Don Ritter School of Creative Media

Transcription

1 Don Ritter School of Creative Media

2 sustainability noun 1. the ability to be sustained, supported, upheld. 2. Environmental Science. the quality of not being harmful to the environment or depleting natural resources, and thereby supporting long-term ecological balance dictionary.com

3 ecology noun 1. the branch of biology dealing with the relations and interactions between organisms and their environment, including other organisms. (ie. plants and humans exchange oxygen and C02) 2. Also called human ecology. the branch of sociology concerned with the spacing and interdependence of people and institutions. dictionary.com In ecology, sustainability is the property of biological systems to remain diverse and productive indefinitely. wikipedia.com

4 sustain verb 1. to support, hold, or bear up from below; bear the weight of, as a structure. 3. to undergo, experience; endure without giving way or yielding. 5. to keep up or keep going, as an action or process: to sustain a conversation. 6. to supply with food, drink, and other necessities of life. dictionary.com

5 synonyms of sustainability continual: repeatable, frequently viable: able to live and grow feasible: capable of being done unceasing: never ending imperishable: enduring, cannot be destroyed liveable: suitable for living renewable: can be restored, can be recovered supportable: capable of being supported, maintainable unending: never ending green: symbolizes concern for the environment

6 Sustainability: a state of continual and acceptable survival for the Earth and for the diversity of its living organisms and non-living entities

7 Environmental Concerns for Sustainability Components of the natural environment, including: the physical earth: inner earth, rocky crust, soil water: oceans, rivers, streams, lakes, glaciers atmosphere: stratospheric layers, climate, weather life: all living organisms, including humans, animals, sea life, plants, etc. wilderness: natural environments not modified by humans ecosystem: interrelated system comprised of all living and non-living factors biome: an specific ecosystem comprised of specific living and non-living factors biogeochemical cycle: exchange of chemicals between living organisms and the physical world (clouds>rain>rivers>condensation>clouds) a healthy natural environment is required for the survival of humans and other organisms

8 Some Environmental Concerns for Sustainability: atmosphere atmospheric layers: the various layers of gases (air) surrounding the earth that are held in position by gravity five main layers in the atmosphere: exosphere, thermosphere, mesosphere, stratosphere, and the troposphere (closest to the Earth) other layers contained within the five main layers: ozone layer, ionosphere, homosphere, heterosphere, and the planetary boundary climate: the temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, and other meteorological elements in a specific region over long periods of time weather: the temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, rainfall, and other meteorological elements in a specific region at a specific time

9 Some Environmental Concerns for Sustainability: global warming greenhouse gas: a gas in the atmosphere that absorbs and produces radiation that causes heat; green house gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. greenhouse effect: the warming of the earth s surface caused by green house gases global warming or climate change: an increase in the earth s average atmospheric temperature that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect. Global warming can damage ecosystems (ie. melting glaciers can cause flooding of coastal citys: Hong Kong, New York, etc. ) scientists are 95% certain that global warming is caused by human activities that are producing large amounts of CO2 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2014)

10 Some Environmental Concerns for Sustainability: global warming

11 Some Economic Concerns for Sustainability economics: the science that deals with the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services, or the material welfare of humankind. dictionary.com a nation s wealth how economic wealth is distributed within a society and throughout the world minimum wages for employment how human activities today will affect future people s ability to live at the same degree of prosperity and comfort sustainable consumption of good and services safe products sale of banned products customer privacy legal business practices

12 Some Economic Concerns for Sustainability: Gini coefficient Gini coefficient/index: measurement indicating income distribution within a nation map showing 2014 data: higher numbers indicate more inequality red = high inequality (most of a country s wealth is held by small group of people) green = low inequality (a country s wealth is more evenly distributed)

13 Some Social Concerns for Sustainability social: relating to human society, especially as a body divided into classes according to status; of or relating to the life, welfare, and relations of human beings in a community: dictionary.com peace (not war) personal safety justice for everyone poverty discrimination urbanism (living in large cities) child labour forced labour indigenous rights labour practices

14 Ethics : an area of philosophy concerned with human values and with which human behaviours are considered good and which are not. Is sustainability a value or not? Is sustainability important or not?

15 Questions on Being Sustainable Which human actions are enhancing (improving) sustainability today? Which other human actions could enhance sustainability more? Which human actions are diminishing (reducing) sustainability? Which human actions could diminish (reduce) sustainability even more? Are people aware their actions are diminishing sustainability? Are people aware their actions are enhancing sustainability?

