Wales, Australia Abstract- The insulation
More informationOverview of Grounding for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Presented By Robert Schuerger, P.E.
Overview of Grounding for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Presented By Robert Schuerger, P.E. HP Critical Facility Services delivered by EYP MCF What is VOLTAGE? Difference of Electric Potential
More informationCoherence and time-frequency analysis of impulse voltage and current measurements
Coherence and time-frequency analysis of impulse voltage and current measurements Jelena Dikun Electrical Engineering Department, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania Emel Onal Electrical Engineering
More informationA Reflectometer for Cable Fault Location with Multiple Pulse Reflection Method
2014 by IFSA Publishing, S. L. http://www.sensorsportal.com A Reflectometer for Cable Fault Location with Multiple Pulse Reflection Method Zheng Gongming Electronics & Information School, Yangtze University,
More informationTECHNICAL NOTE 2.0. Overvoltages origin and magnitudes Overvoltage protection
ECHNICAL NOE 2.0 Overvoltages origin and magnitudes Overvoltage protection he ECHNICAL NOES (N) are intended to be used in conjunction with the APPLICAION GIDELINES Overvoltage protection Metaloxide surge
More informationConventional Paper-II-2011 Part-1A
Conventional Paper-II-2011 Part-1A 1(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) The purpose of providing dummy coils in the armature of a DC machine is to: (A) Increase voltage induced (B) Decrease the armature resistance
More informationEffect of High Frequency Cable Attenuation on Lightning-Induced Overvoltages at Transformers
Voltage (kv) Effect of High Frequency Cable Attenuation on Lightning-Induced Overvoltages at Transformers Li-Ming Zhou, Senior Member, IEEE and Steven Boggs, Fellow, IEEE Abstract: The high frequency attenuation
More informationPower Quality Measurements the Importance of Traceable Calibration
Power Quality Measurements the Importance of Traceable Calibration H.E. van den Brom and D. Hoogenboom VSL Dutch Metrology Institute, Delft, the Netherlands, hvdbrom@vsl.nl Summary: Standardization has
More informationAORC Technical meeting 2014
http : //www.cigre.org B4-112 AORC Technical meeting 214 HVDC Circuit Breakers for HVDC Grid Applications K. Tahata, S. Ka, S. Tokoyoda, K. Kamei, K. Kikuchi, D. Yoshida, Y. Kono, R. Yamamoto, H. Ito Mitsubishi
More informationPowerMonitor 5000 Family Advanced Metering Functionality
PowerMonitor 5000 Family Advanced Metering Functionality Steve Lombardi, Rockwell Automation The PowerMonitor 5000 is the new generation of high-end electrical power metering products from Rockwell Automation.
More informationChapter -3 ANALYSIS OF HVDC SYSTEM MODEL. Basically the HVDC transmission consists in the basic case of two
Chapter -3 ANALYSIS OF HVDC SYSTEM MODEL Basically the HVDC transmission consists in the basic case of two convertor stations which are connected to each other by a transmission link consisting of an overhead
More informationConsidering Characteristics of Arc on Travelling Wave Fault Location Algorithm for the Transmission Lines without Using Line Parameters
Considering Characteristics of Arc on Travelling Wave Fault Location Algorithm for the Transmission Lines without Using Line Parameters M. Bashir mohsenbashir@ieee.org I. Niazy ismail_niazy@ieee.org J.
More information10. DISTURBANCE VOLTAGE WITHSTAND CAPABILITY
9. INTRODUCTION Control Cabling The protection and control equipment in power plants and substations is influenced by various of environmental conditions. One of the most significant environmental factor
More informationMeasurement of Surge Propagation in Induction Machines
Measurement of Surge Propagation in Induction Machines T. Humiston, Student Member, IEEE Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Clarkson University Potsdam, NY 3699 P. Pillay, Senior Member,
More informationA Laboratory Investigation into the use of MV Current Transformers for Transient Based Protection.
