Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical COSI - Columbus, Ohio

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1 Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical COSI - Columbus, Ohio Faculty Consultant: Dr. Moeck Existing Lighting Conditions and Design Criteria Picture Courtesy of JA55 Executive Summary: This report includes an explanation of the existing lighting conditions of COSI and the design criteria that I felt was necessary for each of the spaces chosen. These spaces were GADGETS (an exhibit area), the Extreme Screen Theater, the lobby and atrium area, and Big Science Park. I had the opportunity to visit this building and take actual light level readings to get the most accurate data as I could. The project manual was used to find a variety of information. This information included the existing lighting fixtures, surface materials and other pertinent information. However, I had to assume some things such as color of walls and carpeting because they were not specifically specified. Only some manufacturers and finishes were listed. I do not feel that this had any impact on my results since I was able to take actual readings. The levels recorded went along with recommendations provided by the IESNA Handbook, with a few exceptions. The IESNA Handbook was also used for the design criteria. This criterion served as a guideline for each space and was used to help me determine things that I felt were important and relevant to each space. Some criteria that I felt was important were not met. Power allowances were calculated where allowed and compared with recommended values by ASHRAE The GADGETS space changes very frequently, therefore making a lighting plan for that space very hard to keep up to date. However, I am assuming since this is a building that has a lot of exhibits and lots of use of low voltage incandescent lighting, that there are many areas that will have allowances much greater than that recommended in ASHRAE 90.1.

2 TABLE OF CONTENTS General Lamp and Ballast Information 3-4 General lighting of COSI..5 Determining Light Loss Factors 6 Existing Conditions: GADGETS EXTREME SCREEN THEATER ATRIUM/LOBBY BIG SCIENCE PARK Design Criteria and Critique: GADGETS EXTREME SCREEN THEATER..26 ATRIUM/LOBBY 27 BIG SCIENCE PARK Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

3 General Lamp and Ballast Information The following information was provided by the Specifications for this project. There were general requirements that all lamps had to meet, but there was NO mentioning of specific luminaires, lamps, or ballasts. FLUORESCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES Housing end plates, socket bridges, reflectors, wiring channels and ballast covers shall be die formed of not less than #20 gauge ( inch thick cold rolled steel) unless specified otherwise. FLUORESCENT ELECTRONIC BALLASTS Ballasts shall be high frequency electronic type wherever available. Ballasts shall be U.L. listed (or equal), Class P and comply with all ANSI specifications for lamp operation including: filament voltage, lamp starting voltages and currents, lamp light output, etc. Ballasts are to operated lamps at a frequency of 20 KHz or higher with no detectable flicker. Ballasts shall maintain constant light output of all fluorescent lamps over operating ranges of 90v to 145v (120v ballasts) and 200v to 320v (277v ballasts). Input total harmonic content shall not exceed 10%. Ballast shall have a power factor of 90% or above When electronic ballasts are not available, use two lamp and/or one lamp magnetic ballasts in any one fluorescent fixture. Ballasts shall be designed for single frequency operation 60 Hz. nominal and shall operate at the nominal voltages indicated on label Outdoor ballasts shall be suitable for operation and starting at 0 F. minimum INCANDESCENT LIGHTING FIXTURES Shall be listed and labeled by UL or other testing agency acceptable to local code authorities for installation in fireproof or non-fireproof construction, damp/wet locations, as required. Aluminum reflectors shall be Alzak (finish as selected) or as authorized and not less than inch thick unless specified otherwise. HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE LIGHTING FIXTURES Lamps and ballasts shall be of one manufacturer to insure proper and consistent lamp performance. HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE BALLASTS Metal Halide Ballasts shall be auto-stabilized type with lead peaked circuiting and power factor not less than 90%. High Pressure Sodium Vapor Ballasts shall be the voltage stabilized type with not less than 90% Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

4 power factor. Mercury Vapor indoor ballasts shall be constant wattage with a power factor not less than 90%. Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

