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1 OAK LAWN HISTORICAL SOCIETY 11 LEARNING ADVENTURES" Every artifact, that is, ever~thing made by man is always being improved. In fact, many "new' inventions are simple changes of older inventions. Below you will find some artifacts used for various things in pioneer, Victorian and modern homes. Use them to fill in the suaces below and match up the artifacts and their times. HEAT: Coal-burning stove Oil Furnace Fireplace LIGHTS: SEWAGE: Electric bulbs Outhouse Candles Sewers Gas Lamps Septic Tanks WATER: Faucet Well Hand pump COOKING: Wood-burning stove Gas Stove Fireplace PIONEER HOME VICTORIAN HOME MODERN HOME HEAT LIGHTS SEWAGE WATER COOKING H-+++I I I I l i I I I I I This program is made possible through a grant from the Oak Lawn Kiwanis EXTRA CREDIT: Can you name in the space below three things that are in your house that are totally new, that had nothing to replace from early times?

2 Oak Lawn Historical Society "Learning Adventures" NAME Below you will find two recipes for the same kind of cookies. The first recipe is from the Nineteenth Century or the 1800s. The second recipe is from the Twentieth Century or today. Compare them and then answer the questions below. II NINETEENTH CENTURY RECIPE FOR BUTTERGEBACKENES Stir ~ hour ~ lb. of butter, 3/4 lb. of powder sugar and 4 eggs ; then you mix i lb. of finely ground sweet almonds and 1 lb. of flour. Make a dough with all ; roll it 2 knife backs thick, cut with a glass, spread with egg yellows, strew some sugar, cinnamon, and chopped almonds over it and bake in a not too hot oven until golden yellow. MODERN VERSION OF ALMOND COOKIE RECIPE Cream ~ lb. of butter, 3/4 lb. powdered sugar. Beat into mixture 4 eggs. Add ~ cup ground almonds and 2 cups of flour, beating until well mixed. Refrigerate at least 1 hour. Roll out on flour ed surface, cut with cutter or glass. Brush each cookie wi th egg yolk and sprinkle with mixture made of 2 T. sugar, 2 tsp. cinnamon and some finely chopped almonds, if desired. Bake on a greased cookie sheet about 15 minutes at 350. Let cool a little while on sheet before removing or they might crumble. II 1. "Buttergebackenes 11 is a German word. What do you think it means? 2. Would many Germans have settled in Oak Lawn in the Nineteenth Century? 3. Which member of the family (father, mother, brother, sister) would have made cookies in the Nineteenth Century? 4. Name a difference between the two recipes (besides age): 5. If your family wants some cookies today and they don ' t want to make any, where would your family get them? ++I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I l i I I I! ! I I I I I I I I! This program made possible by a grant from the Oak Lawn Kiwanis Club

3 OAK LAWN HISTORICAL SOCIETY INSTRUCTOR'S NOTES NOVEMBER FOLLOW UP ACTIVI TIES: I. Nineteenth and twentieth century recipes The first word in each recipe indicates the power source for mixing the ingredients. The nineteenth-century version says simply to stir for one-half hour. The cook needed a bowl, a spoon and a strong arm. The current version says to cream the mixture and then to beat it. The assumption in this case is that the cook will be using an electric mixer rather than beating it by hand. The primary appliance of the last century was the cook. In this century the cook has a host of specialized power equipment to aid in the cooking process. The nineteenth-century recipe lacks the precision of the modern version. The cook knew how thick "two knife backs thick" should be. She knew how much "some" meant when directed to strew some sugar, cinnamon and chopped almonds over the cookies. The cook was also expected to know what was menat by a "not-too-hot" oven. The cook had to learn by experience when to check to see if the cookies were golden brown. The modern recipe is quite precise. Exact measurements are given for the sugar and cinnamon, and the almonds are declared to be optional. The oven temperature is to be 350 degrees and the cookies baked for fifteen minutes. Our pioneer ancestors did not set their ovens with a thermostat. Each cook was her own fire builder and tender. The cook learned from experience how wood burned and the eccentricities of the stove or oven. The cook just "knew" what "not-too-hot" meant. II. Suggested Discussion Questions: 1. Where did the pioneer family's food come from? 2. What kinds of food did the pioneer family eat? 3. How was the food stored before refrigeration? 4. What modern conveniences are avail able to the modern housewife which were not available to pioneer families? 5. Today's modern housewife has a choice of cooking over a gas or electric stove. What methods of cooking were available to the pioneer housewife? 6. Was pioneer living sanitary? What evidence can you suggest to prove there was a lack of sanitation? A. Slight refridgeration B. Unpasteurized milk C. Lack of purified water D. No protection against insects 7. What effect would a crop failure have upon the ~ioneer family and the community? +I I I I I I I I I I I! ! I I I l+i I I Ii+