International Conference on Power Systems Transients IPST 3 in New Orleans, USA A Laboratory Investigation into the use of MV Current Transformers for Transient Based Protection. M A Redfern, S C Terry,
More informationRESEARCH ON CLASSIFICATION OF VOLTAGE SAG SOURCES BASED ON RECORDED EVENTS
24 th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Glasgow, 2-5 June 27 Paper 97 RESEARCH ON CLASSIFICATION OF VOLTAGE SAG SOURCES BASED ON RECORDED EVENTS Pengfei WEI Yonghai XU Yapen WU Chenyi
More informationPractical aspects of PD localization for long length Power Cables
Practical aspects of PD localization for long length Power Cables M. Wild, S. Tenbohlen University of Stuttgart Stuttgart, Germany manuel.wild@ieh.uni-stuttgart.de E. Gulski, R. Jongen onsite hv technology
More informationAntennas and Propagation
Antennas and Propagation Chapter 5 Introduction An antenna is an electrical conductor or system of conductors Transmission - radiates electromagnetic energy into space Reception - collects electromagnetic
More informationVoltage Sags Evaluating Methods, Power Quality and Voltage Sags Assessment regarding Voltage Dip Immunity of Equipment
s Evaluating Methods, Power Quality and s Assessment regarding Voltage Dip Immunity of Equipment ANTON BELÁŇ, MARTIN LIŠKA, BORIS CINTULA, ŽANETA ELESCHOVÁ Institute of Power and Applied Electrical Engineering
More informationBusbars and lines are important elements
CHAPTER CHAPTER 23 Protection of Busbars and Lines 23.1 Busbar Protection 23.2 Protection of Lines 23.3 Time-Graded Overcurrent Protection 23.4 Differential Pilot-Wire Protection 23.5 Distance Protection
More informationImmunity Testing for the CE Mark
Immunity Testing for the CE Mark Summary The European Union (EU) currently has 25 member countries with 2 additional countries to be added in 2007. The total population at that time will be nearly a half
More informationSources of transient electromagnetic disturbance in medium voltage switchgear
Sources of transient electromagnetic disturbance in medium voltage switchgear Dennis Burger, Stefan Tenbohlen, Wolfgang Köhler University of Stuttgart Stuttgart, Germany dennis.burger@ieh.uni-stuttgart.de
More informationResearch on State Estimation and Information Processing Method for Intelligent Substation
, pp.89-93 http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2015.83.17 Research on State Estimation and Information Processing Method for Intelligent Substation Tongwei Yu 1, Xingchao Yang 2 1 Electric Power Research Institute,
More informationLIGHTNING OVERVOLTAGES AND THE QUALITY OF SUPPLY: A CASE STUDY OF A SUBSTATION
LIGHTNING OVERVOLTAGES AND THE QUALITY OF SUPPLY: A CASE STUDY OF A SUBSTATION Andreas SUMPER sumper@citcea.upc.es Antoni SUDRIÀ sudria@citcea.upc.es Samuel GALCERAN galceran@citcea.upc.es Joan RULL rull@citcea.upc.es
More informationFerroresonance Experience in UK: Simulations and Measurements
Ferroresonance Experience in UK: Simulations and Measurements Zia Emin BSc MSc PhD AMIEE zia.emin@uk.ngrid.com Yu Kwong Tong PhD CEng MIEE kwong.tong@uk.ngrid.com National Grid Company Kelvin Avenue, Surrey
More informationActive: Active probes achieve low input capacitance and high sensitivity by buffering and amplifying the signal close to the point of measurement.