5 General Lighting of COSI General areas of COSI are illuminated using fluorescent lighting. Typically, through the corridors and lobby, there are either T8 or T12 strips that are wall mounted. There are also many compact fluorescent downlights primarily in the lobby area. Daylight is another major factor that helps illuminate these spaces. There are an abundant amount of windows and skylights that allow for natural light to enter, thus creating a very open and well lit space. As one goes into each exhibit space, they will find a variety of different types of lights. There are theatrical fixtures, PAR lamps, MR16 s, Incandescent fixtures, and many more. The lighting for each of these exhibit spaces was done by COSI, with a few spaces being an exception. Many of these spaces change very frequently, thus causing the redesigning of the lighting. The lighting in each space had to be uniquely designed to fit the tasks and different themes in each of the areas. Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

6 DETERMINING LIGHT LOSS FACTORS: Figure 9-14 and Figure 9-17 from the IESNA handbook were used to find the Luminaire Dirt Depreciation Factor Figure 9-19 from the IESNA Handbook was used to find the Room Surface Dirt Depreciation Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

7 SPACE 1: GADGETS Gadgets contains a variety of interactive exhibits and an area where one can take things apart and see how it works. There are several stations that contain a variety of exhibits that allow people to explore the gadgets. There are also many different kinds of displays that hang from the ceiling. On the key plan it is located in Section A. Reflectances NOTE: Since colors were not specified in the Project Manual book and since I am unable to obtain this information, I assumed colors of materials to match as closely to the actual color as possible. Unless otherwise noted, colors were selected from The Color Key Program International Color Reference swatch book. Ceiling: Acoustic Metal Ceiling System (ρ = 64%) Walls: Painted Acoustic Panels Sherwin Williams Grayish (ρ = 61%) Floor: Concrete - (ρ = 25%) Furniture: Built in wood work stations Built in exhibit areas (both wood and plastic) Below are the existing luminaires, lamps, ballasts, and light loss factors for this space. Also, space properties such as surface materials and reflectances are provided. Luminaire Description Lamps Ballasts Watts Voltage Low Voltage Cubelight - Black Q20MR16C/FL40 N/A /12 Low Voltage, compact pattern and framing projector-black Q71MR16/NFL25 N/A /12 PAR 38 Display Fixture-Black 120PAR38/FL30 N/A Gyroscopic design that provides aiming and flexibility 75PAR30/NFL25 N/A Ellipsoidal light fixture. Die cast aluminum construction. Steel yoke with two mounting positions. HPL375/115X N/A Industrial HID High Bay Fixture R400/MVR 400U Pre-Heat Halogen MR-16 Power. Epoxy coated durable all metal construction Q20MR16C/CG40 N/A /12 Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

8 Luminaire Description Low Voltage Cubelight - Black Low Voltage, compact pattern and framing projector-black PAR 38 Display Fixture- Black Gyroscopic design that provides aiming and flexibility Ellipsoidal light fixture. Die cast aluminum construction. Steel yoke with two mounting positions. Industrial HID High Bay Fixture Halogen MR-16 Power. Epoxy coated durable all metal construction Maintenance Category IV IV IV IV IV IV IV Cleaning Interval LLD LDD RSDD BF Total LLF Clean; months Clean; months Clean; months Clean; months Clean; months Clean; months Clean; months Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

9 Illuminance Levels Illuminance levels were taken in each space using an illuminance meter. The values are specified on the picture where I took each reading. In this space, I felt it was important to take readings in a variety of different locations because this space seems to be the most complicated. Readings were taken at 12 pm. 500 fc (vertical face) 1900 fc (workplane) 500 fc (floor) 1300 fc (workplane) 800 fc (floor) Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

10 2.5 fc (vertical face) 61.2 fc (on workplane) 2.5 fc (vertical face) 20.4 fc (workplane) 18.2 fc (on floort) 19.4 fc (on floor) 17.1 fc (on floor) Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