16 Sustainable Development sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs from the 1987 Brundtland Report, United Nations United Nations (UN): an international organization of sovereign free states (free countries) that promotes international co-operation.

17 Sustainable Development Goals On 1 January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted by world leaders at the UN 1. Poverty End poverty in all forms everywhere 2. Food End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture 3. Health Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages 4. Education Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all 5. Women Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls 6. Water Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all

18 7. Energy Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all 8. Economy Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all 9. Infrastructure Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation 10. Inequality Reduce inequality within and among countries 11. Habitation Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable 12. Consumption Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns 13. Climate Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

19 14. Marine-ecosystems Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development 15. Ecosystems Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss 16. Institutions Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels 17. Sustainability Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development

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21 Visual Semiotics semiotics: the study of signs and symbols as elements of communicative behaviour; the analysis of systems of communication, as language, gestures, or clothing. dictionary.com linguistics: the science of language, including phonetics (sounds in words), phonology (arrangement of sounds), morphology (formation of words and relationships), syntax (arrangement of words), semantics (meaning of words), pragmatics (relationship between context and meaning), and historical linguistics. dictionary.com visual semiotics: an area of semiotics that analyses how visual images (non-linguistic signs) communicate a message components of a sign: a) signifier: the sound, image, or word within a sign (ie. a photograph) b) signified: the concept or meaning represented by the sign (ie. a person s interpretation of the photograph)

22 Propaganda propaganda definition: information, ideas, or rumours deliberately spread widely to help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, nation, etc....it remains a fact that in almost every act of our daily lives, whether in the sphere of politics or business, in our social conduct or our ethical thinking, we are dominated by the relatively small number of persons...who understand the mental processes and social patterns of the masses. Edward Bernays, Propaganda, 1928 Bernays--the pioneer of propaganda and public relations-- discovered that any medium can be used to influence people s beliefs and behaviour; this idea is the basis of the advertising industry

23 SUSTAINED SIGNAGE Sustained Signage is a series of contemporary prints and animations that convey concepts pertaining to sustainability, including destruction through war, overuse of the earth s natural resources, polluting the environment, and exploitation of humanity. show signs and animation

24 Framing using certain signs (images or text) that encourage an audience to have a certain interpretation; framing exploits people s stereotypes and beliefs Promoting Sustainability with Images show an image (signifier) showing sustainability as desirable (signified) show an image (signifier) showing a lack of sustainability as undesirable (signified) attempt to persuade people into acting sustainably

25 Fort McMurray, a great place for your children to play!

26 Fort McMurray, a great place for your children to play!

27 Fort McMurray is located in northeast Alberta, Canada, in the middle of the Athabasca oil sands, surrounded by boreal forest. It has played a significant role in the development of the international petroleum industry.

28 Terminology for Digital Photographic Images digital cameras can create images using lossy or lossless image formats lossy formats use less storage, but they are technically inferior to lossless formats lossless formats can be edited in software (Photoshop) without degrading the quality lossy format: JPG lossless formats: TIFF (can also have a lossless LZW compression) CR2 RAW (Canon, proprietary format) NEF RAW (Nikon, proprietary format) DNG (Digital Negative, open format) image resolution: the number of pixels within an image, 640x480 is very low resolution, 5760x3840 is high bit depth: the number of bits used to indicate the colour of a pixel 8,16, 32: number of bits per R,G, or B channel 8 bit = 256 grey levels, 16.8 million colours, 16 bit = grey levels, 281,474,976,710,656 colours

29 Basic Components of a digital photo/video camera such as a DSLR (digital single lens reflex camera) 1. LIGHT SOURCE shutter focal length (mm) depth of field (area in focus) digital storage image sensor lens aperture (F = focal length/aperture) 3. SUBJECT 2. CAMERA

30 Auto vs Manual exposure in photo camera auto: convenient, but limited or no control of certain compositional features (depth of field) manual: convenient, slower, but more control of certain compositional features (depth of field, capturing fast motion, focus, maximizing quality with ISO) AZ Camera Manual Pro for Android manual camera apps for smartphones can permit the following: white balance control ISO selection shutter speed manual/auto focus uncompressed image format Apps for Android (some free some require payment): various for iphone (some free some require payment):