Application Note Pico Technology offers many s covering a wide range of voltages, category (CAT) ratings and bandwidths. As the name suggests, these probes have two major features: Active: Active probes
More informationGIS Disconnector Switching Operation VFTO Study
GIS Disconnector Switching Operation VFTO Study Mariusz Stosur, Marcin Szewczyk, Wojciech Piasecki, Marek Florkowski, Marek Fulczyk ABB Corporate Research Center in Krakow Starowislna 13A, 31-038 Krakow,
More informationHow to Analyze and Test the Location of Partial. Discharge of Single-winding Transformer Model
How to Analyze and Test the Location of Partial Discharge of Single-winding Transformer Model Huang Wangjun, Chen Yijun HIMALAYAL - SHANGHAI - CHINA Abstract: In order to detect transformer fault accurately
More informationTD-106. HAEFELY HIPOTRONICS Technical Document. Partial Discharge Pulse Shape Analysis to Discriminate Near and Far End Failures for Cable Location
HAEFELY HIPOTRONICS Technical Document Partial Discharge Pulse Shape Analysis to Discriminate Near and Far End Failures for Cable Location P. Treyer, P. Mraz, U. Hammer Haefely Hipotronics, Tettex Instruments
More informationSystem grounding of wind farm medium voltage cable grids
Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Apr 23, 2018 System grounding of wind farm medium voltage cable grids Hansen, Peter; Østergaard, Jacob; Christiansen, Jan S. Published in: NWPC 2007 Publication date: 2007
More informationSection 11: Power Quality Considerations Bill Brown, P.E., Square D Engineering Services
Section 11: Power Quality Considerations Bill Brown, P.E., Square D Engineering Services Introduction The term power quality may take on any one of several definitions. The strict definition of power quality
More informationX International Symposium on Lightning Protection
X International Symposium on Lightning Protection 9 th -13 th November, 2009 Curitiba, Brazil LIGHTNING SURGES TRANSFERRED TO THE SECONDARY OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS DUE TO DIRECT STRIKES ON MV LINES,
More informationComparison of Measured Transient Overvoltages in the Collection Grid of Nysted Offshore Wind Farm with EMT Simulations
Comparison of Measured Transient Overvoltages in the Collection Grid of Nysted Offshore Wind Farm with EMT Simulations I. Arana, J. Holbøll, T. Sørensen, A. H. Nielsen, P. Sørensen, O. Holmstrøm Abstract--
More informationVoltage Probe Manual and Data North Star High Voltage, Inc. Rev January 2016
561 Rose Loop NE Bainbridge Island, WA, USA 9811 (52)78-93; (26)219-425 FAX http://www.highvoltageprobes.com probes@highvoltageprobes.com Voltage Probe Manual and Data North Star High Voltage, Inc. Rev
More informationCoupling modes. Véronique Beauvois, Ir Copyright 2015 Véronique Beauvois, ULg
Coupling modes Véronique Beauvois, Ir. 2015-2016 General problem in EMC = a trilogy Parameters Amplitude Spectrum Source (disturbing) propagation Coupling modes Victim (disturbed) lightning electrostatic
More informationSession Four: Practical Insulation Co-ordination for Lightning Induced Overvoltages
Session Four: ractical Insulation Co-ordination Session Four: ractical Insulation Co-ordination for Lightning Induced Overvoltages Jason Mayer Technical Director, Energy Services, Aurecon Introduction
More informationProtection from Voltage Sags and Swells by Using FACTS Controller
Protection from Voltage Sags and Swells by Using FACTS Controller M.R.Mohanraj 1, V.P.Suresh 2, G.Syed Zabiyullah 3 Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Excel College
More informationABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION
ELECTROMAGNETIC ANALYSIS OF WIND TURBINE GROUNDING SYSTEMS Maria Lorentzou*, Ian Cotton**, Nikos Hatziargyriou*, Nick Jenkins** * National Technical University of Athens, 42 Patission Street, 1682 Athens,
More informationEXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A TRANSIENT INDUCED VOLTAGE TO AN OVERHEAD CONTROL CABLE FROM A GROUNDING CIRCUIT