11 SPACE 2: EXTREME SCREEN THEATER This space allows for normal science related movies and 3d movies to show. The Extreme Screen Theater is located in Section B of the key plan. Ceiling: Acoustic Metal Ceiling System (ρ = 64%) Reflectances Floor and Walls: Mannington Commercial ( *NOTE: The manufacturer informed me that they do not perform or have reflectance values for their carpet. Medera NIOW Night Owl Assume: (ρ = 20%) Furniture: Folding theater chairs Below are the existing luminaires, lamps, ballasts, and light loss factors for this space. Also, space properties such as surface materials and reflectances are provided. Luminaire Description Lamps Ballasts Watts Voltage Yoke mounted incandescent spotlight with rotatable and lockable yoke. Q500PAR56/WFL N/A Chair recess mounted incandescent nominal 5 diameter aisle light with eyelid and acrylic diffuser. Recessed mounted tungsten halogen downlight with nomincal 4 diameter open aperture downlight with clear specular anodized aluminum reflector. 7W 7C Candelabra Base N/A WMR16EXZ 24 deg. Electronic Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

12 Luminaire Description Maintenance Category Cleaning Interval LLD LDD RSDD BF Total LLF Yoke mounted incandescent spotlight with rotatable and lockable yoke. Chair recess mounted incandescent nominal 5 diameter aisle light with eyelid and acrylic diffuser. Recessed mounted tungsten halogen downlight with nomincal 4 diameter open aperture downlight with clear specular anodized aluminum reflector. IV VI IV Clean; months Clean; months Clean; months Power Density Ashrae 90.1: 1.3 W/ft² (sitting area) Actual Power Density: 0.99 W/ft² 0.7 W/ft² (waiting area) 0.63 W/ft² Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

13 Floor Plan of Theater Section through Theater Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

14 Illuminance Levels Illuminance levels were taken in each space using an illuminance meter. The values are specified on the picture where I took each reading. Inside Extreme Screen Theater 0.4 fc (on wall) 0.4 fc (on face) 2.0 fc (on floor) Area before entering Extreme Screen Theater 8.0 fc (on wall) 16.4 fc (on floor( 6.8 fc (on floor) Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

15 SPACE 3: ATRIUM/ENTRANCE This is the space occupants will most likely see first when they enter the building. This is also a part of the building where one must walk through to get from one side to the other. This space is located in Section B of the Key Plan. Ceiling: Glass (ρ = 95%) Walls: Painted Sherwin Williams Eggwhite (ρ = 81%) Reflectances Floor: Mannington Commercial ( *NOTE: The manufacturer informed me that they do not perform or have reflectance values for their carpet. Medera Medara Medera ERMI SAPL SEBR Ermine Sapling Seabreeze Assume: (ρ = 64%) Assume: (ρ = 21%) Assume: (ρ = 20%) Below are the existing luminaires, lamps, ballasts, and light loss factors for this space. Also, space properties such as surface materials and reflectances are provided. Luminaire Description Lamps Ballasts Watts Voltage Suspended fluorescent double lamp profile vertical nominal 12 x9 x12 fixture with perforated channel housing and integral electronic ballast. F 32 T8 Electronic Recessed mounted compact fluorescent downlight with nominal 7 ½ diameter opening and electronic ballast. 2-18W DTT Electronic Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

16 Luminaire Description Maintenance Category Cleaning Interval LLD LDD RSDD BF Total LLF Suspended fluorescent double lamp profile vertical nominal 12 x9 x12 fixture with perforated channel housing and integral electronic ballast. Recessed mounted compact fluorescent downlight with nominal 7 ½ diameter opening and electronic ballast. IV IV Clean; months Clean; months Power Density Ashrae 90.1: 1.8 W/ft² Actual Power Density: 1.2 W/ft² Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

17 Floor Plan of Atrium Tranverse Section Looking through the old Central High School. (Section B and E on key plan) Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

