How This Works: Aperture size is counted in f- stops. i.e. those little numbers engraved on the lens barrel like:

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1 Aperture Aperture is the lens opening inside a lens. The size of the diaphragm opening in a camera lens REGULATES amount of light passes through onto the sensor inside the camera. Aperture size is counted in f- stops. i.e. those little numbers engraved on the lens barrel like: f22, f16, f11, f8.0, f5.6, f4.0, f2.8, f2.0, f/1.8 etc. Each of these represents the amount of light that enters your camera, either more or less in quantity. Meaning to say, f/16 will let in more light than the opening of f/22 and so forth; while on the other hand, an aperture of f/4.0 will let less light than that of f/2.8 etc. How This Works: The BIGGER the F- Stop # (the smaller diaphragm opening) the more is in FOCUS! The SMALLER the F- Stop # (the bigger the diaphragm opening) the less in FOCUS!

2 Shutter Speed Shutter speed along with the aperture of the lens determines the amount of light that reaches the sensor. 1/2000 1/1000 1/500 1/250 1/125 1/60 1/30 1/15 1/8 1/4 1/2 1sec Too Fast! Just Right! Too Slow! In addition to its effect on exposure, the shutter speed changes the way movement appears in the picture. How This Works: Very short shutter speeds can be used to freeze fast- moving subjects, for example at sporting events. Very long shutter speeds are used to intentionally blur a moving subject for artistic effect. The longer the Shutter Speed the less likely subjects will be in focus. However, the longer the shutter speed with subjects like flowing water, the cooler the effect. We now need to examine how the Aperture and the Shutter Speed work together.

3 Aperture/ShutterSpeed = Bread & Butter You cannot just change your F- Stop without it effecting overall exposure. You cannot just change your shutter speed without it effecting overall exposure. If you change one, you have to change the other. Exposure: All SLR and DSLR cameras will have an exposure meter that looks like this: Ideally and most of the time you want the arrow to be in the middle. This means that your photo will be properly exposed. Shutter Speed and Aperture work as a team to get that needle to the ZERO. As you know that both of them control the amount that is let into your camera and the sensor, and if you let too much light in the needle will move to the PLUS side. If you let too little light in, it will move to the MINUS side. Too Little Light = UNDEREXPOSED Too Much Light = OVEREXPOSED Proper Light = JUST RIGHT! How They Work Together: If you are using an F- Stop of F22, you re lens diaphragm is very small. It does not let a lot of light into your camera and therefore you will need a faster shutter speed. If you are using an F- Stop of F2.8, you re lens diaphragm is much bigger. It lets in a lot more light and therefore your shutter speed can be slower. Depending on what you re photographing, you ll adjust your F- Stop and Shutter Speeds accordingly. But for a general rule thumb on a nice sunny day you want an F- STOP of f16 and a Shutter Speed of 1/125.

4 Depth of Field Depth of Field is what ads depth and interest to your photos. You get depth of field by using your F- Stops with the appropriate Shutter Speed. Deep Depth of Field (more in focus) vs Shallow Depth of Field (less in focus) When you want a Shallow DOP Shallow DOP is usually used for Portraits. When you want a Deep DOP Deep DOP is usually used for landscape photography. How you use your DOP will drastically change the mood and feel of your photographs. Honestly, it is about experimenting with what looks good and what doesn t. The more you shoot, the more variety you ll have to choose form in your images. The more you look at your own work, the more you will begin to know how and why to use Depth of Field in your images.

5 Camera Functions ISO In traditional (film) photography ISO (or ASA) was the indication of how sensitive a film was to light. It was measured in numbers (you ve probably seen them on films 100, 200, 400, 800 etc). The lower the number the lower the sensitivity of the film and the finer the grain in the shots you re taking. In Digital Photography ISO measures the sensitivity of the image sensor. The same principles apply as in film photography the lower the number the less sensitive your camera is to light and the finer the grain. Higher ISO settings are generally used in darker situations to get faster shutter speeds (for example an indoor sports event when you want to freeze the action in lower light) however the cost is noisier shots. Look at the Lipstick: ISO 100 ISO 3200 When choosing the ISO setting ask yourself the following four questions: Light Is the subject well lit? If yes, ISO If no Grain Do I want a grainy shot or one without noise? If yes, ISO If no Moving Subject Is my subject moving or stationary? Moving = Depending on what your ISO is set at it will have a direct impact on how you use your F- Stops and Shutter Speeds: A low ISO will mean you will have smaller F- Stop numbers and slower Shutter Speeds. A high ISO will mean you will have larger F- Stop numbers and faster Shutter Speeds. Sunny Day: Dreary Day: Indoors: Low ISO Mid ISO High ISO

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