Silver-Halide Recording Materials

Transcription

1 ~-,-.. i... H. I. B jelkhagen Silver-Halide Recording Materials for Holography and Their Processing Second Edition With 64 Figures Springer

2 Professor Dr. HANS I. BJELKI-IAGEN American Propylaea Corp., 555 S. Woodward, Suite 1109 Birmingham, MI 48009, USA Editorial Board ARTI-IUR L. SCI-IAWLOW, Ph. D. Department of Physics, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, USA TI-IEODOR TAMIR, Ph. D. Polytechnic University 333 Jay Street, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA Professor ANTI-IONY E. SIEGMAN, Ph. D. Electrical Engineering E. L. Ginzton Laboratory, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, USA Managing Editor: Dr. HELMUT K. V. LOTSCI-I Springer-Verlag, Tiergartenstrasse 17, D I-ieidelberg, Germany ISBN nd edition Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN Springer-Verlag Berlin I-ieidelberg New York CIP data applied for This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-VerJag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer-Verlag Berlin I-ieidelberg 1993, 1995 Printed in the United States of America The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. This text was prepared using the PSTM Technical Word Processor SPIN / Printed on acid-free paper I

3 r-contents 1. Introduction History Before Holography Early Holography Recording Materials Silver-Halide Materials Non-Silver Materials.. a) Dichromated Gelatin b) Photo polymer Materials c) Photoresist Materials.. d) Thermoplastic Materials e) Ferroelectric Crystals f) Additional Materials 2. Silver-Halide Materials Theory of Sil ver-halide Materials Photographic Si1ver-Halide Materials Photographic Sensitivity... a) Exposure.... b) The Characteristic Curve. c) Photographic Sensitivity Emulsion Structure. a) Granularity.... b) Resolving Power.... c) Modulation Transfer Function d) Acutance.... e) Halation Holographic Emulsions.... a) Demands on the Recording Emulsion. b) Resolution of the Holographic Image. Image resolution dependent on the recording material.... Image resolution dependent on other factors than material.... c) The Space-Bandwidth Theorem Emulsion Manufacturing Conventional Photographic Emulsions. a) Silver-Halide Emulsion Manufacturing XIII

4 l-. I b) Gelatin Preparation of the Emulsion. a) Lippmann Emulsions... b) Holographic-Emulsion Preparation c) Holographic Emulsions from Russia... d) Sensitizing Dyes Substrates for Holographic Emulsion. a) Glass Plates.... b) Film Substrates Antihalation Reduction for Holography a) Brewster-Angle Method.... b) Additional Methods for Antihalation Reduction The Holographic Recording Process Microscopic Characteristics. Latent-Image Forming Process Macroscopic Characteristics.... a) Hologram Type: Thin Holograms.. The modulation transfer function... Diffraction efficiency.... Diffraction efficiency for amplitude holograms. Diffraction efficiency for phase holograms b) Hologram Type: Thick Holograms... Thick transmission holograms.... Thick reflection holograms.... c) Summary of the Diffraction Efficiency.. d) Holographic Exposure Index Noise a) Noise Factors.... b) Dynamic Range c) Models of Holographic Emulsions Recording Materials from the Quantum-Theoretic Point of View... a) Theoretic Considerations.... b) Practical Applications of the Quantum Theory Ordered Grain Structures Nonlinear Recording... Intrinsic nonlinearities Commercial Silver-Halide Materials Manufacturing Companies The Agfa-Gevaert Materials Emulsion Characteristics Base Substrate and Formats Safelight Recommendations Processing Materials from Ilford Emulsion Characteristics XIV

5 3.3.2 Base Substrate and Formats Safelight Recommendations Processing Materials from Kodak Emulsion Characteristics.... Kodak Spectroscopic Plate and Film, Type 649-F Kodak Holographic Plate, Type or -02 and Holographic Film, Type SO Kodak Special Plate, Type Kodak Special Plate, Type I or -02 and Kodak High-Speed Holographic Film, SO-2S3 Kodak High-Resolution Film, SO-343 and Kodak Spectrocsopic Film, Type 649-GH... Kodak High-Resolution Plate, Type la.. Kodak High-Resolution Plate, Type TE Base Substrate and Formats Safelight Recommendations Processing S Materials from the Former USSR Materials from Eastern Europe Bulgarian Materials.... Emulsion Characteristics.... Base Substrate and Formats.... Processing Materials from the former East Germany.. Emulsion Characteristics.... Base Substrate and Formats.... Safelight Recommendations.... Processing Development Theory of Development l.l Different Types of Developers Chemical Development Physical Development Solution-Physical Development. 4.2 Photographic Developers Developing Agents Conventional Black-and-White Developers. Di-Aminophenol: (NH2)2C6H30H 2HCl.... Ortho-Aminophenol: NH 2 C 6 H 4 OH.... Para-Aminophenol: NH2C6H 4 OH.... Ascorbic Acid: CH20HCHOHCHCOH:COHCOO. Glycin: HOC 6 H 4 NHCH 2 COOH.... Metol: (HOC 6 H 4 NHCH3h H2S Hydroquinone: C 6 Hr 1,4-(OH)2.... Chlorohydroquinone: CIC6 H3-1,4-(OHh S 10S lis 115 lis xv