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF A TRANSIENT INDUCED VOLTAGE TO AN OVERHEAD CONTROL CABLE FROM A GROUNDING CIRCUIT Akihiro AMETANI, Tomomi OKUMURA, Naoto NAGAOKA, Nobutaka, MORI Doshisha University - Japan
More informationInternational Journal of Current Research and Modern Education (IJCRME) ISSN (Online): & Impact Factor: Special Issue, NCFTCCPS -
GSM TECHNIQUE USED FOR UNDERGROUND CABLE FAULT DETECTOR AND DISTANCE LOCATOR R. Gunasekaren*, J. Pavalam*, T. Sangamithra*, A. Anitha Rani** & K. Chandrasekar*** * Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical
More informationAlternative Coupling Method for Immunity Testing of Power Grid Protection Equipment
Alternative Coupling Method for Immunity Testing of Power Grid Protection Equipment Christian Suttner*, Stefan Tenbohlen Institute of Power Transmission and High Voltage Technology (IEH), University of
More informationFundamentals of Power Quality
NWEMS Fundamentals of Power Quality August 20 24, 2018 Seattle, WA Track D Anaisha Jaykumar (SEL) Class Content» Introduction to power quality (PQ)» Causes of poor PQ and impact of application» PQ characteristics»
More informationElectromagnetic Shielding Analysis of Buildings Under Power Lines Hit by Lightning
Electromagnetic Shielding Analysis of Buildings Under Power Lines Hit by Lightning S. Ladan, A. Aghabarati, R. Moini, S. Fortin and F.P. Dawalibi Safe Engineering Services and Technologies ltd. Montreal,
More informationScale Manufacturers Association (SMA) Recommendation on. Electrical Disturbance
Scale Manufacturers Association (SMA) Recommendation on Electrical Disturbance (SMA RED-0499) Provisional First Edition Approved by SMA Pending Final Comment April 24, 1999 Copyright: SMA, April, 1999
More informationFixed Series Compensation
Fixed Series Compensation High-reliable turnkey services for fixed series compensation NR Electric Corporation The Fixed Series Compensation (FSC) solution is composed of NR's PCS-9570 FSC control and
More informationPower Electronics. Exercise: Circuit Feedback
Lehrstuhl für Elektrische Antriebssysteme und Leistungselektronik Technische Universität München Prof Dr-Ing Ralph Kennel Aricsstr 21 Email: eat@eitumde Tel: +49 (0)89 289-28358 D-80333 München Internet:
More informationAbstract. 1 Introduction
Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century, Vol. 1 345 Investigation of the electrical strength of a contact gap of the high voltage live tank circuit breaker 126 kv class using an intelligent
More informationConsiderations for Choosing a Switching Converter
Maxim > Design Support > Technical Documents > Application Notes > ASICs > APP 3893 Keywords: High switching frequency and high voltage operation APPLICATION NOTE 3893 High-Frequency Automotive Power Supplies
More informationA MODEL TO SIMULATE EM SWITCHING TRANSIENTS IN ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS
A MODEL TO SIMULATE EM SWITCHING TRANSIENTS IN ELECTRIC POWER DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATIONS G. Ala, P. Buccheri, M. Inzerillo Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica - Universitˆ di Palermo Viale delle Scienze,
More informationEMC Philosophy applied to Design the Grounding Systems for Gas Insulation Switchgear (GIS) Indoor Substation
EMC Philosophy applied to Design the Grounding Systems for Gas Insulation Switchgear (GIS) Indoor Substation Marcos Telló Department of Electrical Engineering Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande
More informationANALYSIS OF A FLASHOVER OPERATION ON TWO 138KV TRANSMISSION LINES
ANALYSIS OF A FLASHOVER OPERATION ON TWO 138KV TRANSMISSION LINES Authors: Joe Perez, P.E.: SynchroGrid, College Station, Texas Hung Ming Chou, SynchroGrid, College Station, Texas Mike McMillan, Bryan
More informationprocess has few stages and is highly repeatable. Excellent mechanic properties and electro-magnetic compatibility. Planar design gives the height lowe
PARTIAL DISCHARGE IN PLANAR TRANSFORMER Ing. Anar MAMMADOV, Doctoral Degreee Programme (1) Dept. of Microelectronics, FEEC, BUT E-mail: xmamed00@stud.feec.vutbr.cz Supervised by Dr. Jaroslav Boušek ABSTRACT
More informationZ. Kuran Institute of Power Engineering Mory 8, Warszawa (Poland)
111 Study Committee B5 Colloquium 2005 September 14-16 Calgary, CANADA Summary TRANSFORMERS DIGITAL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION WITH CRITERION VALUES RECORDING FUNCTION Z. Kuran Institute of Power Engineering
More informationClose and Distant Electric Fields due to Lightning Attaching to the Gaisberg Tower
4 th International Symposium on Winter Lightning (ISWL2017) Close and Distant Electric Fields due to Lightning Attaching to the Gaisberg Tower Naomi Watanabe 1, Amitabh Nag 1, Gerhard Diendorfer 2, Hannes
More informationAnalysis of Electromagnetic Transients in Secondary Circuits due to Disconnector Switching in 400 kv Air-Insulated Substation
Analysis of Electromagnetic Transients in Secondary Circuits due to Switching in 400 k Air-Insulated Substation I. Uglešić, B. Filipović-Grčić,. Milardić, D. Filipović-Grčić Abstract-- The paper describes
More informationThe influence of environment on condition of location damage in screen of the coaxial cable. 1. Introduction
Computer Applications in Electrical Engineering The influence of environment on condition of location damage in screen of the coaxial cable Wiesław Tarczyński Opole University of Technology 45-233 Opole,
More informationVisualization of the Ionization Phenomenon in Porous Materials under Lightning Impulse
Visualization of the Ionization Phenomenon in Porous Materials under Lightning Impulse A. Elzowawi, A. Haddad, H. Griffiths Abstract the electric discharge and soil ionization phenomena have a great effect
More informationThe Lightning Event. White Paper
The Lightning Event White Paper The Lightning Event Surge Protection Solutions for PTC 1 The Lightning Event There are volumes of information available on what we believe lightning is and how we think
More informationLocating Faults by the Traveling Waves They Launch
Locating Faults by the Traveling Waves They Launch Edmund O. Schweitzer, III, Armando Guzmán, Venkat Mynam, Veselin Skendzic, and Bogdan Kasztenny Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Stephen Marx
More informationTransmission Line Transient Overvoltages (Travelling Waves on Power Systems)
Transmission Line Transient Overvoltages (Travelling Waves on Power Systems) The establishment of a potential difference between the conductors of an overhead transmission line is accompanied by the production
More information(2) New Standard IEEE P (3) Core : (4) Windings :
(d) Electrical characteristics (such as short-circuit withstand, commutating reactance, more number of windings, etc); (e) Longer life expectancy; (f) Energy efficiency; (g) more demanding environment.
More informationTrees, vegetation, buildings etc.
EMC Measurements Test Site Locations Open Area (Field) Test Site Obstruction Free Trees, vegetation, buildings etc. Chamber or Screened Room Smaller Equipments Attenuate external fields (about 100dB) External
More informationAnalysis of Propagation Paths of Partial Discharge Acoustic Emission Signals
Analysis of Propagation Paths of Partial Discharge Acoustic Emission Signals Prathamesh Dhole, Tanmoy Sinha, Sumeet Nayak, Prasanta Kundu, N.K.Kishore Abstract Transformers are one of the most important
More informationElectromagnetic Interference in the Substation Jose up 400/115 kv
Electromagnetic Interference in the Substation Jose up 400/115 kv 1 Gustavo Carrasco Abstract- In the Jose substation the presence of transient electromagnetic interference was dete cted in control and
More informationKončar TMS - Bushing monitoring
Končar TMS - Bushing monitoring Many recent studies have shown that bushing failure is one of the most common causes of transformer failure. Thus need for bushing diagnostic and monitoring system has risen.
More informationIn order to minimise distribution (11 and 22 kv) feeder breaker
Lightning protection for equipment on MV feeders By WJD van Schalkwyk and M du Preez, Eskom This article presents the influence of lightning on MV feeders supplying small power users (400/230 V) with focus
More informationCHOICE OF MV FEEDER BIL TO MAXIMIZE QOS AND MINIMIZE EQUIPMENT FAILURE
CHOICE OF MV FEEDER BIL TO MAXIMIZE QOS AND MINIMIZE EQUIPMENT FAILURE Willem DIRKSE VAN SCHALKWYK ESKOM - South Africa vschalwj@eskom.co.za ABSTRACT A high BIL (300 kv) on a MV feeder ensures that no
More informationMITIGATION OF VOLTAGE SAGS/SWELLS USING DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER (DVR)
VOL. 4, NO. 4, JUNE 9 ISSN 89-668 6-9 Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN). All rights reserved. MITIGATION OF VOLTAGE SAGS/SWELLS USING DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER (DVR) Rosli Omar and Nasrudin Abd Rahim
More informationWhen surge arres t ers are installed close to a power transformer, overvoltage TRANSFORMER IN GRID ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
TRANSFORMER IN GRID When surge arres t ers are installed close to a power transformer, they provide protection against lightning overvoltage ABSTRACT The aim of this research article is to determine the
More informationON-LINE PARTIAL DISCHARGE TESTING OF SOME OF THE WORST PERFORMING CIRCUITS ON A UTILITY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
ON-LINE PARTIAL DISCHARGE TESTING OF SOME OF THE WORST PERFORMING CIRCUITS ON A UTILITY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM D. Clark¹ R. Mackinlay² M. Seltzer-Grant² S. Goodfellow² Lee Renforth² Jamie McWilliam³ and Roger
More informationInvestigation on the Performance of Different Lightning Protection System Designs
IX- Investigation on the Performance of Different Lightning Protection System Designs Nicholaos Kokkinos, ELEMKO SA, Ian Cotton, University of Manchester Abstract-- In this paper different lightning protection
More informationInvestigation of Inter-turn Fault in Transformer Winding under Impulse Excitation
Investigation of Inter-turn Fault in Transformer Winding under Impulse Excitation P.S.Diwakar High voltage Engineering National Engineering College Kovilpatti, Tamilnadu, India S.Sankarakumar Department
More informationElectromagnetic and Radio Frequency Interference (EMI/RFI) Considerations For Nuclear Power Plant Upgrades
Electromagnetic and Radio Frequency Interference (EMI/RFI) Considerations For Nuclear Power Plant Upgrades November 9, 2016 Presented to: Presented by: Chad Kiger EMC Engineering Manager ckiger@ams-corp.com
More informationModeling for the Calculation of Overvoltages Stressing the Electronic Equipment of High Voltage Substations due to Lightning
Modeling for the Calculation of Overvoltages Stressing the Electronic Equipment of High Voltage Substations due to Lightning M. PSALIDAS, D. AGORIS, E. PYRGIOTI, C. KARAGIAΝNOPOULOS High Voltage Laboratory,
More informationIRIS POWER TGA-B. Periodic Online Partial Discharge Monitoring Instrument for Turbine Generators and Motors
IRIS POWER TGA-B Periodic Online Partial Discharge Monitoring Instrument for Turbine Generators and Motors We have not found another test method that produces as much decision support data for generator
More informationHarmonic Analysis of a High Speed Automatic Reclosing on a 400 kv Overhead Transmission Line
Harmonic Analysis of a High Speed Automatic Reclosing on a 400 kv Overhead Transmission Line ANGELA IAGAR, SORIN IOAN DEACONU, CORINA DANIELA CUNTAN, IOAN BACIU Department of Electrotechnical Engineering
More informationProtection of Electrical Networks. Christophe Prévé
Protection of Electrical Networks Christophe Prévé This Page Intentionally Left Blank Protection of Electrical Networks This Page Intentionally Left Blank Protection of Electrical Networks Christophe Prévé
More informationStudy of High Voltage AC Underground Cable Systems Silva, Filipe Miguel Faria da; Bak, Claus Leth; Wiechowski, Wojciech T.
Aalborg Universitet Study of High Voltage AC Underground Cable Systems Silva, Filipe Miguel Faria da; Bak, Claus Leth; Wiechowski, Wojciech T. Published in: Proceedings of the Danish PhD Seminar on Detailed
More informationCHAPTER 4 POWER QUALITY AND VAR COMPENSATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
84 CHAPTER 4 POWER QUALITY AND VAR COMPENSATION IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS 4.1 INTRODUCTION Now a days, the growth of digital economy implies a widespread use of electronic equipment not only in the industrial
More informationPower Quality in Metering
Power Quality in Metering Ming T. Cheng Directory of Asian Operations 10737 Lexington Drive Knoxville, TN 37932 Phone: (865) 218.5885 PQsynergy2012 www.powermetrix.com Focus of this Presentation How power
More information32 AMP Single Phase Power Filter
32 AMP Single Phase Power Filter Mil Std 188-125 Part 1 is a military document titled HIGH ALTITUDE ELECTROMAGNETIC PULSE (HEMP) PROTECTION FOR GROUND-BASED C4I FACILITIES PERFORMING CRITICAL, TIME URGENT
More informationLightning current waves measured at short instrumented towers: The influence of sensor position
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS, VOL. 32, L18804, doi:10.1029/2005gl023255, 2005 Lightning current waves measured at short instrumented towers: The influence of sensor position Silvério Visacro and Fernando
More informationIRIS POWER PDTracII. Continuous On-line Partial Discharge Monitoring for Motors, Generators, Dry Type Transformers, and Air-Insulated Switchgear.
IRIS POWER PDTracII Continuous On-line Partial Discharge Monitoring for Motors, Generators, Dry Type Transformers, and Air-Insulated Switchgear. We have not found another test method that produces as much
More informationPulse Transmission and Cable Properties ================================
PHYS 4211 Fall 2005 Last edit: October 2, 2006 T.E. Coan Pulse Transmission and Cable Properties ================================ GOAL To understand how voltage and current pulses are transmitted along
More informationDWT ANALYSIS OF SELECTED TRANSIENT AND NOTCHING DISTURBANCES
XIX IMEKO World Congress Fundamental and Applied Metrology September 6 11, 29, Lisbon, Portugal DWT ANALYSIS OF SELECTED TRANSIENT AND NOTCHING DISTURBANCES Mariusz Szweda Gdynia Mari University, Department
More informationA TECHNICAL REVIEW ON CAPACITOR BANK SWITCHING WITH VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKERS
A TECHNICAL REVIEW ON CAPACITOR BANK SWITCHING WITH VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKERS Shashi Kumar 1, Brajesh Kumar Prajapati 2, Vikramjeet Singh 3 1, 2 Students, Electrical Engineering Department Greater Noida
More informationPERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIAL MODE NOISE SEPERATION FOR POWER SUPPLIES
PERFORMANCE AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFERENTIAL MODE NOISE SEPERATION FOR POWER SUPPLIES 1 G.THIAGU, 2 Dr.R.DHANASEKARAN 1 Research Scholar, Sathayabama University, Chennai 2 Professor & Director-Research, Syed
More informationFAULT IDENTIFICATION IN TRANSFORMER WINDING
FAULT IDENTIFICATION IN TRANSFORMER WINDING S.Joshibha Ponmalar 1, S.Kavitha 2 1, 2 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Saveetha Engineering College, (Anna University), Chennai Abstract
More informationHeat sink. Insulator. µp Package. Heatsink is shown with parasitic coupling.
X2Y Heatsink EMI Reduction Solution Summary Many OEM s have EMI problems caused by fast switching gates of IC devices. For end products sold to consumers, products must meet FCC Class B regulations for
More informationELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY HANDBOOK 1. Chapter 8: Cable Modeling
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY HANDBOOK 1 Chapter 8: Cable Modeling Related to the topic in section 8.14, sometimes when an RF transmitter is connected to an unbalanced antenna fed against earth ground
More informationPHYSICAL PHENOMENA EXISTING IN THE TURBOGENERATOR DURING FAULTY SYNCHRONIZATION WITH INVERSE PHASE SEQUENCE*
Vol. 1(36), No. 1, 2016 POWER ELECTRONICS AND DRIVES DOI: 10.5277/PED160112 PHYSICAL PHENOMENA EXISTING IN THE TURBOGENERATOR DURING FAULTY SYNCHRONIZATION WITH INVERSE PHASE SEQUENCE* ADAM GOZDOWIAK,
More information