4 Oak Lawn Historical Society "Learning Adventures" Below you will f i nd an advertisement that appeared over a cooper ' s shop in the nineteenth century. Study it and answer the questions bel ow. As other People have a sign, I say, just stop and look at mine! Here, Wratten, cooper l i ves and makes Ox bows, trug-baskets, and hay-rakes. Sel ls shovel s, both for flour and corn, And shauls, and makes a good box-churn, Ladles, dishes, spoons and skimmers, Trenchers, too, for use at dinners. I make and mend both tub and cask, And hoop ' em strong, to make them last. Here ' s butter prints, and butter scales, And butter boards, and milking pail s. N' on this my fri ends may safel y rest-- In serving them I'll do my best; Then all that buy, I ' ll use them well Because I make my goods to sell. 1. Which of the items that Wratten the cooper makes would be used in the home? 2. Of the things that Wr a t ten makes for the home, what one household chore are they all used for? 3. Many of the things in Wratten ' s list are made for the farm food production. What can you say about how the farmer planted h i s crops from his list? 4. Are any of the items made by Wratten the cooper still made of wood today? Which ones? 5. Why is it i mportant to Wratten ' s customers that he "make and mends both tub and cask"? 6. What does Wratten need to stay in business? 7. What does this tell you about the settling of Oak Lawn? +++I I I I I I I I I I l i I I I I I I I I I l++++i I I I I! ! I I I This program made possible by a grant from the Oak Lawn Kiwanis

5 OAK LAWN HISTORICAL SOCIETY "LEARNING ADVENTURES" In the making of cloth, both plants and animals are used. In the list below are several types of cloth used bv ~ioneers in the Oak Lawn area. Mark the ones from animals with an 'A" and t11e ones from plants with a "p". --- HORSEHAIR --- LINEN WORSTED WOOL COTTON CALM...~NICO --- LINSEY-WO~LSEY Below are some terms about making wool thread. Match them from the second list with the description or definition. Try it without using a dictionary. FLEECE SCOURING CRIMP STAPLE LOCK A. A small bit of wool that sticks together B. The natural curl in sheep's wool C. The wool from one sheep D. Cleaning the grease from wool E. A unit of length Below are the five steps in the production of wool thread. Mark the first step , the second step and so on. --- TEASING CARDING --- SHEARING SORTING --- SCOURING FOR EXTRA CREDIT: Llst one item in.~rour home that is made from animal-based cloth and one item made from plant-based cloth !I I I I I I I I I l+i I I I I I I I I I This program is made possible throu&h a grant from the Oak Lawn Kiwanis Club.

6 OAK LAWN HISTORICAL SOCIETY "LEARNING ADVENTURES" You work for the Chicago Tribune. Lester McKee, James Montgomery, A. W. Armstrong, Alfred H. Singleton, Charles Schultz, Carl Benck, Joseph Covington, Wi I liam Krueger, and Frank Harnew were running for office In the first regular Oak Lawn election on Apri I 20, You have the telephone numbers of the winners, but not their names. Who wi II answer the phone? Write their names next to their telephone numbers. ELECTION CENTRAL 1. MAYOR CLERK TRUSTEE TRUSTEE TRUSTEE TRUSTEE TRUSTEE TRUSTEE POLICE MAGISTRATE EXTRA CREDIT: Which of the men named above should have a school named after them? Why? t+t++++-i<t+++t+ This program is made possible through a grant from the Oak awn 1wan1s Club.

7 OAK LAWN HISTORICAL SOCIETY "LEARNING ADVENTURES" SEVEN WARS OF OAK LAWN WARS DATE TOTAL CASUALTIES COST Mexican War ,623 Unknown Clvi I War Union 635,000 $3,000,000,000 Confederate C Est.) 358,000 $2,000,000,000 Spainlsh-American , 108 $568,700,000 World War ,710 $25,729,000,000 World War II ,078,162 $339,000,000,000 Korean War ,530 $18,000,000, 000 Vietnamese War ,000 + Unknown World War I was the first war Oak Lawn took part in as an Incorporated vii lage. To compare what World War I cost the United States look at the chart and answer the questions below. 1. How many wars have been longer than World War I? 2. How many were shorter? 3. Which war cost the most money? 4. Which war had the most casualties (kl I led)? 5. World War I had 320,710 casualties in about one year. How many men were ki I led per year in World War I I? 6. World War I cost $29,729,000,000 in about one year. How much did World War I I cost each year? 7. Which war do you think cost Oak Lawn more? World War I or World War I I? WHY? a. Can you think of a cost of war not I isted in the table? If so, what? This program is made possible by a grant from the Oak Lawn Kiwanis Club.