18 Illuminance Levels Illuminance levels were taken in each space using an illuminance meter. The values are specified on the picture where I took each reading. The picture on the left shows the glass ceiling that spreads throughout the lobby. A significant amount of natural light enters through. Spandrel glass that is heat treated with ceramic frit color coating fused to inside surface was used. Typically it is a ¼ thickness fc (vertical face) 42.2 fc (on wall) 70.6 fc (3.5ft from floor) fc( on floor) fc (on floor) Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

19 SPACE 4: BIG SCIENCE PARK The activities and tasks that occur here are lifting a car with a giant lever, spinning a 2.5 ton Granite Sphere that floats on water, a Centripetal Generator, and other hands on things. Reflectances Ground: Concrete/Pavement (ρ = 25%) Building: Metal/Aluminum Siding Assume: (ρ = 12.7%) Below are the existing luminaires, lamps, ballasts, and light loss factors for this space. Also, space properties such as surface materials and reflectances are provided. Luminaire Description Lamps Ballasts Watts Voltage Asymmetric Bronze Wall Wash in ground metal halide fixture w/ roundel glass lens 150W MH N/A Asymmetric Bronze Wall Wash in ground metal halide fixture w/ roundel glass lens. Fixture to have bronze half-shield. 175W MH N/A In ground metal halide bronze accent fixture w/ flat glass lens. Fixture to have bronze full louver lens ring. 150W MH N/A Black Cast Aluminum Metal Halide flood light w/ flat glass lens 70W MH N/A Black Cast Aluminum Metal Halide flood light w/ flat glass lens 100W Mini-Can Halogen N/A diameter, 7.5 long aluminum flood fixture with clear lens. AR111 Spot Lamp 150W HPS N/A Bracket Pole Mounted w/ aluminum housing and 8 heads 175W MH N/A Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

20 Luminaire Description Maintenance Category Cleaning Interval LLD LDD RSDD BF Total LLF Asymmetric Bronze Wall Wash in ground metal halide fixture w/ roundel glass lens Asymmetric Bronze Wall Wash in ground metal halide fixture w/ roundel glass lens. Fixture to have bronze half-shield. In ground metal halide bronze accent fixture w/ flat glass lens. Fixture to have bronze full louver lens ring. Black Cast Aluminum Metal Halide flood light w/ flat glass lens IV Black Cast Aluminum Metal Halide flood light w/ flat glass lens IV 5 diameter, 7.5 long aluminum flood fixture with clear lens. AR111 Spot Lamp IV 25 Bracket Pole Mounted w/ aluminum housing and 8 heads VI VI VI IV Dirty; months Dirty; months Dirty; months Dirty; months Dirty; months Dirty; months Dirty; months Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

21 Plan of Big Science Park Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

22 Illuminance Levels Illuminance levels were taken in each space using an illuminance meter. The values are specified on the picture where I took each reading. 58,200 fc (sitting) 47,600 fc (on ground) 24,500 fc (ground) 42,000 fc (sitting) 23,000 fc (on ground) Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

23 DESIGN CRITERIA On the right are recommended Illuminance Values from the IESNA Handbook that were used in the analysis of the lighting systems. The chart to the left is from the IESNA Handbook. These design issues were used when evaluating these spaces. Some are less important than others based on the tasks and general mode of operation in each space. Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

24 Design Criteria for Each Space: SPACE #1: GADGETS TASKS: Gadgets contains a variety of interactive exhibits and an area where one can take things apart and see how it works. There are several stations that contain a variety of exhibits that allow people to explore the gadgets. There are also many different kinds of displays that hang from the ceiling. Appearance of Space and Luminaires: Important Aesthetics is important and must comply with the different furniture units in this space. The luminaires placed in this space need to be aesthetically pleasing, but not take away from the exhibit area. Also, they need to be spaced out accordingly throughout the space. Color Appearance (and color contrast): Very Important Color temperature and rendering is important. The lamp color should not take away from the actual color of the display item. Maybe lamps that have a color temperature around 3500K would be good for lighting this space. Daylighting Integration and Control: Important Daylight is present in this space and is an important factor to consider. Daylight must be controlled. Since the room is positioned the way it is, a lot of direct daylight/sunlight does not enter. Direct Glare: Very Important Direct glare needs to be eliminated as best as possible since occupants need to be able to perform tasks. Flicker (and Strobe): Somewhat Important Flicker can be a problem and can have potentially harmful effects on moving machinery (the stroboscopic effect). Light Distribution on Surfaces: Very Important Harsh and strong patterns must be avoided so items can be properly viewed. Light Distribution on Task Plane (Uniformity): Very Important The uniformity of the illuminance on the task plane is very important. Enough light must hit the task/work plane in order for the occupant to function normally. Luminances of Room Surfaces: Important Space brightness is important. The IES recommends a maximum task to near surround luminance ratio of 3:1 (or 1:3). Modeling of Faces or Objects: Very Important Personal interaction will occur in this space, therefore making the modeling of faces very important. Also, objects are constantly being examined, therefore making modeling of objects important too. Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

25 Point(s) of Interest: Important There are many items hanging from the ceiling that should be highlighted to draw attention to them. Reflected Glare: Very Important Veiling reflections that result from mirror-like reflections from a glossy surface must be avoided. They will cause a reduced contrast and visibility on items and displays. Shadows: Very Important Shadows must be avoided. They will reduce visibility on items being examined. Source/Task/Eye Geometry: Very Important Some items being viewed may be glossy, therefore, it is critical to avoid veiling reflections. The light from the luminaire must not reflect off of the specular task towards the occupant s eye. Sparkly/Desirable Reflected Highlights: Somewhat Important High illuminance values in some spots of the room may be desirable to make objects more appealing to the occupant. Surface Characteristics: Important Texture, color, and reflectance are all important characteristics when choosing how to light this space. System Control and Flexibility: Important Different levels of light are required for different activities. During the daytime when there is more natural light entering the room, the lights can be at a lower level than evening and night time hours. Illuminance (Horizontal): Very Important The recommended level of illuminance horizontally is 30 fc for this space. Illuminance (Vertical): Very Important The recommended level of illuminance vertically is 50 fc for this space. Critique: For the most part, the design criterion was met for this space. The overall space was illuminated very well. However, a major drawback was that not enough objects or points of interest were being illuminated well. Also, the system needs to have more dimming possibilities. More daylight would be allowed to enter the space maybe if the large glass window did not have a tint and other materials on it to block so much of it out. Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

26 SPACE #2: Extreme Screen Theater TASKS: This space allows for normal science related movies and 3d movies to show. The IESNA Handbook lists Theater and Motion Picture Houses design criteria as Not Important or N/A. However, some objectives of lighting in the motion picture theater may be outlined as follows: To create a pleasing, distinctive environment: Very Important This is important. There should be no indirect light placed in this space. Luminaires should not distract the occupants away from the task at hand: watching the movie. To create adequate visibility for safe circulation at all times: Very Important During the picture, it is extremely important that there is enough light in case of an emergency. Also, the occupants may have to use the restroom facilities or want to go get food. The illuminance level should be between 0.1 and 0.2 fc. Aisle luminaires should be spaced to give a uniform illuminance of 10:1 in the aisle. To provide comfortable viewing conditions: Very Important Since the movies last a considerable amount of time, the occupants must be comfortable in viewing the film. The luminous contrast between the screen and its black border should not exceed 1000:1 or it will create uncomfortable viewing conditions. The screen luminance with the picture running should be between 3 and 20 cd/m². Critique: Overall, the luminaires in this space produced the desired effects of what is listed above. There is not too much that would change except for using more efficient luminaires to save energy. Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

