Quiz Design Question. Signal Grounds. Wires Theory vs Reality

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1 Quiz Design Question Quiz Thu 2:30p The design question will involve one of Op amp or BJT(s) or MOSFET(s). One or more of these datasheets will be included in the exam: OP AMP Wires, Ground loops Thermal considerations Energy PCB Layout BJT MOSFET Spring 2017 Lecture Spring 2017 Lecture 12 2 Wires Theory vs Reality Signal Grounds 30-50mv voltage drop in chip power supply noise Spring 2017 Lecture Spring 2017 Lecture 12 4

2 Signal Grounds Power Line Connection *Bill Whitlock, Understanding, Finding, & Eliminating Ground Loops In Audio & Video Systems Spring 2017 Lecture Spring 2017 Lecture 12 6 AD Supply Voltages Consideration Noise caused by current spikes in fast switching digital circuits: Digital/Analog Grounds AVdd DVdd i c c dv dt analog circuit LM 4550 digital logic AV DD Positive Analog Supply Voltage AV SS Analog Ground + Vin - analog circuit digital logic n signals DV DD Positive Digital Supply Voltage analog ground AVss digital ground DVss DV SS Digital Ground Connect the grounds at a single place Spring 2017 Lecture Spring 2017 Lecture 12 8

3 Noise Unavoidable Noise generated: switching power supplies, high current output stage Noise picked up: 60 hz, broadcast signal; conducted: ground pickup, system clocks Simple Scenario Silicon T j -T a =R JA P D R JA is the thermal resistance between silicon and Ambient Junction (Silicon) Temperature T J P D Realistic Scenario Silicon Case Sink R JC T J T C T J T C T S T A P D R JA R CS T S T A R SA T j =T a R JA P D T A R CA = R CS +R SA Make this as low as possible is minimized by facilitating heat transfer (bolt case to extended metal surface heat sink) Spring 2017 Lecture Spring 2017 Lecture Heatsinks Thermal Grease Mounting screw insulated from metal tab! Insulators Improves thermal conductivity less is better (why?) * * Spring 2017 Lecture Spring 2017 Lecture 12 12

4 Problem: Energy Consumption The Energy Problem 7.5 cm 3 AA battery Alkaline: ~10,000J What can One Joule of energy do? Spring 2017 Lecture Battery (40+ lbs) Mow your lawn for 1 ms Operate a processor for ~ 7s Moore s law for batteries snails pace! Today: Understand where power goes and ways to manage it Send a 1 Megabyte file over b Credit: Anantha Chandraksan Lecture MEMS Generator Trends: Energy Scavenging Power Harvesting Shoes Low-Profile Wearable Body-Powered Thermoelectric Generator Jose Mur Miranda/ Jeff Lang Vibration-to-Electric Conversion ~ 10 W Lecture 12 Joe Paradiso (Media Lab) After 3-6 steps, it provides 3 ma for 0.5 sec ~10mW 15 Low profile, lightweight, conformal. Utilization of small temperature difference Utilization of natural convection for cooling Credit: Krishna Settaluri MIT 2010 Lecture 12 16

5 Experimental Results Body Powered, Flex EKG System 15mV Optimal Electrical Load Resistance 33Ω (20Ω theoretical) Optimized Power 11µW 16 TEG Islands (2 TEG modules) Credit: Krishna Settaluri MIT 2010 Credit: Krishna Settaluri MIT 2010 Lecture Lecture Board Layout Resistor High Frequency Performance EKG Leg Inputs Metal film resistors have coils of metallic film 6.4cm EKG Chip Surface mount resistors have a higher parallel capacitance L C Interface to external world Voltage regulation Thin flex substrate in ~ 0.02cm Credit: Krishna Settaluri MIT 2010 Lecture Spring 2017 Lecture 12 20

6 Capacitors Frequency Limitations Inductors* High Frequency Performance DC resistance of windings Type Aluminum Electrolytic Tantalum Electrolytic Mica Max Frequency 100kHz 1MHz 500MHz C L Capacitance between turns of wires and layers of wires L Ceramic 1GHz C Use HP Impedance Bridge to measure Use HP Impedance Bridge to measure * choke Spring 2017 Lecture Spring 2017 Lecture PCB Printed Circuit Board Zenith Marketing Spin Invented by Paul Eisler circa 1930 s Used in WW 2 radios Released after WW 2 for commerical use by US Army General commercial use in 1950 s Zenith Radio/TV last to implement PCB s in manufacturing process 1960 s Spring 2017 Lecture Spring 2017 Lecture 12 24

7 PCB Printed Circuit Board FR 4 glass epoxy, high strength a elevated temperature, self extinguishing FR Flame retardant Type two layer or four (or more) PCB 1oz PCB: (1oz cu per sq ft) Silkscreen: labels components on PCB Solder mask: lacquer like polymer applied to prevent solder bridges and oxidation PCB Files Netlist: a text file describing connectivity of the design Gerber file: de facto standard used by PCB industry software to describe the printed circuit board images: copper layers, solder mask, legend, drill holes Spring 2017 Lecture Spring 2017 Lecture PCB General Rules PCB Trace Where ever possible, make the botton layer a ground plane Be careful of autorouters all grounds not the same! Coupling between traces: incidental capacitive coupling; 0.75mm x 7.5mm run with thickness creates a 1pF cap Cross talk Trace resistance : 10mil trace 0.048ohm/inch for 1oz Cu (35um thickness, 1cm cu cube = 1.7uohm) Avoid 90 deg turns, use 45 deg turns PCB trace are transmissions lines 90 deg corners results in reflections Use 45 deg turns Spring 2017 Lecture Spring 2017 Lecture 12 28

8 PCB Design Software KiCad Open source (Windows, OSX, Linux) Schematic capture Up 32 layers with routing for differential piars 3D viewer Expresspcb Free download Windows only Limitations: 4 layer max No netlist import Eagle (cadsoft) Free download available (Eagle light Windows, OSX, Linux) Limitations: The useable board area is limited to 100 x 80 mm (4 x 3.2 inches). Only two signal layers can be used (top and bottom). The schematic editor can only create one sheet. PCB Sources prototyping.com (China) 10 boards, 10cm x 10cm 2 layer $ $20 shipping Typically 7 day delivery via AIR Accepts Gerber files (US) 4 boards, 3.8 X layer $75 2 day production, 2 day AIR Uses proprietary PCB tool Spring 2017 Lecture Spring 2017 Lecture Surface Mount Technology Higher component density Simpler and faster automated assembly = lower manfacturing costs Lower component costs Surface mount a 1.4 watt class D stereo amplifier USB powered SMT Board Example 84% efficiency at 400mw Terminology: capacitors and resistors: length x width 0805 (0.079in x 0.049in = 2.0mm x1.25mm Transistors: SOT Small Outline Transistor IC s: SOIC Small Outline Integrated Circuit BGA: Ball Grid Array Short circuit and thermal protection Spring 2017 Lecture Spring 2017 Lecture 12 32

9 PCB Layout Example Express PCB PCB Layout Process LF353 (use LT1413), 2 resistor, capacitor, DB 9 connector Trace width Digikey link Top/bottom trace selections Simple ordering Draw schematic Label components: resistors, caps, IC Save schematic Link PCB layout with schematic Connect components Spring 2017 Lecture Spring 2017 Lecture PCB Schematic PCB Layout Spring 2017 Lecture Spring 2017 Lecture 12 36

10 Lab 6 PPG suggestions Break down problems Characterize probe Simulation Design/debug tone generator separately Spring 2017 Lecture 12 37

Wires, Ground loops Thermal considerations Energy PCB Layout Spring 2018 Lecture 12 1

Wires, Ground loops Thermal considerations Energy PCB Layout Spring 2018 Lecture 12 1 Wires, Ground loops Thermal considerations Energy PCB Layout 6.101 Spring 2018 Lecture 12 1 4 Quiz Grades 3 2 Quiz Grades 1 0

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