31 Lens lens definition: camera lens: an optical device that focuses light onto the image sensor within a camera. A camera lens will typically contain an adjustable aperture and a mechanism that enables proper focusing of light onto the image sensor. Lenses vary in their focal length, indicated in mm s, and the maximum amount of light they carry to an image sensor, indicated as 1:max aperture. (eg. 50mm 1:1.4) focus: the focal point of a lens where rays converge or from which they deviate; the position of an object or the adjustment of an optical device necessary to produce a clear image of that object through a lens lens focal length: refers to the magnification characteristic, or field-of-view, of a lens. A short focal length lens, such as 20mm, has a wide field-of-view and a long focal length lens, such as 200mm, has a narrow field-of-view.

32 Lenses 20mm F/2.8 prime 50mm F/1.4 prime 24-70mm F/2.8 zoom mm F/2.8 zoom

33 Distortion caused by focal length of a lens

34 Exposure definition: refers to the amount of light that falls on each area of the image sensor Correct exposure: refers to the amount of light striking the image sensor that will create the desired visual image. A correct exposure is subjective, but it will typically contain a wide range of exposure levels from black to white. A correct exposure is dependent on the following variables: lighting, characteristics of the image sensor, ISO, aperture, and exposure/shutter speed. Less expensive cameras are typically unable to get correct exposure under low light conditions. 1. light source/lighting: amount and colour of light in a scene. A camera typically has a white balance setting for indicating the colour of light in a scene, such as sunlight, tungsten, or fluorescent,

35 2. ISO: refers to the light sensitivity of a camera s image sensor. A higher ISO number, such as ISO 1600, indicates that the sensor is more sensitivity to light, and a smaller ISO number, such as ISO 100, indicates less sensitivity to light. A lower ISO setting provides higher quality imagery than a higher setting. 3. shutter speed/exposure time: indicates the amount of time that the shutter is open to permit light from the lens to fall onto the image sensor. A shorter exposure time provides less light to the image sensor than a longer exposure time. When shooting video, the shutter speed cannot be longer than the duration of one frame. For example, if a video frame rate is 25 fps, the shutter speed can be 1/25 second or faster, it cannot be longer than 1/25 second. Longer shutter speeds will provide slightly blurred imagery for moving objects. A shutter is the physical device in a camera that controls the duration of light that will fall onto the image sensor. 4. Aperture/iris: the opening within a lens that controls the amount of light which passes through the lens

36 Exposure: Aperture definition: the aperture, or iris, is an opening within a lens that controls the amount of light which passes through the lens onto the image sensor. A large iris passes more light and a small iris passes less light. The size of the iris opening is indicated with an f-stop number, such as f/4. f-stop(f/#): a measurement indicates the amount of light passing through an iris. An f-stop number is calculated from the focal length of lens(f) divided by the size of the iris. A smaller f-stop provides more light to the sensor than a large number, such as f/2 passing more light than f/4 standard f-stop series: f/1, f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, f/22, f/32, f/45, f/64, f/90, f/128 moving one item left in the series passes twice as much light

37 lens speed: the speed of a lens indicates its maximum aperture size (its minimum f-stop). Lenses are usually designated according to their lens speed and focal length, such as a lens being labeled as 50mm 1:1.8, meaning its minimum f-stop is f/1.8 and its focal length is 50mm. A lens with a small f-stop is called a fast lens because correct exposures can be achieved with less light or shorter exposure times relative to slower lenses, such as 50mm, 1:5.6 depth of field: the depth of field indicates the range of distances between the lens and the subject that are in sharp focus. The depth of field is primarily determined by the f-stop; a large iris (small f-stop) will create a small depth of field and a small iris (larger f-stop) will create a larger depth of field

38 underexposed overexposed correct exposure wrong white balance (white cup is slightly blue)

39 Exposure: Depth of Field shallow depth of field large depth of field

40 large (deep) depth of field

41 small (shallow) depth of field

42 Exposure: Depth of Field the depth of field indicates the range of distances between the lens and the subject that are in sharp focus. The depth of field is determined by the following 3 factors: 1. aperture (f-stop of the lens) large aperture(small f-stop) : smaller depth of field small aperture(large f-stop) : larger depth of field 2. the focal length of the lens: longer focal length : smaller depth of field shorter focal length: larger depth of field 3. distance between lens and subject in focus: focal distance shorter distance to subject : smaller depth of field longer distance to subject : larger depth of field