27 SPACE #3: ATRIUM/ENTRANCE TASKS: This is the space occupants will most likely see first when they enter the building. This is also a part of the building where one must walk through to get from one side to the other. Appearance of Space and Luminaires: Very Important Aesthetics is extremely important in this space. The luminaires placed in this space need to be aesthetically pleasing and interesting to look at. Color Appearance (and color contrast): Somewhat Important Color temperature and rendering is somewhat important. Having lamps with different color rendering would be ideal for this space. Daylighting Integration and Control: Very Important Daylight is present in this space and is an important factor to consider. Part of the Lobby/Atrium has a glass ceiling that allows for sunlight/daylight to enter. Daylight must be controlled and integrated with the electric light. Luminances of Room Surfaces: Important Space brightness is important. The IES recommends a maximum task to near surround luminance ratio of 3:1 (or 1:3). Modeling of Faces or Objects: Important Personal interaction will occur in this space, therefore making the modeling of faces very important. Point(s) of Interest: Very Important There are signs on the walls that should be highlighted to draw attention to them. Surface Characteristics: Important Texture, color, and reflectance are all important characteristics when choosing how to light this space. System Control and Flexibility: Somewhat Important Different levels of light are desired throughout the day in this space. When there is more daylight/sunlight entering the space, less electric light should be on. Illuminance (Horizontal): Very Important The recommended level of illuminance horizontally is10 fc for this space. Illuminance (Vertical): Very Important The recommended level of illuminance vertically is 3 fc for this space. Critique: The vast amount of daylight entering this space provides for a very open and spacious feeling, which is good since this is where the majority of the occupants enter the building. The different color T8 strips hanging across the lobby seem not to have a big purpose. They seem to distract from the overall feel of this space. Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

28 SPACE #4: BIG SCIENCE PARK TASKS: The activities and tasks that occur here are lifting a car with a giant lever, spinning a 2.5 ton Granite Sphere that floats on water, a Centripetal Generator, and other hands on things. Appearance of Space and Luminaires: Somewhat Important Aesthetics is somewhat important and need to be pleasing to the eye. However, more attention will be focused on the tasks in this space. Color Appearance (and color contrast): Very Important Color temperature and rendering is important. The lamp color should be visually pleasing to the eye, and not take attention away from the exhibits and tasks at hand. Direct Glare: Very Important Direct glare needs to be eliminated as best as possible since occupants need to perform tasks. Light Distribution on Surfaces: Somewhat Important Harsh and strong patterns must be avoided so exhibits can be properly viewed. Light Pollution/Trespass: Somewhat Important Light trespass is somewhat important. Light should not reach to far beyond this area. Modeling of Faces or Objects: Very Important Personal interaction will occur in this space, therefore making the modeling of faces very important. Peripheral Detection: Important Occupants need to be able to detect movement in the periphery of the visual field. Having appropriate light levels will allow for this. Reflected Glare: Very Important Veiling reflections that result from mirror-like reflections from a glossy surface must be avoided. They will cause a reduced contrast and visibility on exhibits. Many of the items located in this space are made from an aluminum siding similar to that of the building. Shadows: Very Important Shadows must be avoided. They will reduce visibility on exhibits. Source/Task/Eye Geometry: Very Important Some items being viewed may be glossy, therefore, it is critical to avoid veiling reflections. The light from the luminaire must not reflect off of the specular task towards the occupant s eye. Surface Characteristics: Important Texture, color, and reflectance are all important characteristics when choosing how to light this space. Illuminance (Horizontal): Very Important The recommended level of illuminance horizontally is 5 fc for this space. Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical

29 Illuminance (Vertical): Very Important The recommended level of illuminance vertically is 5 fc for this space. Critique: There is not too much that can be done differently to light this outdoor space. It appeared to be bright and safely lit. Since this is where many young children will be, this is extremely important. The lighting provided enough illumination for these functional aspects. However, it may be more appealing if there were another added dimension to the lighting system such as color. Kimberly Morton Lighting/Electrical