6 '- Phenidone: C6H5-C3H5N Methyl Phenidone: C lo H12 N Ortho-Phenylenediamine: C 6 H4 (NH 2 h Para-Phenylenediamine: C 6 H4 (NH 2 ) Pyrocatechol: C6 Hr 1,2-(OHh Pyrogallol: C6H 3-1,2,3-(OHh Preservatives Silver-Solvent Agents Accelerator Restrainer Addenda Solvent Agents Holographic Developers Conventional Developers Used in Holography Divided Development Special Holographic Developers a) Theory of Holographic Developers b) Developing Agents Used in Holographic Developers. 135 c) Silver-Halide Solvents in Holographic Developers d) Holographic Developers for Transmission Holograms 136 e) Holographic Developers for Reflection Holograms Chemical Development of Reflection Holograms Exposed with CW Lasers a) Developers Based on Pyrogallol b) Developers Based on Catechol c) Developers Based on Other Developing Agents Monobath Developers for Holography Solution-Physical Developers Physical Development Photographic Fixation Stop Baths and Fixation Solutions Plain Fixing Baths Acid Fixing Baths Hardening Fixing Baths Rapid Fixing Baths Stop Baths Fixation of Holograms Desensitization Bleaching Photographic Bleaching Oxidizing Agents General Bleaching Theory Redox Reactions Conventional Photographic Bleaches Dichromate Bleaches Permanganate Bleaches.., XVI I,

7 Ceric Sulfate Bleaches Copper Bleaches Ferricyanide Bleaches Mercurious Bleaches Persulfate bleaches Holographic Bleaching Background Holographic Bleaching Theory General Considerations Electrical Polarizability Theory Phase Variations as a Function of Pre-Bleached Differences in Density Diffraction Efficiency and Noise The Holographic Bleaching Technique a) Rehalogenating Bleaching Aqueous Rehalogenating Bleaching Non-Aqueous Rehalogenating Bleaching Popular Rehalogenating Bleach Baths..., b) Reversal Bleaching Common Reversal-Bleach Baths Popular Reversal-Bleach Baths Comparison Between Different Bleach Processes Stability of Bleached Holograms Special Techniques Problems Due to Short or Long Exposure Early Pulsed Holography Reciprocity Failure Holographic Reciprocity Failure... " Increasing Sensitivity by Hypersensitization and Latensification Hypersensitization.... a) Wet Methods Water.... Water Solution of TEA.... Sodium-Sulfite Solution.... Ammonia Treatment.... Silver-Salt Solution.... Gold-Salt Solution.... Developing Solution.....,.... EDT A Solution.... b) Dry Methods.... Light.... Heat.... Vapor Increasing Sensitivity During Exposure Latensification XVII

8 ~ Ilil 1,1 a) Wet Methods b) Dry Methods ] Light ] Vapor Autoradiography Latent-Image Fading General Latent-Image Fading Holographic Latent-Image Fading Pulsed-Hologram Development Index Matching Index Matching in General Index Matching for Holograms ] a) Index-Matching Liquids for Dry Holograms b) Index-Matching Liquids for Wet Holograms c) Practical Methods for Large-Format Film Holograms Surface-Relief Holograms Surface-Relief Emulsion Structures Surface-Relief Holograms Matrix Fabrication from Silver-Halide Relief Masters. 25] 6.7 Silver-Halide Sensitized Gelatin Holograms Dye Substitution for Silver in Holograms Chromogen Development Microheterogeneous Recording Media The Focar-S Recording Material Investigation of Emulsions Electron-Microscopic Investigation of Holographic Emulsions Phase-Contrast Microscopic Investigation of Holographic Emulsions X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Emulsions Processing Schemes ] Recording Considerations Processing of In-Line Transmission Holograms In-Line Amplitude Holograms In-Line Phase Holograms Processing of Off-Axis, Transmission Holograms Off-Axis Amplitude Holograms a) Off-Axis Transmission Holograms Recorded with CW Lasers Summary: Off -axis CW transmission hologram processing b) Off-Axis Transmission Holograms Recorded with Pulsed Lasers Summary: Off-axis pulsed-transmission hologram processing ,.4 In-Situ Processing XVIII

9 ~~ 'I I I ~ 7.5 Processing of Reflection Holograms... " Reflection Holograms Recorded with CW Lasers a) Red Recordings b) Green Recordings Summary: CW reflection phase hologram processing Reflection Holograms Recorded with Pulsed Lasers a) Red Recordings b) Green Recordings Summary: Pulsed reflection-phase hologram Processing Processing of Holograms Produced by Scanning Secondary Effects in Hologram Processing Final Remarks After-Treatment Additonal Treatment After the Main Processing Washing and Drying Holograms l.2 Correction of Emulsion Thickness Protection of Transmission Holograms Blackening of Reflection Holograms Noise Suppression Protection of Reflection Holograms Preparation of Processing Solutions Safety Aspects of Hologram Production Hologram Copying Optical Copying of Holograms Practical Hologram Copying Methods a) Copying with a Pulsed Laser b) Copying with a Scanning Laser Beam Archival Properties of Holograms... ' Archival Performance of Conventional Photographs Archival Performance of Holograms Artificial Aging Experiments Recovering Affected Holograms Conclusions Color, Infrared and Ultraviolet Holography Color Holography General Considerations History Color Recording in Holography a) Color Transmission Holography " b) Color Reflection Holography l.4 Recent Progress in Color Holography l.5 Choice of Laser Wavelengths l.6 Color Recording Materials and Their Processing l.7 Color Recording Techniques XIX

10 ~ l Pseudo Color Holography Pseudocolor Holograms a) Pseudocolor Transmission Holograms b) Pseudocolor Reflection Holograms Infrared Holography IR Recordings in Silver-Halide Materials a) Conventional Sensitized Mode of Operation b) Infrared Presensitition Holography c) Infrared Desensitization Holography IR Recordings in Non-Silver Materials a) Two-Photon Recording Process b) PMMA and TAC Materials c) Thin Solid and Liquid Layers d) Thermoplastic Materials e) Additional Materials Ultraviolet Holography UV Recordings in Silver-Halide Materials UV Recordings in Non-Silver Materials Recipes and Formulary References... ; Subject Index xx