43 Depth of Field example

44 Depth of Field (DOF) calculator for depth of field: table for calculator for depth of field: many smartphone DOF apps available smaller aperture : larger DOF shorter focal length : larger DOF larger focal distance : larger DOF

45 Lighting

46 Basic Three-Point Lighting Setup:

47 Chiaroscuro (high contrast lighting) painting by Georges de la Tour ( )

48 Portrait Lighting

49 Lighting for objects

50 Framing, Point of View, Field of View, and Shot Types

51 Framing: what is contained within a shot as determined by the point of view and the field of view high POV (crane shot) Point of view(pov): the position that is used by the camera to create a shot, including: 1. vertical location of the camera relative to the subject 2. the distance between the camera and subject eye level POV low POV Field of view (FOV) or Angle of view: the extent of what is captured by the camera as determined by the focal length of the lens on the camera (long lens: small FOV; short lens: large FOV) close up Shot Types (close up, medium, wide): refers to the amount of the subject that is being framed medium shot wide shot

52 Point of View high POV low POV

53 Shot Types wide shot medium shot close up shot extreme close up shot

54 Grounds foreground, mid-ground, and background

55 Relationships between Lighting, Subject Distance, Focal length, Aperture, Shutter Speed, ISO, Perspective Distortion, and Depth of Field (page 1) No universally correct settings exist for lighting, subject distance, iris, shutter speed and ISO because different combinations of settings can provide various acceptable results. Greater amounts of light enable the following: use of a smaller aperture -> larger depth of field use of lower ISO settings -> higher quality image use of higher shutter speed -> ability to capture fast motion without a blur Lower amounts of light enable the following: ability to create mood associated with low light option to use large aperture -> small depth of field Greater focal distance (distance to in focus subject) enables the following: larger depth of field option to use long focal length lens -> less perspective distortion (flattening of image) Smaller focal distance (distance to in focus subject) enables the following: smaller depth of field option to use short focal length lens -> more perspective distortion

56 Relationships between Lighting, Subject Distance, Focal length, Aperture, Shutter Speed, ISO, Perspective Distortion, and Depth of Field (page 2) Long focal length of the lens enables the following: ability to magnify the image in the shot reduction in perspective distortion (straight lines appear straight not curved) a smaller depth of field at a particular focal length compared to a shorter lens Short focal length of the lens enables the following: ability for a larger point-of-view (fish eye and rectilinear lens) Purposely distort imagery (fish eye lens) distances exaggerated (fish eye and rectilinear lens) a larger depth of field at a particular focal length compared to a longer lens Smaller aperture (larger F stop setting) enables the following: larger depth of field ability to shoot in bright settings Larger aperture (small F stop setting) enables the following: smaller depth of field ability to shoot in low light settings

57 Relationships between Lighting, Subject Distance, Focal length, Aperture, Shutter Speed, ISO, Perspective Distortion, and Depth of Field (page 3) Fast shutter speed enables the following: capture fast motion without blur ability to use large aperture -> smaller depth of field Slow shutter speed enables the following: capture fast motion with blur ability to shoot under low light ability to use smaller aperture -> larger depth of field High ISO setting enables the following: lower quality imagery (more noise/grain) than possible with high ISO ability to obtain proper exposure under low light ability to use small iris -> larger depth of field ability to use fast shutter speed -> less blur Low ISO setting enables the following: higher quality imagery (less noise/grain) than possible with low ISO ability to obtain proper exposure under bright light ability to use large iris -> small depth of field

58 Tshering Tobgay: Sustainability in Bhutan

59 Sustainability Photo Task create as many photographs as you want that promote issues of sustainability related to: environmental concerns economic concerns social concernss Please bring up to 5 of your best photos to part 2 of the workshop on October 2pm (on a USB drive or any other storage device) we will discuss your photos at that time. we will print one of your photos (33x48 cm colour), which you can pick up the following week your photos will be placed on a City U web page as part of the workshop name your photos as follows: lastname_firstname_photo-number. extension (jpg, tiff, psd, cr2, etc) ie. Chan_Mary_1.jpg, Chan_Mary_2.jpg, etc indicate the photo you want printed with the word print in the file name, ie. Chan_Mary_3print.cr2

60 Thank you Don Ritter Cleo Song phone: